The Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of Freethought, by Various

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: Handbook of Freethought
       Containing in Condensed and Systematized Form a Vast Amount
       of Evidence Against the Superstitious Doctrines of
       Christianity

Author: Various

Editor: W. S. Bell

Release Date: April 16, 2014 [EBook #45414]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HANDBOOK OF FREETHOUGHT ***




Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)









                       A HANDBOOK OF FREETHOUGHT.

             Containing in Condensed and Systematized Form
                   A Vast Amount of Evidence Against
              The Superstitious Doctrines of Christianity.


                        Selected by W. S. BELL.


                               New York:
                       THE TRUTH SEEKER COMPANY,
                          28 Lafayette Place.







PREFACE.


I have aimed in preparing this work to put into compact and orderly
form a large amount of irrefragable evidence against the superstitions
of the church. I have often felt the need of such a work for my own
use. The matter herewith presented has been culled from some of the
ablest writers living and dead. As a book of reference I hope it may
be a valuable aid to all investigators and truthseekers. Its running
head lines, chapter heads, subheads, and classified subjects make it a
"handbook."


San Francisco.

January 10, 1890.







CREATION.

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. (Gen. 1 : 1.)


No sooner do we read this sentence than we find our minds full of
perplexing questions. Quite naturally we ask in the "beginning" of
what? It could not mean in the beginning of God, for it is supposed
that he had no beginning; it could not mean the beginning of eternity,
as that is without commencement or end, and it could not have been in
the beginning of matter as it is eternal. If then matter is eternal,
the story about the creation of the heaven and the earth is nothing
more than a myth--a childish story that has come down to us from the
dark ages of the remote past.

The indestructibility of matter is the corner-stone of modern
philosophy, and the indestructibility of matter implies its eternal
existence, that is, it never was created and it never will cease to
exist. Theologians have taught for centuries that God created matter
out of nothing. Enlightened people have to smile when they hear these
stories repeated. Some theologians who have discovered the folly of
such empty traditions have tried to reconstruct them by means of new
interpretations. The Rev. De Witt Talmage, of Brooklyn, has discovered
that God created matter out of a piece of omnipotence. This discovery
is important, and may lead to grand results; still there are some
people who doggedly refuse to accept this invention, and maintain that
omnipotence is nothing more than an attribute, and that one could with
as much propriety speak of God's creating matter out of omniscience,
or omnipresence.

There are others who do not claim that matter was made out of nothing,
but that it was in a chaotic state, and that at a certain time (before
time was), God formed it into the universe in six days of creation.

But this explanation does not help us out of our difficulties. For if
God did not create matter out of nothing then it is eternal, and there
could be no such thing as creation, or Creator. There is nothing in
this old story at all, if it proves on examination that the "Creator"
did not create matter; for in that case matter is co-eternal with God,
and like him, is uncaused. When this old definition of creation fails
the theological superstructure built upon it totters and falls to
the ground. For if the Creator did not originate the universe from
nothing, then matter is eternal, and God is not omnipotent, is not
infinite, is not God. Thus we see that we have no reason whatever
to think that there ever was a beginning to matter, or that creation
of matter is at all thinkable. The words "beginning" and "creation,"
as thus used are without meaning.

It is a marvel how long the mind of man has been subject to this
childish fable. Surely the wise men of the different ages who heard
it perceived its unreasonableness. But the wise men were few and the
unwise were many, and the superstructure built over their heads in
the form of theocracies and theologies, laid upon the foundations of
this myth were too formidable to admit of free thought. The prophets
must prophesy according to the traditions of the fathers. New
interpretations were never welcome in this world. A radical idea
is always a source of pain to the superficial or bigoted mind. And
above all heresy was the worst of all things, and everything new was
heresy. And because human reason was all the time making discoveries
which revealed better things than had been known, and because reason
exposed the weakness and falsity of traditions and superstitions,
therefore reason itself was condemned and put under ban and was called
"carnal reason," and in order to overcome it, faith, blind belief, was
set up as the greatest of all human virtues. And so strong was reason
in its persistent attempts to get at the truth, it became necessary to
preach faith all the time and to make salvation in another world depend
upon it. And, as if this was not enough, he was constantly reminded
that the sentence, "believe or be damned" did not relate wholly to
another world. Damnation often began in this world. The persecutions,
inquisitions, crusades, St. Bartholomew massacres all show how hard
it is with those who have faith to have kindness of heart.

"And God said let there be light and there was light." But how do
we know he said so? Who was the reporter at that early date? In fact
even if it were true, how could any one have ever found it out? And
if any one had found it how could we know it? The same question might
be asked in reference to creation. Who discovered the fact? How could
we know that some one had learned it even if it were true?

"And God saw the light that it was good." From this expression, we
should infer that he did not know beforehand whether the light he
was about experimentally to originate would be a good thing or not;
but after having spoken it into existence and contemplating it for a
while, he pronounced it good. The approval is spoken of it much after
the manner of men. For instance we see a painter after having put the
finishing touches on his picture step back and with satisfaction look
at it, and say, "it is the greatest effort of my life."

"And God divided the light from the darkness." The originator of this
story had not the slightest idea of the nature of light. He supposed it
to be a substance that could be separated from darkness, which he also
imagined a substance, as white beans may be separated from black beans.


    In his imagination he probably saw God throwing pieces and
    chunks of darkness on one side and rays and beams of light on
    the other. It is hard for a man who has been born but once to
    understand these things. ("Mistakes of Moses," Ingersoll.)

    "And God called the light day, and the darkness he called night;
    and the evening and the morning were the first day."


Bible expounders have found it difficult to reconcile the word "day"
with the teachings of geology. According to common chronology the
creation of this universe out of nothing took place four thousand and
four years before the birth of Christ, which would make the universe
about six thousand years old. The testimony of geology is that the
formation of this earth as it now is, must have a record of millions
of years. And astronomy demonstrates that there are stars so far from
this earth that it would take an indefinitely long time for the light
from them to reach this earth.

Here then are two witnesses against this story which makes the earth
about six thousand years old. These witnesses cannot be impeached.

What shall be done with the record? Oh, put a new interpretation upon
it. "A person who is not a critic," says Huxley, "and is not a Hebrew
scholar, can only stand up and admire the marvelous flexibility of
the language which admits of such adverse interpretations."

The great expounders who explain the inexplicable things assure us
that the six days of creation spoken of in the book of Genesis do
mean literal days of twenty-four hours, but that the word "day" is
here used to mean an indefinite period, "a great while." But there
are so many, and such great difficulties in the way of our accepting
this explanation that we are forced to reject it.

In the first place the record says "days," and says nothing in
connection with the word that would lead us to think the writer meant
anything by the word more than it usually signifies; while on the
other hand all the uses of the word seem to imply that a day in every
instance where the word is used, means a period of twenty-four hours.

Hugh Miller, and an eminent geologist, attempted to reconcile Genesis
with geology, and after a laborous effort to achieve this end committed
suicide. He attempted an impossible task.

There is not the slightest grounds for supposing the writer of
Genesis to mean by the word "day" anything more than we mean by the
same word. The language, "the evening and the morning were the first
day," can admit of but one interpretation, and that is the duration
of twenty-four hours. We shall find that the writer uses the word
"day" where, by no possible flexibility of interpretation, can the
word mean anything other than this, and gives no hint that he means
anything different in the use of the word in the latter case from
its signification in its previous use.


    "And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made,
    and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had
    made. And God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because
    that in it he had rested from all his work."

    "For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea and all
    that in them is, and rested the seventh day, wherefore the Lord
    blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it."

    "It is a sign between me and the children of Israel forever;
    for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth and on the seventh
    day he rested and was refreshed."


And still another instance may be given to show that the word "day" has
no double meaning: "And God made two great lights, the greater to rule
the day and the lesser to rule the night." The word "day" obviously
means what we mean by it when we use it in connection with night.

These proofs settle the question of the meaning of the word "day." It
means in Genesis just what it means when we use it. The account given
of creation in speaking of "days" meant literally twenty-four hours;
and geology and astronomy prove such statements to be childish and
foolish. If we should admit that the word "day" in this narrative
meant millions of years, then the first Sabbath upon which the Lord
rested and was refreshed also meant millions of years. If this be so
then it is safe to infer that he is still resting. This may in some
degree account for the fact that the ministers are trying to run the
world in his name. For if God exerts his power over the world to guide
and control it according to his own sovereign will it is nothing less
than high handed presumption if not rebellious usurpation on the part
of the clergy to attempt to take the management out of his hands.

In the second chapter of Genesis, Adam is said to have been made
before the animals were created. After Adam had given names to all
the animals as they passed before him in grand review, there was no
helpmeet found among them for him, and as an afterthought God formed
a woman for him out of a rib. But here was a very long period between
the creation of Adam and Eve. According to the first chapter of Genesis
Adam and Eve were created at the same time, and before the creation
of the animal kingdom, but in the second chapter man was the first
creature made and woman the last. This would make Adam millions of
years older than Eve, if the word "day" means millions of years in
the first chapter of Genesis.


    "And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the
    waters, and let it divide the waters. And God made the firmament
    and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the
    waters which were above the firmament; and it was so. And God
    called the firmament heaven."


According to this writer's ideas heaven and earth were two flat
spheres, upon each of which were vast quantities of water. The
firmament in which were set the sun, moon, and stars was in some way
supported at a short distance above the earth.


