The Project Gutenberg EBook of Catálogo Instructivo de las Colecciones Mineralógicas by E. Hermitté and G. Bodenbender This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: Catálogo Instructivo de las Colecciones Mineralógicas Author: E. Hermitté and G. Bodenbender Release Date: December 22, 2006 [Ebook #20159] Language: Spanish Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATÁLOGO INSTRUCTIVO DE LAS COLECCIONES MINERALÓGICAS*** REPÚBLICA ARGENTINA MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA DIVISIÓN DE MINAS, GEOLOGÍA É HIDROLOGÍA Catálogo Instructivo de las Colecciones Mineralógicas ESCOLARES E. HERMITTÉ - Jefe de la División G. Bodenbender - Jefe de la Sección Geología BUENOS AIRES Talleres de publicationes de la Oficina Meteorológica 1905 I. CARACTERES MORFOLÓGICOS CRISTALES--(sueltos ó en agregados). Cubo de Pirita de No 5a No 5a* hierro Deltoedro del » 92 Analcima Dodecaedro » 72 » 34* y 34a* rómbico, Deltoedro ó combinación de los dos (Granate) Pirámide hexagonal » 26a del Cuarzo Pirámide hexagonal » 26 » 16* con prisma del Cuarzo Romboedro del » 43 » 23* y 24* Espato calizo Escalenoedro del » 44 Espato calizo Cristales rómbicos » 64 (prisma con pinacoide) de la Baritina Prisma monoclínico » 59 con hemipirámide (incompleta) del Yeso Prisma monoclínico » 90 del Feldespato NOTA.--Los números con estrella se refleren á la colección escolar primaria, los otros á la colección escolar secundaria. TEXTURA DE DE LOS AGREGADOS. (Forma interior) 1) _Agregados granulosos._ (Grano grueso, medio grueso y fino, con transiciones al fibroso y laminar). Hierro magnético » 35 » 19* Mármol » 50 » 43* Sal común » 40 » 20* Yeso, etc » 62 » 30* 2) _Agregados fibrosos_.--(Gruesos, medio gruesos,finos, paralelos, radiados, reticulados, etcétera). Yeso » 60 » 29* Boronatrocalcita » 42 » 22* Asbesto » 84 » 36* 3) _Agregados laminares_--hojosos, micáceos. Yeso » 61 Mica » 74 » 33* Hematita, etc. » 21 4) _Agregados homogéncos_. Onix-Mármol » 19 » 26* NOTA.--Los agregados compactos están en contraposición á los porosos. FORMAS EXTERIORES DE LOS AGREGADOS. 1) _Estalactitas_ » 47 2) _Alambres y chapas_: Oro, Plata, Cobre » 2, 3, 4 » 2*, 3*, y 4* 3) _Concreciones_: Tosca » 51 » 44* Boronatrocalcita » 42 » 22* 4) _Drusas_. (Secreciones): Espato de cal » 43 Analcima » 92 5) _Costras, revestimientos, pegaduras_: Azurita » 58 » 28* Descloizita » 71 6) _Eflorescencias_: Alumbre » 65 Sulfato de » 66 magnesio 7) _Embutidas_: Granate en » 73 feldespato, etc. Hierro cromífero » 36 en Serpentina 8) _Vetas ó » 19 filones_. (Agregados de orden superior) Galena, blenda, etc., con cuarzo ó espato de hierro, etc. FÓSILES.--(Formas orgánicas) Plantas fósiles » 100 » 50* (carbonizadas) Madera fósil » 34 » 18* silicificada Animales fósiles » 99 » 49* SEUDOMORFISMO. (Epigenias): Hierro pardo en » 6 cubos, por descomposición de pirita de hierro MACLAS. (Gemelos), múltiples, caracterizados por estriamiento sobre los planos de clivaje. Espato de cal » 45 II. CARACTERES FÍSICOS CLIVAJE, (ó cruceros): A) Según la posición de los planos de clivaje: 1) _Octaédrico:_ Hierro magnético » 35 2) _Cúbico:_ Galena » 7 » 6* 3) _Romboédrico:_ Espato de cal » 45 y 46 » 23* y 24* 4) _Prismático:_ Antimonita » 12 Enargita » 17 B) Según el grado de perfección: 1) _Sumamente perfecto_: Mica » 74 » 33* 2) _Muy perfecto_: Galena » 7 y 8 » 6* Espato de cal » 45 y 46 » 23* y 24* 3) _Imperfecto ó muy imperfecto._ Cuarzo » 26 y 27 » 16* Granate » 72 FRACTURA.