    The Hebrew term rakia so translated, is generally regarded as
    expressive of simple expansion, and is so rendered in the margin
    of the A. V. (authorized version). (Gen. 1 : 6.) The root means
    to expand by beating whether by the hand, the foot, or any other
    instrument. It is especially used of beating out metals into thin
    plates. (Ex. 39 : 3, and Num. 16 : 39.) The sense of solidity is
    combined with the ideas of expansion and tenuity in the term. The
    same idea of solidity runs through all the references to the
    rakia. In Exodus 24 : 10, it is represented as a solid floor. So
    again in Ezekiel 1 : 22-26, the "firmament" is the floor on
    which the throne of the Most High is placed. Further, the office
    of the rakia in the economy of the world demanded strength and
    substance. It was to serve as a division between the waters above
    and the waters below. (Gen. 1 : 7.) In keeping with this view the
    rakia was provided with "windows" (Gen. 7 : 11, Isa. 24 : 18,
    Mal. 3 : 10), and "doors" (Ps. 78 : 23) through which the rain
    and the snow might descend. A secondary purpose which the rakia
    served was to support the heavenly bodies, sun, moon, and stars
    (Gen. 1 : 14), in which they were fixed as nails, and from which
    consequently, they might be said to drop off. (Isa. 14 : 12-34,
    Mat. 24 : 29.) In all these particulars we recognize the same
    view as was entertained by the Greeks, and to a certain extent
    by the Latins. If it be objected to the Mosaic account that the
    view embodied in the word rakia does not harmonize with strict
    philosophical truth, the answer to such an objection is, that
    the writer describes things as they appear rather than as they
    are. (Smith's "Abridged Bible Dictionary," Firmament.)


One not acquainted with the wonderful flexibility of biblical
interpretation, might conclude after reading this explicit definition
of the rakia that the story of creation was an inspired revelation,
but not true. We ourselves are inclined to this opinion, and we
accept the conclusion that the Mosaic description of the firmament
"does not harmonize with strict philosophical truth; and possibly
we shall conclude that all parts of the Mosaic cosmogony will show
that the writer who attempts to give a history of the beginning of
the universe, did nothing more than describe things as they appeared
to his mind's eye, rather than as they actually were.


    "And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, and the herb
    yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit, after his kind,
    whose seed is in itself, upon the earth, and it was so."


This was on the third day, and we read that on the fifth day, "God
created great whales and every living creature that moveth which
the waters brought forth abundantly after their kind." But in the
evolution of life upon this earth, grasses, trees and plants do not
precede the evolution of marine animals. Here again we come upon
one of those instances where the account given does not harmonize
with strict philosophical truth; but the answer to such objections
is that "the writer describes things as they appear rather than as
they are." In modern language we should say he was merely guessing
at the riddle of existence.


    "And God made two great lights, and the greater to rule the day
    and the lesser to rule the night; and he made the stars also."


The creation of the sun and the moon was on the fourth day. But it is
not made clear how there could have been a morning and an evening of
three previous days, in the absence of the sun. Then again there is no
possible explanation for the existence of vegetation without sunlight.

Grasses, trees, and plants will not grow without sunlight. And still
another difficulty meets us in the same passage. The writer says God
made two great lights, the greater to rule the day and the lesser
to rule the night. And this also is lacking in harmony with "strict
philosophical truth," for there is only one great light; the moon has
no light, but merely reflects the sun's rays. It is true it seems
to be a light, and as "the writer describes things as they appear
rather than as they are," we can hold him responsible only for the
revelation he makes as a matter of inspiration and not for its truth.

Before the sun was created, the writer gives us to understand that the
dry land appeared--or to put it more definitely, God commanded saying,
"Let the dry land appear." But to whom was it to appear when there
was no eye yet created to look upon it, and if there had been, there
was no sunlight, and therefore if the world had been full of eyes
the land would not have appeared! This is a problem. Did the waters
lie on the mountain tops, and refuse to run down to the valleys,
until they were commanded?

For how was it possible for a writer who describes things as they
appear, to attempt to give us a glimpse of things which certainly
could not have appeared, only to a mind diseased? But not wishing to
appear captious we will let this pass, only however with the explicit
understanding that the writer, in this case certainly attempted to
describe things as they could not appear.

We find our perplexities increasing as we proceed. Especially when we
attempt to read the stone book of geology in company with the Hebrew
book of Genesis.

Whoever he may have been, and there can be no doubt of the sex of
the writer, as the book everywhere betrays the spirit of the "lord of
creation," man, he seems to think that the earth was created before
the sun, when the truth is the earth is the child of the sun. One
could as well speak of a son being older than his father as to talk
of the creation of the sun, after the earth had been created.

Thus, statement after statement of the story about creation falls
for lack of support--and like bubbles the airy word pictures burst
at the first touch of science.

What gross ignorance the writer betrays in speaking of the vast
universe. It is nothing; it needs no extended description, five
words are enough to describe the creation of an infinite universe,
and hence to the writer it was quite sufficient to merely say,
"He made the stars also." And two of these words are supplied by the
transcribers. As it seemed to this original cosmogonist the work of
getting up a universe was not a matter of very great importance.

We are not disposed to credit this story for the reason that, the
author makes it necessary for God to take five days to create the
solar system, but for the infinite universe beyond, he needed less
than one day. The Mosaic cosmogonist had no soul for astronomy or he
would have seen the necessity of more time in the creation of the
starry systems. We could have no patience with his description if
it were not for the fact of which we are so well assured by Smith's
Bible Dictionary, that he is not giving us matter of fact but is
"describing things as they appear rather than as they are."

But no sooner do we quit one difficulty than we are beset with
another. In looking over the leaves of the stone book of geology
we find fossils of animals which existed untold ages before man,
and as they had eyes there must therefore have been light, the sun
must have existed an indefinitely long period before man.

And last of all on the sixth day late on Saturday afternoon, God
created man in his own image. And as he stepped back and surveyed
the week's work which was before him he pronounced himself satisfied
with it all. Everything was just as he would have it. Everything
was perfect. "And God saw everything that he had made, and behold
it was very good." In fact there was not a single thing he could
see a chance to make any improvement on; for it is impossible for
us to think of a perfect creator making an imperfect creature. And
if by any mistake he had made anything not just as it ought to be,
and as he intended, we should think that knowing the fact he would
make the necessary improvement; and if he would not, then we must
conclude that he is not infinitely good. Thus every turn we make in
this story drives us to the conclusion that it is not true, that it
is only an ancient myth. It is the brass of ignorance which has been
palmed off upon us for the gold of truth.

"So God created man in his own image," and yet in the next breath
the writer informs us that after Adam and Eve had eaten of the
forbidden fruit, they became more like God, and if they had been
permitted to eat of the tree of life they would have become still
more like him. But it is hard for one who has not been born again
to understand how Adam and Eve could become more and more like God,
when they were created in his image and pronounced very good.

The command given them was, "Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye
touch it lest ye die." But the serpent said unto the woman, "Ye shall
not surely die; for God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof,
then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods knowing good
and evil."

And this was just how it turned out. After they had eaten of this
prohibited tree, they became more like the gods than they had been. But
we are led to immediately ask, could they have been made in the first
place like them? And unless they were both counterfeits we cannot
imagine how an image can be improved--that is, become more of an image.

And the Lord God said, "Behold the man has become as one of us,
(just as the serpent had foretold) to know good and evil." Here is a
clear contradiction of terms. And in order to explain the matter at
all satisfactorily to ourselves we have to recur to the assurance
of authority that it is not claimed that the narration is literal
history of fact, but merely the writer's opinions of how it seemed
to him it ought to be.


    "Behold I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon
    the face of all the earth, and, every tree which is the fruit of
    a tree yielding seed, to you it shall be for meat."


Here is an explicit statement of Adam's right to eat of any fruit he
might find. But in the third chapter of this wonderful book, we find
that there are two trees whose fruit he is prohibited from eating,
"Of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden,
God hath said he shall not eat of it." Then after Adam and Eve had
refreshed themselves from the fruit of the tree of knowledge, which
made them as the gods knowing good and evil, the Lord God said,
"Now lest he put forth his hand and take also of the tree of life
and eat and live forever, therefore the Lord sent him forth from the
garden of Eden to till the ground from whence he was taken."

We fail to see any reason for the apparent change of plan in the mind
of the Lord. He first grants Adam and Eve the privilege of eating any
fruit they chose, and afterward prohibited them from eating of the
fruit of two trees, which would have most benefited them. Certainly we
can see no good reason for prohibiting them from acquiring knowledge,
especially of good and evil, since the gods had this sort of knowledge
themselves. In fact we would naturally suppose that the more accurate
man's knowledge of good and evil is the better off he would be; he
would certainly be more moral. But let us imagine that it was not
desirable for Adam and Eve to have such knowledge and morality and
thus to resemble so closely the gods themselves, is there any good
reason why they should not have partaken of the fruit of the tree of
life, and thereby lived forever? Why should the fact that they had
become more like the gods be a sufficient reason for preventing them
from sharing in the immortal life? Would not it have been altogether
probable that Adam and Eve would continue to become more and more
like the gods, seeing that they had begun so persistently to acquire
the godlike virtues?

"And when the woman saw the tree was good for food, and that it was
pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise,"
etc. We see that it was wisdom that was prohibited, and not murder,
robbery, or drunkenness. Why was knowledge and wisdom forbidden to
man when these above all things else he needed most? Why is it that
religion has always condemned learning, discoveries, inventions,
reforms, etc.? Knowledge is the forbidden fruit of all the gardens
of the gods. But how could these celestial creators expect to prevent
man from gaining knowledge after they had created him with a brain to
think? To think is to have knowledge, and to have some knowledge is to
thirst for more, and thus it was absolute madness to create man with
a brain and command him not think. As well throw a bird into the air,
and shoot it for flying, or spear a fish for swimming in the water,
as to damn a human being for coming into possession of the knowledge
of good and evil.

The story seems to imply many contradictions which are not explicitly
expressed. For Adam and Eve must have been moral beings to have
understood the supposed commands of God. If they were moral then
they already knew what good and evil was. The way in which this
primitive couple acquired knowledge reminds one of the description
of the creation of the sun. In the first chapter of this wonderful
book, we find light created, and on the fourth day afterward the
sun is made. This is reversing the order of cause and effect, as in
this effect comes before cause. There is this explanation, however,
that the world was new and had not got fairly into working order.

In the case of Adam and Eve, we have no such explanation to offer. We
find them from the very first moment, rational beings, and of course
having a knowledge of good and evil; but the historian who gives us
the account, declares that they came into the possession of knowledge
not by virtue of their brains; but because of their eating of certain
fruit. The effect is made to be the cause.

There is only one way out of the dilemma. The writer described things
"as they seemed rather than as they are."

Even so great a man as the Hon. W. E. Gladstone has to betake himself
to specious arguments in attempting to refute the testimony of science
when opposed to Genesis. His logic is kindred to that quoted from
Smith's Bible Dictionary, wherein the writer says of the author of
Genesis that he "describes things as they appear, rather than as they
are." Mr. Gladstone in the "Order of Creation," says:


    Proceeding, on what I hold to be open ground, to state my own
    idea of the key to the meaning of the Mosaic record (Genesis),
    I suggest that it was intended to give moral, and not scientific
    instruction to those for whom it was written.


Who was it that "intended to give moral, and not scientific
instruction?" If it was the author of Genesis who intended it for
only moral instruction, then it cannot be claimed to be a revelation
from God; but if on the other hand it was God who intended to give
only moral instruction, then he is responsible for making the author
of Genesis record that which is not true. What a sight for gods and
men! To see the ex-premier of England pettifogging at the bar of
Reason for a dying, nay dead superstition; for certainly Genesis as
a revelation is dead so far as reason and science are concerned.

But this hostility to knowledge instituted in the garden of Eden has
been perpetuated through all the ages. Faith has been held up as the
all-important virtue, as by it the priests could get the people to
believe anything. Somewhere Goethe says, "Belief is not the beginning
but the end of knowledge." In the early days of the church it was found
necessary to abandon reason. The world had too many philosophers who
stood prepared to expose the superstitions which set themselves up
with authority. The injunction given to and heeded by chiefly the low
and ignorant was, "Do not examine; only believe and thy faith will
make thee blessed." "Wisdom is a bad thing in life, foolishness is
to be preferred." But this sentiment was older than that date, for we
find in the writings of Paul the same teaching, "If any man among you
seemeth to be wise, let him become a fool that he may be wise." At
another time he insists that, "We are fools for Christ's sake."

My advice is to eat of the fruit of knowledge, and have your
eyes opened to the truth no matter what it is. It may be that some
delusive Santa Claus may fade away in the distance before your clearer
vision. Let it go. Nothing is so expensive as error. Seek to know
the truth, and struggle to throw off such prejudices as tempt you to
fashion truth to your own intellectual myopia or moral obliquities. Eat
and become more truly a man; eat and become more beautifully a woman.


    "And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air,
    and to everything that creepeth upon the earth wherein there is
    life I have given every herb for meat."


This writer never visited a menagerie. His knowledge of the habits
of the animal kingdom are as innocent as if he had never sought for
knowledge, had never examined natural history, or else he would have
known that such animals as lions, tigers, and wolves could not feed
on grass. The vultures of the air do not live upon seeds or hay,
but must have fish or flesh. Daniel going into a den of lions fed
on hay, would be about as brave as a milk maid's going into the
stall to milk a cow. We cannot conjecture what state of mind the
Mosaic cosmogonist could have been in when he described the lion as
a herbivorous animal. It is so wide a departure from the most common
knowledge of the habits of animals that our confidence in the accuracy
of the historian is greatly shaken.

It is commonly believed that if man had not eaten of the forbidden
fruit he would have been immortal. Now the very fact that Adam and
Eve ate at all, proves them to have been mortal. For eating implies
a nutritive system, which means growth, maturity, and decay of the
organism. Death is natural, and not a penalty--not a curse pronounced
upon the primitive pair for disobedience. They would have died even
if they had partaken of the tree of life.

And in connection with this erroneous idea of the loss of immortality
is another respecting labor. It has been a doctrine taught by the
church that labor is a curse pronounced upon the family of man in
consequence of Adam's transgression, and proof often quoted is,
"In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread."

This is the consequence of cherishing an ambition to become more like
the gods. Because he was foolish enough to disobey in the matter of
tasting some tempting fruit which attracted his eye, he and all his
posterity must toil hard to get a mere subsistence, and then go to
hell and roast forever. To an ordinary man this seems rather rough
for so small an offense--to sweat in this life is bad enough, but
to roast in another is too much, and we utter our righteous protest
against it. And since we now have our choice between hell, hades,
sheol or gehenna I, for one, prefer hades as its temperature is lower.

But this story like many others lacks consistency. For we read that
before Adam transgressed the commandment, "The Lord took the man and
put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it." This
looks like work, and gardeners and farmers would look upon all such
arrangements as work, especially would they thus regard it, if the
garden was large and it was the duty of one person to take the entire
care of it, to that is, do all the work.

Labor therefore was natural to man and did not come upon him as a
curse. It was not in consequence of his eating prohibited apples that
the necessity of toil was imposed upon him as a curse, but because
mental and physical activity are natural, and he could not exist
without them.

Labor is natural and honorable. The hands and brain of man imply labor,
as necessarily as the lungs imply air, or the gills of the fish imply
water. Man could not exist without it; but the great evil which has
arisen is the abuse of labor. Some have been enabled to get possession
of wealth and thereby have the power to control the laborer and take
such a share out of the profits of his toil as they see fit. The
stronger prey upon the weaker. Our present civilization does not
civilize, because it does not remove this relic of barbarism which
allows the rich to rob the poor of the profits of their labor. The
laborer who produces the wealth of the country is the one who does not
get its benefits. The old form of European civilization which justifies
and aids the rich in becoming richer and making the poor poorer is
beginning to show traces of its existence in this country. And we must
say we cannot see how or when this sort of civilization with gilded
top and rotten base is to come to an end. Surely there is no way out of
our barbarous degradation except by the development of the individual
through his intelligence into liberty, morality, and manhood.

"And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field,
and every fowl of the air, and brought them unto Adam to see what he
would name them." Some animals, as the Armadillo, and Sloth of South
America would consume more time in going from South America to the
garden of Eden, than Adam's life covered. And how could the polar
bear and the humming bird of the tropics pass through the different
temperatures to reach the garden of Eden? and how long could they
survive if they were even there, and how could they find their way
back to their former habitats? Did the fish all swim up to the shore
and range themselves in a row to be named?

We wish to call attention to the grand review of the animals, to
point out the implication that Adam could not find a helpmeet among
them. We read:


    "And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the
    field, and every fowl of the air, and brought them to Adam to see
    what he would name them. And whatsoever Adam called every living
    creature that was the name thereof. And Adam gave names to all
    the cattle, to the fowl of the air, to every beast of the field,
    but for Adam there was not found an helpmeet for him."


Now the very words, "was not found," imply that search was made for a
helpmeet, but none could be found. And because none could be found,
therefore the Lord God went immediately to work to make a woman for
him. The Creator threw him into a deep sleep, and while in that
unconscious condition and unable to do or say a thing in his own
defense, the Lord took out a rib, or as Ingersoll says, "a cutlet,"
while Dr. Talmage insists that God took out Adam's "side" and reformed
it into a woman, and as the text reads, "Brought her unto the man." Was
he not there right on the spot? Was it necessary for the Lord after
taking out the rib to go off a distance by himself that he might finish
the work undisturbed? Unless something of the kind was necessary we
do not see the force of the sentence, "Brought her unto the man."

The Greenlanders have a story that relates the creation of woman
from man's thumb. This is significant and much more probable. There
is wisdom in this even if it be regarded as a myth. The bare fact
that woman has always been under man's thumb shows some kinetic
relation. The masculine gender has not been reluctant to manifest a
disposition to preserve the gentler sex in this position. He calls her
by pet names, and bestows compliments upon her, and declares upon the
honor of a despot that there is no name so sacred as mother, and that
there is no virtue so precious as that possessed by woman--he will even
die for her, but still he prefers to keep her in subjection under his
thumb. Liberty will come to woman when she becomes tired of being a
mere plaything, a pet, a favorite slave, and then, and not till then
may she rise into the full dignity of womanhood, and throw off thumb
authority and all allegiance to the legends which give the thumb its
authority. Woman needs again to eat of the tree of knowledge of good
and evil, even if she be driven out of the social garden and ostracised
therefrom with the flaming sword of respectability guarding the gates
against her return. Her first rebellion brought knowledge and progress
to man, and her second rebellion must be against both God and man.

"And the serpent said unto the woman, ye shall not surely die." Never
in the history of snakes was there a match for this first one. It
is highly probable that his snakeship did not have a protracted
existence after this emeute of the garden. In fact we never hear
of him more. Some historians say he changed his name and went west,
and some have gone so far as to say that Satan, who attacked Job many
centuries after the seduction of Adam and Eve was nothing more than
the old Serpent under a new name.

One thing is certain, and that is, that the snake in the garden of Eden
immortalized himself in a short time. But we can hardly comprehend the
curse pronounced upon it for so laudable a work. This was the curse:
"Above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly
shalt thou go and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life." It
would seem from this, that the serpent did not go naturally upon his
belly, but some how or other he diddled along on the tip end of his
tail. We fail to see any reason for this sort of locomotion unless
it was to help him look out for other snakes. And we are perplexed to
understand why he should be sentenced to eat dust. If he was cursed,
it seems that the curse is quite conveniently borne by him; for he
finds it just to his gait to go upon his belly, and as for eating dust,
he never did and never will. He is defiant, rebellious, and successful.

The more we study the character of this original snake the more we
find to admire in him.

It is true we do not always understand just how things could happen as
they did, but we take them as they read and make the best of them. For
instance we can form no idea of how it was possible for the serpent
to talk to Eve, and reason with her like a philosopher. He talked to
her the same as if he had had vocal organs, and a brain similar but
superior to man's. Unless he had a mouth and head like a human being
we cannot see how he could have talked; and if his head was of that
type we cannot see how he could have been called a snake. There was
a great many suggestions prompted by reading the account of this
wonderful serpent. We cannot understand why he should have been
made. Or why, if it were necessary to have him, he was not placed
under some restraint? Why was he not created so that God himself
could govern him? Or why after seeing he had made him a little too
wise, and a trifle too devilish he did not kill him? Or if that were
impracticable or impossible, why did he not put up signs on all the
fences around Eden, "Adam and Eve beware of snakes!"

"And Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the Lord
God amongst the trees of the garden. And the Lord God called unto
Adam and said unto him, where art thou?" But we are amazed at the
very thought that it was possible for them to get out of sight of
the omniscient eye! We read in many books, and have heard it all
our lives that God sees all things, but according to this account,
his first creatures, fresh from his plastic hands, and very near to
him got beyond his omniscient sight. How could this be, when "the
eyes of the Lord are in every place beholding the evil and the good?"