--A) Según la forde la superficie: 1) _Concoidal_: (factura del vidrio grueso) (Obsidiana). 2) _Desigual_: Pirita de hierro » 5 Cuarzo » 86 » 17* 3) _Llana_. Piedra Córnea. B) Según la calidad de de la superficie: _Lisa_: Piedra córnea y Calcedonia. 2) _Astillosa_: Triplita » 70 3) _Erizada_: Oro, Plata, Cobre » 2, 3, 4 » 2*, 3* y 4* 4) _Terrosa_: Hematita ocrácea » 22 » 11* Kaolina » 94 » 37* DUREZA.--Escala de dureza: 1) Talco » 80 2) Yeso » 62 » 30* 3) Espato de cal » 45 » 23* 4) Espato fluor » 41 » 21* 5) Apatita » 69 6) Ortoclasa » 91 » 35* 7) Cuarzo » 28 » 16* 8) Topacio. 9) Corindón. 10) Diamante. 1) Minerales muy blandos, rayados por la uña (grados 1 hasta 3) Oro, Plata, Cobre » 2, 3, 4 » 2*, 3* y 4* Galena » 7 » 6* Sal común » 40 » 20* Yeso » 60 y 63 » 29* y 30* Mica » 74 » 33* Kaolina » 94 » 37* 2) Minerales que no son rayados por la uña, pero si por la punta de un cuchillo (grados 3 hasta 5). Blenda » 10 » 7* Calcita » 43 » 22* Espato fluor » 41 » 21* 3) Minerales que no son rayados por la punta de un cuchillo (grados 6 en adelante). Feldespato. No 91 No 35* Cuarzo » 28 » 16* y 17* Granate etc. » 72 » 34* TENACIDAD _1_) _frágiles:_ Pirita de hierro » 5 » 5* Cuarzo » 26 etc. » 17* Caliza etc. » 43 » » 22* y 23* 2) _Sectiles:_ » 9 Chalcosina Talco » 81 3) _Maleables_ » 2, 3, 4 » 2, 3, 4* (ductil): Oro, Plata, Cobre 4) _Elásticos:_ » 74 » 33* Mica 5) _Flexibles_ (Clorita, Talco, Asbesto). LUSTRE a)--_Según cantidad. Mui lustroso:_ Mica » 74 » 33* Espato de Islandía » 45 » 23* _Lustroso:_ Galena » 7 » 6* Granate » 72 » 34* _Poco lustroso:_ Feldespato » 91 » 35* Berilo » 88 _Mate:_ Caolina » 94 » 37* _b) Según calidad: Metálico:_ Oro, Plata, Cobre » 2, 3, y 4 » 2*, 3* y 4* Pirita de hierro » 5 » 5* etc. _Diamantino:_ (Diamente)--_Vidrioso:_ Espato de cal » 45 » 23* Cuarzo (sobre las caras » 26 » 16* de los cristales _Grasoso:_ (ó » 26 y 27 » 16 y 17* resinoso): Cuarzo sobre los planos de de fractura) Wolframita (sobre los » 67 » 31* planos de fractura _Perlado:_ (nacarado). Mica » 74 » 33* Crisotila » 83 » 36* _Sedoso:_ Wolastonita » 85 Aragonita » 52 Alumbre » 65 Boronatrocalcita » 22 » 22* DIAFANIDAD: _Transparente:_ Espato de Islandia » 45 » 23* _Semi-transparente:_ Cuarzo » 26 » 16* _Translúcido:_ Onyx » 49 » 26* _Semi translúcido:_ Feldespato » 90 » 35* _Opacos:_ Oro, Plata, Pirita de hierro, etc. COLOR: _Minerales incoloros_ (en su estado puro) Cuarzo » 26 » 16* Sal común » 40 » 20* Espato de Islandia » 45 » 23* 2) _Minerales con colores_ propios (idiocromáticos) Oro, Plata, Cobre. Pirita de hierro » 5 » 5* Malaquita » 56 » 28* 3) _Minerales con colores accidentales_ (alocromáticos) Cuarzo rosado » 29 » 17* Onyx--Mármol » 49 » 26* Espato-Fluor » 41 » 21* Granate » 72 » 34* Feldespato » 91 » 35* COLORES METÁLICOS: _Blancos:_ Blanco de plata » 3 » 4* (Blanco de estaño) _Amarillos:_ De oro » 2 » 2* De bronce » 5 » 5* De latón » 13 » 9* _Gris:_ De plomo » 7 » 6* _Rojo:_ De cobre » 4 » 3* _Negro:_ De acero hasta negro de hierro Enargita » 17 » 10* Hematita » 20 » 12* Pirolusita » 24 » 13* COLORES NO METÁLICOS: _Blancos_ (tipo blanco de nieve): Yeso Nº 60 Nº 29* y 30* Caliza » 46 y 47 » 24* y 25* Wolastonita » 85 _Grises_ (tipo gris de ceniza): Tierra de » 33 infusorios _Negros_ (tipo negro de terciopelo): Turmalina » 76 » 32* Carbón de piedra » 97 » 38* _Azules_ (tipo azul de Prusia): Azurita » 58 » 28* _Verdes_ (tipo verde de esmeralda): Malaquita » 56 » 28* Onix-mármol » 49 » 26* Crisocola » 79 Apatita » 69 Epídota » 77 y 78 Serpentina » 82 _Amarillos_ (tipo amarillo de limón). Azufre » 1 » 1* Ocre de hierro » 39 » 15* _Rojos_ (tipo rojo-carmesí): Hematita ocrácea » 22 » 11* Cuarzo rosado » 29 » 17* _Pardos_ (tipo pardo de castaño): Limonita » 37 » 14* Triplita » 70 RAYA (color del polvo del mineral): 1) Minerales incoloros (al estado puro) ó alocromáticos. Tienen por lo común un polvo blanco ó gris: Cuarzo rosado » 29 » 17* Espato fluor » 4 » 21* Turmalina » 76 » 32* Feldespato » 91 » 35* 2) Minerales con colores propios (idiocromáticos). El color del mineral y de su polvo no difieren ó son por lo menos parecidos: Galena (polvo » 7 » 6* gris-oscuro) Hematita (polvo » 20 » 11* rojo-parduzco) Malaquita (polvo » 56 » 28* verde) 3) Minerales maleables. Se ponen lustrosos por frotamiento: Oro, plata, cobre. COLORES MULTIPLES (por agregación): Espato fluor » 41 » 21* COLORES SUPERFICIALES (abigarrados, en mayor parte debido á una descomposición química): Pirita de cobre » 13, 14 » 9* IRISACIÓN: Espato de Islandia. FOSFORESCENCIA: Cuarzo, Espato fluor, etc. DOBLE REFRACCIÓN: Espato de Islandia. etc. ELECTRICIDAD: _Azufre_, Cuarzo, Espato calizo, Mica, Turmalina. MAGNETISMO: Hierro 35 » 19* magnético PESO ESPECÍFICO: (Densidad) 0,6 .. 1 Kerosene, Agua 1 .. 1,5 Hulla. 1,5 .. 2,0 Alumbre. 2,0 .. 2,5 Yeso, Sal común. 2,5 .. 3,0 Cuarzo, Calcita, Feldespato. 3,0 .. 3,5 Espato Fluor, Turmalina. 3,5 .. 4,0 Malaquita, Azurita. 4,0 .. 4,5 Pirita de cobre, Blenda. 4,5 .. 5,5 Pirita de hierro, Cobre gris. 5,5 .. 6,5 _Magnetita,_ Chalcosina. 6,5 .. 8 Cerusita, Casiterita, Galena. 8,5 .. 10,0 Cobre, Bismuto. 10,0 .. 14,0 Plata, Plomo, Mercurio. 15,0 .. 21 Oro, platino. 21,5 .. 23 Iridio. III. CARACTERES FISIOLÓGICOS 1) Por frotamiento emite olor á azufre: Pirita de hierro » 5 » 5* 2) Cuando se le echa el aliento emite olor terroso: Kaolina y tierras » 94 » 37* 3) Se pega á la lengua: Kaolina y tierras » 94 » 37* 4) Untuoso al tacto; Talco » 81 5) Sabor salino: Sal común » 40 » 20* 6) Sabor salino amargo: Sulfato de » 66 magnesio 7) Sabor metálico: Vitriolo de cobre. IV. CARACTERES QUÍMICOS(1) FUSIBILIDAD 1) Minerales facilmente fusibles (fusibles con la llama de una vela: Antimonita, Sal común. 2) Dificilmente fusibles á un globulito: Granate (Almandina). 3) Facilmente fusibles en astillas finas: Feldespato. 4) Dificilmente fusibles en astillas: Bronzita. 5) Infusibles á la llama del soplete: Cuarzo. Según Kobell, hay siete grades de fusibilidad. 1) Antimonita. 2) Natrolita. 3) Almandina. 4) Actinolita. 5) Ortoclasa. 6) Bronzita. 7) Cuarzo. SUBLIMACIÓN: (total ó parcial). Azufre, Pirita de hierro, SOLUBILIDAD: _A)_ En agua: _Sal común._ _B)_ En ácido clorhídrico: 1) Con desprendimiento de ácido carbónico: _Caliza._ 2) Con desprendimiento de cloro: _Pirolusita._ 3) Con desprendimiento de ácido sulfhidrico: _Blenda._ _C)_ En ácido nitrico, con desprendimiento de bióxido de nitrógeno (vapores rutilantes): _Hierro magnético._ _D_) Parcialmente solubles en los ácidos: 1) Sulfuros, solubles en ácido nitrico concentrado, con separacion de azufre: _Blenda, Pirita de hierro_. 2) Silicatos solubles en ácido clorhídrico con separación de ácido sílicico. _a_) Bajo la forma de polvo arenoso: _Serpentina_. _b_) Bajo la forma de masa gelatinosa: _Wolastonita_. 