    "For his eyes are upon the ways of man and he seeth all his
    goings."

    "For the eyes of the Lord run to and fro throughout the whole
    earth."


And yet, notwithstanding he made all things, and sees all things,
and knows all things, Adam and Eve were able to get behind the trees
and hide away out of his sight.

On another occasion it is recorded that the Lord had come down from
heaven to see whether the reports which were brought up to him were
true or not. "And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower
which the children of men builded." And in still another place it is
written: "And the Lord said because of the city of Sodom and Gomorrah
is great and because their sin is grievous I will go down now and see
whether they have done according to the cry of it, which is come up
before me, and if not I will know."

And yet other equally inspired writers, describing things as they
appeared rather than as they are, solemnly declare that "all things
are naked and open to him with whom we have to do."

But we pass on leaving Adam behind the tree, hid away from the presence
of the Lord, to notice other sacred passages which are not in harmony
with strict philosophical truth.

"Unto the woman he said, I will greatly multiply thy sorrow; in
sorrow shalt thou bring forth children, and thy desire shall be to
thy husband and he shall rule over thee." Now there is no reason
to suppose that the pain of childbirth has ever been increased
in woman. Her physiological structure has in no way undergone
a radical change. Besides, all animals bearing offspring bear
pains. Did the curse upon woman extend to the females of animals
bearing offspring? But wherein does the male suffer his share in this
divine punishment?

"And he shall rule over thee." This is a matter of fact--and is
equally true of those people who know nothing of Israel or Israel's
god. Man has ruled over woman in all times and in all countries,
and will continue to reign over her until she aspires to and contends
for her rights.

The path of woman's future is steep, slippery, and long. Many ages will
pass before she attains the glory and beauty possible to womanhood,
but with prophetic eyes we see that time coming. With joy we labor and
wait, that at some future day this world will be made happy and grand
through the evolution of truth, love, and liberty in the elevation
of woman.

Another part of the curse is that, "Thorns and thistles shall it (the
ground) bring forth," but geology shows that thorns and thistles were
as plentiful in the primeval world as they are now. Hence there must
be some mistake on the part of the writer in setting down the origin
of thorns and thistles for that particular date.


    "And Adam called his wife Eve because she was the mother of
    all living."


This is another astonishing statement. Eve was the mother of all
(human beings) living, and there were none living but herself and
Adam! If she was the mother of all living, she was not only Adam's
mother, but her own mother too.

It is true that when Cain grew to manhood and slew his brother, there
were some people down in the land of Nod, but when God made them we
have no means of knowing. They were not a people of much consequence
as no notice is taken of them by our author, and besides they permitted
Cain to come and live among them and take a wife. Perhaps these people
were before Adam and Eve, for it is stated that in the city there were
workers of iron and brass. Brass is a compound of copper and zinc,
and these workers must have had a knowledge of the arts of mining and
compounding metals. The mark, too, was set upon Cain that "whosoever"
might not slay him; then there must have been a "whosoever." It is very
likely that if Cain built a city he must have had the aid of carpenters
and workmen, and it may be that he found his wife in the land of Nod
among the "whosoever" "workers in of iron and brass." I think the
clergy will agree that there was a "whosoever." It would have been
needless to put a mark on Cain to preserve his life from a "whosoever"
if there were no "whosoever," and my opinion is that Mr. Cain married
some of the daughters of Mr. "Whosoever" in the land of Nod.

"And Adam called his wife Eve because she was the mother of all
living!" That eclipses everything. And we were about concluding that
nothing of the kind had ever been known before, but we remember the
story about Ahaziah, and that he was two years older than his father.


    Thirty and two years old was he (Jehoram) when he began to reign,
    and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.

    And Ahaziah his son reigned in his stead.

    Two and twenty years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign. (Kings
    8 : 17, 24, 26.)


In the book of Chronicles we have another account.


    Thirty and two years old was he (Jehoram) when he began to reign
    and he reigned in Jerusalem eight years. And the inhabitants of
    Jerusalem made Ahaziah his youngest son king in his stead. Forty
    and two years old was Ahaziah when he began to reign. (2 Chron. 21
     : 20, and 2 Chron. 20 : 1, 2.)


Jehoram was thirty-two years old when he came to the throne, and he
reigned eight years, which made him forty years old at his death,
and his son Ahaziah who took up the reins of government which dropped
from the hands of his father, was forty-two years old--just two years
older than his father, and the youngest son at that.


    "Unto Adam also and to his wife did the Lord God make coats of
    skins and clothed them."


There is no description of the style of these dresses, and we are
left without data for judging of their fitness, only we are inclined
to the opinion that the country where it was just the temperature for
the natives to go naked, skin coats would be a trifle too winterish
in style. We fail too see the necessity for such heavy clothing, or
in fact for any clothing at all, inasmuch as they were created to
go naked. For we read that, "They were both naked the man and his
wife, and were not ashamed." Or if they must have some protection
for their modesty why were not fig-leaf aprons quite sufficient for
that climate? And still further we can see no necessity for the
Lord to turn tailor and make their clothes when Adam and Eve had
already learned to sew; for "they sewed fig-leaves together and made
themselves aprons," and as the seasons changed they could easily have
learned to make garments of comfort for themselves, and also to set
the fashions for the rest of the world. The origin of the universe is
an insoluble mystery. And yet to the uninformed mind it seems to be
no problem at all. We daily hear such people reasoning in this way:
"There must have been a First Cause of all things, and that First
Cause we call God." It is only because the mind of man is uninformed,
that he reasons in this way. It requires only a little reflection
to see that there could have been no First Cause. It is clear that
every cause must have an effect, for unless it produces an effect it
cannot be a cause. Hence we cannot infer that there can be an effect
which of itself does not become a cause, producing other effects, so
that it is absolutely impossible in the nature of cause and effect,
for a last cause or a first cause to exist. As a last cause would be a
cause only when it produced an effect, and the last effect would be an
effect only when it became a cause. It is equally true that there could
be no First Cause; for whatever is, is the result of some previous
cause. We can view causation only as a chain in form of a circle.

"If we apply to this question the notion of time we see the limit of
our thought, because if we try to think of an absolute creative power
before creation, we discover that the idea is unthinkable, as infinite
and absolute creative power in the presence of inactivity and nothing
are incompatible. It could not have been creative power without
creating something. We are therefore unable to think of absolute
creative power as inert--we are equally unable to think of it inactive
in the presence of chaos, and as impotent to conceive of its existence
as absolute. We cannot think of it existing after creation, as rest
and inactivity are again incompatible with the notion of force."

We may look at this subject in whatever way we choose we shall
find that in no way whatever can we form any idea of a First
Cause, an infinite and absolute Creator. Let us see. "The First
Cause cannot be absolute, that is, it cannot exist out of all
relation to the universe. Whereas a cause not only sustains some
relation to its effect, but exists as a cause only by virtue of
such relations. Suppress the effect and the cause has ceased to be
a cause. Absolute cause, therefore, is like the phrase, circular
triangle. The two words stand for conceptions which cannot be made
to unite. We attempt, says Mr. Mansel, to escape from this apparent
contradiction by introducing the succession of time. The absolute
exists first by itself and afterward becomes a cause. But here we are
checked by the third conception of the infinite. How can the infinite
become that which it has not from the first." ("Fisk's Cosmic Philos.")

Look at it whatever way we may the finite mind cannot grasp the
conception of the infinite. Nay, cannot know of the existence of the
infinite. Hence all efforts to explain the First Cause, the absolute,
and the infinite, are more artificial and unreal than painted ships
upon a painted sea.

We may view the subject in still another light. If God reasons,
his knowledge is limited and he is finite. Man reasons because his
knowledge is circumscribed. If he knew everything he would have
no doubts, and hence would not need to investigate, experiment,
recollect, and compare. He would not be compelled to lay down certain
definite data, and follow their implications through rules of logic,
and through scientific experiment in order to reach conclusions. The
end would be as clearly before his mind as the beginning; in fact
there would be to such a mind no beginning and no end. But we cannot
imagine an infinite being who needs to recollect past events. But
if we deny that in the mind of God there is the faculty of memory,
we thereby deny that he reasons. The same may be said of doubt,
for if the mind of God is never troubled with doubts, it is simply
because he does not reason. Much of the mind's activity is employed in
doubts. Doubt and inquiry are necessary elements of thought. Does God
doubt? Does he investigate, compare, and test matters by experiment? If
he does then he is not infinite, and if he does not, then he does not
reason. Has he imagination? If he exercises this important function
of the mind then he deals in unrealities, idealizes, has dreams,
cherishes visions, builds air castles. If he does not thus exercise
imagination he cannot be said to reason.

It is an old argument that design implies a designer. The essential
weakness of this argument lies in what is called "proofs of
design." And in support of this idea it is commonly urged that there
are everywhere apparent in nature evidences of order, harmony, and
adaptation. But to put this argument into a sentence, the maggot in
the cheese could offer the same arguments to show there was a design
in his position in the cheese. He could argue that everything about him
showed order, harmony, and adaptation. It was just the cheese for him.

But even if we should admit this statement, it would not prove the
existence of God, for if an intelligent mind had created the universe,
it is certain that that mind itself must have been governed by law
which yields to order, harmony, and adaptation, and if these imply
a designer in one case they must also in the other, and therefore
every designer must have had a designer.




The Difference Between the Two Cosmogonies as Given in the First Two
Chapters of Genesis.

In the first, the earth emerges from the waters and is therefore
saturated with moisture. (Gen. 1 : 9, 10.) In the second, the whole
face of the ground requires to be moistened. (Gen. 2 : 6.)



In the first, the birds and beasts are created before man. (Gen.
1 : 20, 24, 26.) In the second, man is created before the birds and
beasts. (Gen. 2 : 7, 9.)



In the first, all the "fowls that fly" are made out of the
waters. (Gen. 1 : 20.) In the second, the "fowls of the air" are made
out of the ground. (Gen. 2 : 19.)

In the first, man is made lord of the whole earth. (Gen. 1 : 28.) In
the second, he is merely placed in the garden of Eden to dress it
and to keep it. (Gen. 2 : 8, 15.)



In the first, man and woman are created together. (Gen. 1 : 28.) In
the second, the beasts and birds are created between the man and
woman. (Gen. 2 : 7, 8, 15, 22.)--Bishop Colenso.




Evidence of the Vast Age of the Universe.

"I have looked further into space than ever human being did before
me. I have observed stars, of which the light, it can be proved,
must take two millions of years to reach this earth. Nay more, if
those distant bodies had ceased to exist two million of years ago,
we should still see them, as the light would travel after the body
was gone. * * *

"The light from the nearest star requires some three years to reach
the earth. From a star one thousand three hundred and forty-four times
farther it would require about four thousand years, and for such
a cluster as we have imagined, no less than six thousand years are
needed." (Sir Wm. Herschell, "Life and Works of Sir Wm. Herschell"
by Edward S. Holden.)

Sir Wm. Thomson, in Encyclopedia Britannica, article, Geology, showed
from data available at the time, "that the superficial consolidation
of the globe (this earth) could not have occurred less than twenty
millions of years ago."


    "And as any table of the earth's crust will show you there are
    rocks above and below the chalk, for the production of which
    millions heaped upon millions of years were required." (Clodd's
    "Childhood of Religions.")


Such eminent scientists as Sir Wm. Thomson, Helmholtz, Newcomb, Croll,
Bishop, Reade, Lyell, Darwin, and others think it would have taken
many millions of years for the original nebulae to condense to the
present dimensions of the sun.







PROPHECY.


"A prophecy, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, signifies
a prediction of future events, which could not have been foreseen
by human sagacity, and the knowledge of which was supernaturally
communicated to the prophet. It is clear, therefore, that in
order to establish the claim of anticipatory statement, promise,
or denunciation, to the rank of a prophecy, four points must be
ascertained with precision; namely, (1.) what the event was to which
the alleged prediction was intended to refer; (2.) that the prediction
was uttered in specific, not vague, language before the event;
(3.) that the event took place specifically, not loosely, as predicted;
(4.) and that it could not have been foreseen by human sagacity. * * *

"It is probably not too much to affirm that we have no instance in the
prophetical books of the Old Testament of a prediction, in the case of
which we possess, at once and combined, clear and unsuspicious proof
of the date, the precise event predicted, the exact circumstances of
the event, and the inability of human sagacity to foresee it.

"The state of the case appears to be this: That all the Old Testament
prophesies have been assumed to be genuine inspired predictions; and,
when falsified in their obvious meaning and received interpretation,
by the event, have received immediately a new interpretation, and been
supposed to refer to some other event. When the result has disappointed
expectation, the conclusion has been, not that the prophecy was false,
but the interpretation was erroneous. It is obvious that a mode of
reasoning like this is peculiar to theological inquirers. * * *

"In justification of this idea of a double sense, he (Dr. Arnold)
continues: 'The notion of a double sense in prophecy has been treated
by some persons with contempt. Yet it may be said that it is almost
necessarily involved in the idea of prophecy. Every prophecy has
according to the very definition of the word, a double source;
it has, if I may venture so to speak, two authors, the one human,
the other divine.... If uttered by the tongue of man, it must also,
unless we suppose him to be a mere instrument (in the same sense as a
flute or a harp), be colored by his own mind. The prophet expresses
in words certain truths conveyed to his mind; but his mind does not
fully embrace them, nor can it; for how can man fully comprehend the
mind of God? Every man lives in time, and belongs to time; the present
must be to him clearer than the future.... But with God there is no
past, nor future; every truth is present to him in all its extent,
so that his expression, if I may so speak, differs essentially
from that which can be comprehended by the mind, or uttered by the
tongue of man. Thus every prophecy as uttered by man (that is, by an
intelligent and not a mere mechanical instrument), and at the same
time as inspired by God, must, so far as appears, have a double sense;
one, the sense entertained by the human mind of the writer; the other,
the sense infused into it by God.' We must confess our amazement at
the obvious and extreme unsoundness of this whole passage. Not only
does it painfully remind us of the double meaning so often and so
justly charged upon the Pagan oracles--but it assumes the strange
and contradictory improbabilities: first, that God was unable to
convey his meaning to the mind of the prophet; secondly, that he
infused this meaning into the words which were uttered, although
he could not infuse it into the mind of the man who uttered them;
and thirdly, that we can see further into the mind and meaning of
God than those to whom he spoke; that they in expressing the ideas
which he had put into their minds, mistook or imperfectly conceived
those ideas,--but that to us is given to discover a thought which
those words contained, but did not express, or which, if they did
express it, they were not understood by the writer to express. Now,
either the ideas which God wished to communicate were conveyed to
the mind of the prophet, or they were not; if they were so conveyed,
then the prophet must have comprehended them, and intended to express
them correctly--for it is monstrous to suppose that God would infuse
ideas into a man's mind for the purpose of being communicated to
the public; which ideas he yet did not enable him to communicate;
and then all the above confused subtleties fall to the ground. If,
on the other hand, these ideas were not so conveyed to the prophet's
mind, then it must have been the words and not the ideas which were
inspired, and God used the prophet simply as a flute (a supposition
scouted by Dr. Arnold) and we are thus driven to the equally monstrous
supposition that God used words which did not convey his meaning,
even to the very favored individual to whom and through whom he
spoke." (Greg's "Creed of Christendom," pp. 76, 92.)

"We have already had ample proof that the Jewish writers not only did
not scruple to narrate past events as if predicting future ones--to
present history in the form of prophecy, but that they habitually
did so. The original documents from which the books of Moses were
compiled, must have been written, as we have seen in the time of the
earliest kings, while the book of Deuteronomy was not composed, and
the whole Pentateuch did not assume its present form till, probably,
the reign of Josiah; yet they abound in such anticipatory narrative--in
predictions of events long past. The instances are far too numerous
to quote." (Greg's "Creed of Christendom," p. 86.)

"There is not throughout the whole Bible any word that describes to
us what we call a poet, nor any word that describes what we call
poetry. The case is, that the word prophet, to which latter times
have affixed new ideas, was the Bible word for poet, and the word
prophesying meant the art of making poetry. It also meant the art of
playing poetry to a tune upon any instrument of music.

"We read of prophesying with pipes, tabrets, and horns--of prophesying
with harps, with psalteries, with cymbols, and with every other
instrument of music then in fashion. Were we now to speak of
prophesying with a fiddle, or with a pipe and tabor, the expression
would have no meaning, or would appear ridiculous, and to some people
contemptuous, because we have changed the meaning of the word.

"We are told of Saul being among the prophets, and also that he
prophesied, but we are not told what they prophesied, nor what he
prophesied. The case is, there was nothing to tell; for these prophets
were a company of musicians and poets, and Saul joined in the concert,
and this was called prophesying."--Thomas Paine on the Prophecies.

"There is no reason to think that a prophet ever received a
revelation which was not spoken directly and pointedly to his own
time. (Ency. Brit. "Bible.")

"It is plain, however, that the whole work (the Pentateuch) is not
the uniform production of one pen, but that in some way a variety of
records of different ages, and styles have been combined to form a
single narrative. Accordingly, Jewish tradition bears evidence that
Moses wrote the Pentateuch, Joshua the book named after him, Samuel
the book of Judges, and so forth. As all Hebrew history is anonymous,
a sure sign that people had not yet learned to lay weight on questions
of authorship, it is not probable that this tradition rests on any
surer ground than conjecture." (Ency. Brit., "Bible.")

"I have now fully and fairly analyzed and exposed many of the most
important prophecies or pretended prophecies of the whole Bible,
I have shown that very few of them are real prophecies at all; that
those which are real prophecies, very few ever have been, or ever
can be fulfilled; that the very few which seem to have been fulfilled
were written after the occurrence of the events claimed to be their
fulfilments, and that, whether fulfilled or unfulfilled, none of
these prophecies ever have been, or ever can be, of any service to
the world. And thus fall all the prophetic props of priestcraft. Not
one of them can bear the test of fair examination." (Kelso's "Bible
Analayzed.")







MIRACLES.


"At the very outset of inquiry into the origin and true
character of Christianity we are brought face to face with the
supernatural. Christianity professes to be a Divine Revelation
of truths which the human intellect could not otherwise have
discovered. It is not a form of religion developed by the wisdom of man
and appealing to his reason, but a system miraculously communicated to
the human race, the central doctrines of which are either supernatural
or untenable. If the truths said to be revealed were either of
an ordinary character, or naturally attainable they would at once
discredit the claim to divine origin. No one could maintain that a
system discoverable by reason would be supernaturally communicated. The
whole argument for Christianity turns upon the necessity of such a
revelation, and the consequent probability that it would be made. * * *

"The spontaneous offer of miraculous evidence, indeed, has
always been advanced as a special characteristic of Christianity
logically entitling it to acceptance in contradistinction to all other
religions. 'It is an acknowledged historical fact,' says Bishop Butler,
'that Christianity offered itself to the world, and demanded to be
received, upon the allegation, that is, as unbelievers would speak,
upon the pretence of miracles, publicly wrought to attest the truth of
it in such an age; ... and Christianity, including the dispensation
of the Old Testament, seems distinguished by this from all other
religions.'

"Having then ascertained that miracles are absolutely necessary
to attest the reliability of a Divine Revelation we may proceed
to examine them more closely, and for the present we shall confine
ourselves to the representation of these phenomena which are in the
Bible. Throughout the Old Testament the doctrine is inculcated that
supernatural communications must have supernatural attestation. God
is described as arming his servants with power to perform wonders, in
order that they may thus be accredited as his special messengers. The
Patriarchs and the people of Israel generally are represented as
demanding 'a sign' of the reality of the communications said to come
from God, without which, we are led to suppose, they not only would
not have believed, but would have been justified in disbelieving,
that the messengers actually came from him. Thus Gideon asks for a
sign that the Lord talked with him.

'And the Lord said unto him, Surely I will be with thee, and thou
shalt smite the Midianites as one man.'