3) Wolframatos solubles (en polvo muy fino) en ácido clorhídrico concentrado, separándose ácido wolfrámico: _Wolframita_. _E_) Insolubles en los ácidos _Cuarzo, Espato fluor_, _Feldespato_. DISGREGACÍON DE MINERALES INSOLUBLES EN LOS ÁCIDOS por fusión con carbonatos alcalinos: _Cuarzo, Feldespato._ INVESTIGACIÓN DE LOS COMPONENTES MÁS IMPORTANTES. _Agua_. Agua higroscópica: Sal común. Agua de cristalización: Yeso. Agua de cristalización y de constitución: Serpentina. _Acido sulfhídrico ó azufre:_ Galena, Blenda. _Acido clorhídrico:_ Sal común. _Ácido fluorhídrico:_ Espato fluor. _Acido sulfúrico:_ Yeso. _Acido fosórico:_ Apatita. _Acido carbónico:_ Espato de cal, Cerusita. _Acido sílicico: Serpentina, Feldespato, Wolastonita._ _Cobre:_ Pirita de cobre. Crisocola. _Zinc:_ Blenda. _Plomo:_ Galena. Cerusita. _Hierro:_ Pirita de hierro. Hierro magnético. _Antimonio:_ Antimonita. Enargita. _Arsénico:_ Hierro arsenical. _Manganeso:_ Pirolusita. Wolframita. _Aluminio:_ Alumbre. Ortoclasa. _Calcio:_ Espato de cal. Yeso. _Magnesio:_ Sulfato de magnesio. _Sodio:_ Sal común. _Potasio:_ Feldespato. COLECCIÓN DE MUESTRAS DE ENSAYO N.º 1 Blenda. » 2 Galena. » 3 Pirita de hierro. » 4 Limonita ó Hematita. » 5 Cuarzo. » 6 Pirolusita. » 7 Espato fluor. » 8 Sal común. » 9 Espato calizo. » 10 Cerusita. » 11 Yeso. » 12 Sulfato de magnesia. » 13 Apatita. » 14 Wolframita. » 15 Serpentina. » 16 Wolastonita. » 17 Crisocola. » 18 Feldespato. ALGUNOS EJEMPLOS DE LA FORMACIÓN DE MINERALES A) _Minerales formados en disoluciones acuosas por evaporación del agua:_ Sal común Nº 40 Yeso » 59 Calcedonia » 31 Cuarzo » 27 cristalizado B) _Minerales formados en disoluciones acuosas cargadas de ácido carbónico, por evaporación de este último._ Espato calizo Nº 44, etc. (dentro de grietas que cruzan el mármol. Estalactitas » 47 (dentro de cavernas en caliza). Travertina » 48 (en agua bajo la acción de plantas). Onyx-Mármol » 49 (en aguas calientes) C) _Minerales formados por procesos químicos; par la acción del oxígeno, del ácido carbónico y del agua:_ 1) Limonita, por Nº 38 descomposición de Pirita de hierro 3) Cerusita, por » 53 descomposición de Galena 4) Malaquita por » 4 descomposición de Cobre 5) Analcima, por » 92 descomposición de Basalto 6) Caolina, por » 94 descomposición de Feldespato D) _Minerales formados en una masa fusión (rocas eruptivas)_ Feldespato en » 91 granito Cuarzo » 28 Mica en granito » 74 Anfibol » 86 E) _Minerales en filones metálicos, como: Galena, Pirita de hierro, Blenda, etc., formados:_ 1) por procedimientos de disoluciones acuosas, ej.: sulfato de hierro, ha sido reducido á sulfuro de hierro, ó 2) por acción del gas sulfhídrico (ó sulfuros alcalinos) sobre disoluciones; ej.: carbonato de plomo, transformado en galena: 3) por sublimación de gases (casos raros) 4) por reducción de sus disoluciones ó de minerales compuestos: oro nativo por reducción de cloruro de oro; cobre nativo en parte por reducción de óxido de cobre (cobre rojo) ó de malaquita (carbonato de cobre) ***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CATÁLOGO INSTRUCTIVO DE LAS COLECCIONES MINERALÓGICAS*** CREDITS December 22, 2006 Project Gutenberg Edition Adrian Mastronardi Joshua Hutchinson Online Distributed Proofreading Team This file was produced from images generously made available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG This file should be named 20159-8.txt or 20159-8.zip. 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