'And he (Gideon) said unto him, If now I have found grace in thy sight,
then show me a sign that thou talkest with me.' (Judges 6 : 16, 17.)

"And Hezekiah demands proof of the truth of Isaiah's prophecy that
he should be restored to health.

'And Hezekiah said unto Isaiah, What shall be the sign that the Lord
will heal me, and that I shall go up unto the house of the Lord the
third day?' (2 Kings 20 : 8.)

"It is, however, unnecessary to refer to instances, for it may be
affirmed that upon all occasions, miraculous evidence of an alleged
divine mission is stated to have been required and accorded.

"The startling information is at the same time given, however, that
miracles may be wrought to attest what is false as well as to accredit
what is true. In one place, it is declared that if a prophet actually
gives a sign or wonder and it comes to pass, but teaches the people
on the strength of it, to follow other gods, they are not to hearken
to him, and the prophet is to be put to death.

'If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth
thee a sign or wonder, and the sign or wonder come to pass, whereof he
spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods which thou hast
not known, and let us serve them; thou shalt not hearken unto the
words of that prophet or that dreamer of dreams.' (Deut. 13 : 1, 2, 3.)

"The false miracle is here attributed to God himself.

'For the Lord your God proveth you, to know whether you love the Lord
your God with all your heart and with all your soul.' (Deut. 13 : 3.)

"In the book of the prophet Ezekiel the case is stated in a still
stronger way, and God is represented as directly deceiving the prophet.

'And if the prophet be deceived when he hath spoken a thing, I the Lord
have deceived that prophet, and I will stretch out my hand upon him,
and will destroy him from the midst of my people Israel.' (Ezek.
14 : 9.)

"The narrative of God's hardening Pharaoh's heart in order to bring
more plagues upon the land of Egypt is in this vein. God, in fact, is
represented as exerting his almighty power to deceive a man and then
destroying him for being deceived. In the same spirit is the passage
in which Micaiah describes the Lord as putting a lying spirit into
the mouths of the prophets who incited Ahab to go to Ramoth-gilead. (1
Kings 22 : 14-23.)

"The miracles wrought by the Egyptian sorcerers in competing with
Moses were done by another power than God. We have notable instances
of the belief in signs and wonders wrought by this other power. Jesus
is represented as warning his disciples against false prophets,
who work signs and wonders.

'Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied
in thy name? and in thy name cast out devils? and in thy name done
many wonderful works? of whom he should say, I never knew you, depart
from me, ye that work iniquity.' (Mat. 7 : 22, 23.)

And again in another place:

'For false prophets shall arise, and shall work signs and wonders,
to seduce, if it were possible, the elect.' (Mark 13: 22.)

Also, when the Pharisees accuse him of casting out devils by Beelzebub,
the prince of the devils, Jesus asks: 'By whom do your children cast
them out?' a reply which would lose all its point if they were not
admitted to be able to cast out devils. In another passage John
is described as saying: 'Master, we saw one casting out devils
in thy name, who followeth not us, and we forbade him.' Without
multiplying instances, however, there can be no doubt of the fact
that the reality of false miracles and lying wonders is admitted in
the Bible. The obvious deduction from this representation of miracles
is that the source and purpose of such supernatural phenomena must
always be exceedingly uncertain. Their evidential value is, therefore,
profoundly affected, 'it being,' as Dr. Newman has said of ambiguous
miracles, 'antecedently improbable that the Almighty should rest
the credit of his Revelation upon events which but obscurely implied
his immediate presence.' As it is affirmed that other supernatural
beings exist, as well as an assumed personal God, by whose agency
miracles are performed, it is impossible to argue with reason that
such phenomena are at any time especially due to the intervention of
the Deity. Dr. Newman recognizes this, but passes over the difficulty
with masterly lightness of touch. After advancing the singular argument
that our knowledge of spirits is only derived from scripture, and
that their existence cannot be deduced from nature, whilst he asserts
that the being of a God--a personal God be it remembered--can be
so discovered, and that, therefore, miracles can only properly be
attributed to him, he proceeds: 'Still it may be necessary to show
that on our own principles we are not open to inconsistency. That is,
it has been questioned whether, in admitting the existence and power
of the spirits on the authority of Revelation, we are not in danger
of invalidating the evidence upon which that authority rests. For the
cogency of the argument for miracles depends on the assumption, that
interruptions in the course of nature must ultimately proceed from God;
which is not true, if they may be effected by other beings without
his sanction. And it must be conceded, that, explicit as scripture
is in considering miracles as signs of divine agency, it still does
seem to give created spirits some power of working them; and even,
in its most literal sense, intimates the possibility of their working
them in opposition to the true doctrine (Deut. 13 : 1-3; Mat. 24 :
24; 2 Thes. 2 : 9-11).' (Dr. Newman's Two Essays on Miracles, p. 31.)

"Dr. Newman repudiates the attempts of various writers to overcome
this difficulty by making a distinction between great miracles and
small, many miracles and few, or by referring to the nature of the
doctrine attested in order to determine the author of the miracles,
or by denying the power of spirits altogether, and explaining away
scripture statements of demoniacal possession and the narrative of the
Lord's temptation. 'Without having recourse to any of these dangerous
modes of answering the objection,' he says, 'it may be sufficient to
reply, that, since, agreeably to the antecedent sentiment of reason,
God has adopted miracles as the seal of a divine message, we believe
he will never suffer them to be so counterfeited as to deceive the
humble inquirer.' (Ibid. p. 51.)

"This is the only reply which even so powerful a reasoner as Dr. Newman
can give to an objection based on distinct statements of scripture
itself. He cannot deny the validity of the objection, he can only
hope or believe in spite of it. Personal belief independent of
evidence is the most common and the weakest of arguments; at best
it is prejudice masked in the garb of reason. It is perfectly clear
that miracles being thus acknowledged to be common both to God and to
other spirits they cannot be considered a distinctive attestation of
divine intervention; and as Spinoza finely argued, not even the mere
existence of God, can be inferred from them; for as a miracle is a
limited act and never expressed more than certain and limited power,
it is certain that we cannot from such an effect, conclude even the
existence of a cause whose power is infinite.

"This dual character obviously leads to many difficulties in defining
the evidential function and force of miracles, and we may best
appreciate the dilemma which is involved by continuing to follow
the statements and arguments of divines themselves. To the question
whether miracles are absolutely to command the obedience of those in
whose sight they are performed, and whether upon their attestation,
the doer and his doctrine are to be accepted as of God, Archbishop
French unhesitatingly replies: 'It cannot be so, for side by side
with the miracles which serve for the furthering of the kingdom of
God runs another line of wonders, the counter-workings of him who is
ever the ape of the Most High.' (Dr. French's 'Notes on the Miracles
of Our Lord.') Eighth ed., p. 22.

"'This fact,' he says, 'that the kingdom of lies has its wonders no
less than the kingdom of truth, is in itself sufficient evidence that
miracles cannot be appealed to absolutely and finally, in proof of
the doctrine which the worker of them proclaims.'

"This being the case, it is important to discover how miracles
perform their function as the indispensible evidence for a Divine
Revelation, for with this disability they do not seem to possess much
potentiality. Archbishop French then offers the following definition
of the function of miracles: 'A miracle does not prove the truth of
a doctrine or the divine mission of him that brings it to pass. That
which alone it claims for him at the first is a right to be listened
to; it puts him in the alternative of being from heaven or from
hell. The doctrine must first commend itself to the conscience as being
good, and only then can the miracle seal it as divine.' But the first
appeal is from the doctrine to the conscience, to the moral nature
of man. Under certain circumstances, he maintains their evidence is
utterly to be rejected. 'But the purpose of the miracle' he says,
'being as we have seen, to confirm that which is good, so, upon the
other hand, where conscience and mind witness against the doctrine,
not all the miracles in the world have a right to demand submission
to the word which they seal. On the contrary, the great act of faith
is to believe, against, and in despite of them all, in what God has
revealed to, and implanted in the soul of the holy and the true;
not to believe another gospel, though an angel from heaven, or one
transformed into such should bring it (Deut. 13 : 3; Gal. 1 : 8);
and instead of compelling assent, miracles are then rather warnings
to us that we keep aloof, for they tell us that not merely lies are
here, for to that the conscience bore witness already, but that he who
utters them is more than a common deceiver, is eminently a liar and
anti-Christ, a false prophet; standing in more immediate connection
than other deceived and evil men to the kingdom of darkness, so that
Satan has given him his power (Rev. 13 : 2); is using him to be an
especial organ of his, and to do a special work for him.' And he
lays down the distinct principle that: 'The miracle must witness for
itself, and then, and then only, the first is capable of witnessing
for the second.'

"These opinions are not peculiar to the Archbishop of Dublin, but
are generally held by divines, although Dr. French expresses them
with unusual absence of reserve. Dr. Mozley emphatically affirms the
same doctrine when he says: 'A miracle cannot oblige us to accept
any doctrine which is contrary to our moral nature or a fundamental
principle of religion.' Dr. Mansel speaks to the same effect: 'If
a teacher claiming to work miracles proclaims doctrines contrary
to previously established truths, whether to the conclusions of
natural religion or to the teaching of a former revelation, such
a contradiction is allowed even by the most zealous defenders of
the evidential value of miracles, to invalidate the authority of the
teacher. But the right conclusion from this admission is not that true
miracles are invalid an evidences, but that the supposed miracles in
this case are not true miracles at all; that is, are not the effects
of divine power, but of human deception or of some other agency.' A
passage from a letter written by Dr. Arnold, which is quoted by
Dr. French in support of his views, both illustrates the doctrine
and the necessity which has led to its adoption. 'You complain,'
says Dr. Arnold, writing to Dr. Hawkins, 'of those persons who judge
of a revelation not by its evidence, but by its substance. It has
always seemed to me that its substance is a most essential part of
its evidence; and that miracles wrought in favor of what was foolish
or wicked would only prove Manicheism. We are so perfectly ignorant
of the unseen world, that the character of any supernatural power
can only be judged by the moral character of the statements which it
sanctions. Thus only can we tell whether it be a revelation from God
or from the Devil.' In another place Dr. Arnold declares: 'Miracles
must not be allowed to overrule the gospel; for it is only through
our belief in the gospel that we accord our belief in them.'

"It is obvious that the mutual dependence which is thus established
between miracles and the doctrines in connection with which they are
wrought destroys the evidential force of miracles, and that the first
and final appeal is made to reason. The doctrine in fact proves the
miracles instead of the miracle attesting the doctrine. Divines, of
course, attempt to deny this, but no other deduction from their own
statements is logically possible. Miracles according to scripture
itself, are producible by various supernatural beings and may be
satanic as well as divine: man on the other hand, is so ignorant of
the unseen world that avowedly, he cannot, from the miracle itself,
determine the agent by whom it was performed; the miracle, therefore,
has no intrinsic evidential value. How, then, according to divines,
does it attain any potentiality? Only through a favorable decision on
the part of reason on the 'moral nature of man' regarding the character
of the doctrine. The result of the appeal to reason respecting the
morality and credibility of the doctrine determines the evidential
status of the miracle. The doctrine therefore, is the real criterion
of the miracle which, without it, is necessarily an object of doubt
and suspicion.

"We have already casually referred to Dr. Newman's view of such a
relation between miracle and doctrine, but may here more fully quote
his suggestive remarks. 'Others by referring to the nature of the
doctrine attested,' he says, 'in order to determine the author of the
miracle, have exposed themselves to the plausible charge of adducing,
first the miracle to attest the divinity of the doctrine, and then
the doctrine to prove the divinity of the miracle.' This argument he
characterizes as one of the 'dangerous modes' of removing a difficulty,
although he does not himself point out a safer, and in a note, he adds:
'There is an appearance of doing honor to the Christian doctrines in
representing them as intrinsically credible, which leads many into
supporting opinions which, carried to their full extent, supercede
the need of miracles altogether. It must be recollected, too, that
they who are allowed to praise have the privilege of finding fault,
and may reject, according to their a priori notions, as well as
receive. Doubtless the divinity of a clearly immoral doctrine could
not be evidenced by miracles; for our belief in the moral attributes of
God, is much stronger than our conviction of the negative proposition,
that none but he can interfere with the system of nature. But there
is always the danger of extending this admission beyond its proper
limits, of supposing ourselves judges of the tendency of doctrines;
and because, unassisted reason informs us what is moral and immoral
in our own case, of attempting to decide on the abstract morality of
actions.... These remarks are in nowise inconsistent with using (as was
done in a former section) our actual knowledge of God's attributes,
obtained from a survey of nature and human affairs, in determining
the probability of certain professed miracles having proceeded from
him. It is one thing to infer from the experience of life another
to imagine the character of God from the gratuitous conceptions of
our own minds.' Although Dr. Newman apparently fails to perceive
that he himself thus makes reason the criterion of miracles and
therefore incurs the condemnation with which our quotation opens,
the very indecision of his argument illustrates the dilemma in
which divines are placed. Dr. Mozley, however, still more directly
condemns the principle we are discussing, that the doctrine must
be the criterion of the miracle, although he also, as we have seen
elsewhere, substantially affirms it. He says: 'The position that the
revelation proves the miracle, and not the miracles the revelation,
admits of a good qualified meaning; but taken literally, it is a
double offense against the rule, that things are properly proved by
the proper proof of them; for a supernatural fact is the proper proof
of supernatural doctrine, while a supernatural doctrine on the other
hand is certainly not a proper proof of a supernatural fact.'

"This statement is obviously true, but it is equally undeniable that,
their origin being uncertain, miracles have no evidential force. How
far then, we may inquire in order thoroughly to understand the
position, can doctrines prove the reality of miracles or determine
the agency by which they are performed? In the case of moral truths
within the limits of reason, it is evident that doctrines, which
are in accordance with our idea of what is good and right do not
require miraculous evidence at all. They can secure acceptance by
their own merits alone. At the same time it is universally admitted
that the truth or goodness of a doctrine could not attest the divine
origin of a miracle. Such truths, however, have no proper connection
with revelation at all. 'These truths,' to quote the words of Bishop
Atterbury, 'were of themselves sufficiently obvious and plain, and
needed not a divine testimony to make them plainer. But the truths
which are necessary in this manner to be attested, are those which
are of positive institution; those which if God had not pleased to
reveal them, human reason could not have discovered; and those, which,
even now, they are revealed, human reason cannot fully account for,
and perfectly comprehend.' How is it possible then that reason,
or the 'moral nature of man' can approve as good, or appreciate
the fitness of, doctrines which in their very nature are beyond
the criterion of reason. What reply, for instance, can reason give
to any appeal to it regarding the doctrine of the trinity or of
the incarnation? If doctrines, the truth and goodness of which are
apparent, do not afford any evidence of divine revelation, how can
doctrines which reason can neither discover nor comprehend attest the
divine origin of miracles? Dr. Mozley clearly recognizes that they
cannot do so. 'The proof of a revelation,' he says, and we may add,
the proof of a miracle--itself a species of revelation--'which is
contained in the substance of a revelation has this inherent check or
limit in it; namely: that it cannot reach to what is undiscoverable by
reason.' 'Internal evidence is itself an appeal to reason, because at
every step the test is our own appreciation of such and such an idea or
doctrine, our own perception of its fitness; but human reason cannot
in the nature of the case prove that which, by the very hypotheses,
lies beyond reason.' It naturally follows that no doctrine which lies
beyond reason, and therefore requires the attestation of miracles,
can possibly afford that indication of the source and reality of
miracles which is necessary to endow them with evidential value,
and the supernatural doctrine must, therefore, be rejected in the
absence of miraculous evidence of a decisive character.

"Canon Mozley labors earnestly, but unsuccessfully, to restore to
miracles as evidence some part of that potentiality of which these
unfortunate limitations have deprived them. 'Whilst on the one hand,'
he says, 'we must admit indeed an inherent modification in the function
of a miracle as an instrument of proof,' he argues that this is only a
limitation, and no disproof of it, and he contends that: 'The evidence
of miracles is not negatived because it has conditions.' His reasoning,
however, is purely apologetic, and attempts by the unreal analogy of
supposed limitations of natural principles and evidence to excuse the
disqualifying limitations of the supernatural. He is quite conscious
of the serious difficulty of the position: 'The question' he says,
'may at first sight create a dilemma.--If a miracle is nugatory on the
side of one doctrine, what cogency has it on the side of another? Is
it legitimate to accept its evidence when we please and reject it
when we please?' The only reply he seems able to give to these very
pertinent questions is the remark which immediately follows them:
'But in truth a miracle is never without an argumentative force,
although that force may be counterbalanced.' In other words, a miracle
is always an argument, although it is often a bad one. It is scarcely
necessary to go to the supernatural for bad arguments.

"It might naturally be expected that the miraculous evidence selected
to accredit a divine revelation should possess certain unique and
marked characteristics. It must at least, be clearly distinctive of
divine power and exclusively associated with divine truth. It is
inconceivable that the Deity, deigning thus to attest the reality
of a communication from himself of truths beyond the criterion of
reason, should not make the evidence simple and complete, because
the doctrines proper to such a revelation, not being appreciable
from internal evidence, it is obvious that the external testimony
for them,--if it is to be of any use--must be unmistakable and
decisive. The evidence which is actually produced, however, so far
from satisfying these legitimate anticipations, lacks every one of the
qualifications which reason antecedently declares necessary. Miracles
are not distinctive of divine power but are common to Satan, and they
are admitted to be performed in support of falsehood as well as in the
service of truth. They bear, indeed, so little upon them the impress
of their origin and true character, that they are dependent for their
recognition upon our judgment of the very doctrines to attest which
they are said to have been designed.

"Even taking the representation of miracles, therefore, which
divines themselves give, they are utterly incompetent to perform
their contemplated functions. If they are superhuman they are not
supersatanic, and there is no sense in which they can be considered
miraculously evidential of anything. To argue as theologians do,
that the ambiguity of their testimony is intended as a trial of
our faith is absurd, for reason being unable to judge of the nature
either of supernatural fact or of supernatural doctrine it would be
mere folly and injustice to subject to such a test beings avowedly
incapable of sustaining it. Whilst it is absolutely necessary, then,
that a divine revelation should be attested by miraculous evidence to
justify our believing it the testimony so called seems in all respects
unworthy of the name, and presents anomalies much more suggestive of
human invention than divine originality. We are, in fact, prepared by
the scriptural account of miracles to expect that further examination
will supply an explanation of such phenomena which will wholly remove
them from the region of the supernatural.

"We have seen that a divine revelation is such only by virtue of
communicating to us something which we could not know without it, and
which is in fact undiscoverable by human reason; and that miraculous
evidence is absolutely requisite to establish its reality. It is
admitted that no other testimony could justify our believing the
specific revelation which we are considering, the very substance of
which is supernatural and beyond the criterion of reason, and that its
astounding announcements, if not demonstrated to be miraculous truths,
must inevitably be pronounced 'the wildest delusions.' On examining
the supposed miraculous evidence, however, we find that not only is it
upon general grounds antecedently incredible, but that the testimony by
which its realty is supported, so far from establishing the inferences
drawn from the supposed supernatural phenomena, is totally insufficient
even to certify the actual occurrence of the events narrated.

"Even if the reality of miracles could be substantiated, their value
as evidence for the divine revelation is destroyed by the necessary
admission that miracles are not limited to one source, but that there
are miracles satanic which are to be disbelieved, as well as divine
and evidential ones to be believed.

"Similar miracles to those which are supposed to attest it are reported
long antecedent to the promulgation of Christianity, and continued
to be performed for centuries after it.

"A stream of miraculous pretension, in fact, has flowed through all
human history, deep and broad as it has passed through the darker ages,
but dwindling down to a thread as it has entered days of enlightenment.

"The true character of miracles is at once betrayed by the fact that
their supposed occurrence has been confined to ages of ignorance and
superstition, and that they are absolutely unknown in any time or
place where science has provided witnesses fitted to appreciate and
ascertain the nature of such exhibitions of supernatural power.

"There is no uncertainty as to the origin of belief in supernatural
interference with nature. The assertion that spurious miracles have
sprung up round a few instances of genuine miraculous power has not
a single valid argument to support it.

"When we turn from more general arguments to examine the documentary
evidence for the reality of the supposed miraculous occurrences,
and of the divine revelation which they accredit, we meet with the
characteristics which might have been expected. We do not find any
trace even of the existence of our gospels for a century and a half
after the events they record. They are anonymous narratives, and there
is no evidence of any value connecting these works with the writers
to whom they are popularly attributed. The miraculous evidence upon
which alone, it is admitted, we could be justified in believing its
astounding doctrines being thus nugatory, the claims of Christianity to
be considered a divine revelation must necessarily be disallowed, and
its supernatural elements, which are, in fact, the very substance of
the system, inevitably sharing the same fate as the supposed miraculous
evidence, must, therefore, be rejected as incredible and opposed to
reason and complete induction." ("Supernatural Religion," p. 698.)

"A miracle as evidence can establish no fact, for the reason that the
miracle does not exist. The miracle itself must be attested. As we
have no evidence of miracles, we are not called on to believe them,
but to believe the story which relates them. 'But the miracle is above
and beyond reason.' To this we reply: It is absurd to assume what is
beyond reason, to account for what is opposed to reason." (Ibid.)




David Hume's Argument on Miracles.

"A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature; and as a firm and
unalterable experience has established these laws, the proof against a
miracle, from the very nature of the fact, is as entire as any argument
from experience can possibly be imagined. Why is it more than probable
that all men must die; that lead cannot of itself remain suspended in
the air; that fire consumes wood, and is extinguished by water; unless
it be that these events are found agreeable to the laws of nature,
and there is required a violation of these laws, or, in other words,
a miracle, to prevent them? Nothing is esteemed a miracle if it ever
happen in the common course of nature. It is no miracle that a man
seemingly in good health should die suddenly; because such a kind of
death, though more unusual than any other, has yet been frequently
observed to happen. But it is a miracle that a dead man should come to
life; because that has never been observed in any age or country. There
must, therefore, be a uniform experience against every miraculous
event, otherwise the event would not merit that appellation. And as
a uniform experience amounts to a proof there is here a direct and
full proof, from the nature of the fact, against the existence of any
miracle; nor can such a proof be destroyed or the miracle rendered
credible but by an opposite proof which is superior. (2.)

"The plain consequence is (and it is a general maxim worthy of our
attention), 'that no testimony is sufficient to establish a miracle,
unless the testimony be of such a kind that its falsehood would be
more miraculous than the fact which it endeavors to establish; and
even in that case there is a mutual destruction of arguments, and the
superior only gives us an assurance suitable to that degree of force
which remains after deducting the inferior.' When any one tells me that
he saw a dead man restored to life, I immediately consider with myself
whether it be more probable that this person should either deceive
or be deceived, or that the fact which he relates should really have
happened. I weigh the one miracle against the other, and according to
the superiority which I discover I pronounce my decision, and always
reject the greater miracle. If the falsehood of his testimony would
be more miraculous than the event which he relates, then, and not
till then, can he pretend to command my belief or opinion.

"In the foregoing reasoning we have supposed that the testimony upon
which a miracle is founded may possibly amount to an entire proof,
and that the falsehood of that testimony would be a real prodigy; but
it is easy to show that we have been a great deal too liberal in our
concession, and that there never was a miraculous event established
on so full an evidence.

"For, first, there is not to be found, in all history, any miracle
attested by a sufficient number of men of such unquestioned good
sense, education, and learning, as to secure us against all delusion
in themselves; of such undoubted integrity as to place them beyond
all suspicion of any design to deceive others; of such credit and
reputation in the eyes of mankind as to have a great deal to lose
in case of their being detected in any falsehood; and, at the same
time, attesting facts performed in such a public manner, and in so
celebrated a part of the world, as to render the detection unavoidable;
all which circumstances are requisite to give us a full assurance in
the testimony of men.

"Secondly. We may observe in human nature a principle which, if
strictly examined, will be found to diminish extremely the assurance
which we might, from human testimony, have in any kind of prodigy. The
maxim by which we commonly conduct ourselves in our reasonings is,
that the objects of which we have no experience resemble those of
which we have; that what we have found to be most usual is always
most profitable, and that where there is an opposition of argument we
ought to give the preference to such as are founded on the greatest
number of past observations; but though, in proceeding by this rule,
we readily reject any fact which is unusual and incredible in an
ordinary degree, yet in advancing further the mind observes not
always the same rule, but when anything is affirmed utterly absurd
and miraculous it rather the more readily admits of such a fact,
upon account of that very circumstance which ought to destroy all its
authority. The passion of surprise and wonder arising from miracles,
being an agreeable emotion, gives a sensible tendency toward the
belief of those events from which it is derived. And this goes so
far, that even those who can not enjoy this pleasure immediately,
nor can believe those miraculous events of which they are informed,
yet love to partake of the satisfaction at second-hand or by rebound,
and take pride and delight in exciting the admiration of others.

"With what greediness are the miraculous accounts of travelers
received, their descriptions of sea and land monsters, their relations
of wonderful adventures, strange men and uncouth manners! But if the
spirit of religion joins itself to the love of wonder, there is an end
of common sense, and human testimony, in these circumstances, loses
all pretensions to authority. A religionist may be an enthusiast,
and imagine he sees what has no reality; he may know his narrative
to be false, and yet persevere in it with the best intentions in the
world, for the sake of promoting so holy a cause; or even where this
delusion has not place, vanity, excited by so strong a temptation,
operates on him more powerfully than on the rest of mankind in any
other circumstances, and self-interest with equal force. His auditors
may not have, and commonly have not, sufficient judgment to canvass
his evidence; what judgment they have, they renounce by principle,
in these sublime and mysterious subjects; or if they were ever so
willing to employ it, passion and a heated imagination disturb the
regularity of its operations. Their credulity increases his impudence,
and his impudence overpowers their credulity.

"Eloquence, when at its highest pitch, leaves little room for
reason or reflection, but, addressing itself entirely to the fancy
or the affections, captivates the willing hearers and subdues their
understanding. Happily, this pitch it seldom attains. But what a
Tully or a Demosthenes could scarcely effect over a Roman or Athenian
audience, every Capuchin, every itinerant or stationary teacher,
can perform over the generality of mankind, and in a higher degree,
by touching such gross and vulgar passions.

"The many instances of forged miracles and prophecies, and
supernatural events, which in all ages have either been detected by
contrary evidence or which detect themselves by their absurdity, prove
sufficiently the strong propensity of mankind to the extraordinary and
the marvelous, and ought reasonably to beget a suspicion against all
relations of this kind. This is our natural way of thinking, even with
regard to the most common and most credible events. For instance, there
is no kind of report which rises so easily and spreads so quickly,
especially in country places and provincial towns, as those concerning
marriages: insomuch that two young persons of equal condition never
see each other twice but the whole neighborhood immediately join them
together. The pleasure of telling a piece of news so interesting,
of propagating it, and of being the first reporters of it, spreads
the intelligence. And this is so well known that no man of sense
gives attention to these reports till he finds them confirmed by
some greater evidence. Do not the same passions, and others still
stronger, incline the generality of mankind to believe and report,
with the greatest vehemence and assurance, all religious miracles?

"Thirdly. It forms a strong presumption against all supernatural and
miraculous relations that they are observed chiefly to abound among
ignorant and barbarous nations; or if a civilized people has ever
given admission to any of them, that people will be found to have
received them from ignorant and barbarous ancestors, who transmitted
them with that inviolable sanction and authority which always attend
received opinions. When we peruse the first histories of all nations,
we are apt to imagine ourselves transported into some new world, where
the whole frame of nature is disjointed, and every element performs its
operations in a different manner from what it does at present. Battles,
revolutions, pestilence, famine, and death, are never the effect of
those natural causes which we experience. Prodigies, omens, oracles,
judgments, quite obscure the few natural events that are intermingled
with them. But as the former grow thinner every page, in proportion
as we advance nearer the enlightened ages, we soon learn that there is
nothing mysterious or supernatural in the case, but that all proceeds
from the usual propensity of mankind toward the marvelous; and that
though this inclination may at intervals receive a check from sense
and learning, it can never be thoroughly extirpated from human nature.

"It is strange, a judicious reader is apt to say upon the perusal of
those wonderful historians, that such prodigious events never happen in
our days. But it is nothing strange, I hope, that men should lie in all
ages. You must surely have seen instances enough of that frailty. You
have yourself heard many such marvelous relations started, which,
being treated with scorn by all the wise and judicious, have at least
been abandoned even by the vulgar. Be assured that those renowned
lies, which have spread and flourished to such a monstrous height,
arose from like beginnings; but being sown in a more proper soil,
shot up at last into prodigies almost equal to those which they relate.

"It was a wise policy in that false prophet Alexander, who, though
now forgotten, was once so famous, to lay the first scene of his
impostures in Paphlagonia, where, as Lucian tells us, the people
were extremely ignorant and stupid, and ready to swallow even the
grossest delusion. People at a distance who are weak enough to think
the matter at all worth inquiry have no opportunity of receiving
better information. The stories come magnified to them by a hundred
circumstances. Fools are industrious in propagating the imposture;
while the wise and learned are contented, in general, to deride its
absurdity, without informing themselves of the particular facts by
which it may be distinctly refuted. And thus the imposture above
mentioned was enabled to proceed, from his ignorant Paphlagonians, to
the enlisting of votaries even among the Grecian philosophers and men
of the most eminent rank and distinction in Rome; nay, could engage the
attention of that sage emperor Marcus Aurelius, so far as to make him
trust the success of a military expedition to his delusive prophecies.

"The advantages are so great of starting an imposture among an ignorant
people that, even though the delusion should be too gross to impose
on the generality of them, which, though seldom, is sometimes the
case, it has a much better chance for succeeding in remote countries
than if the first scene had been laid in a city renowned for arts and
knowledge. The most ignorant and barbarous of these barbarians carry
the report abroad. None of their countrymen have a large correspondence
of sufficient credit and authority to contradict and beat down the
delusion. Men's inclination to the marvelous has full opportunity to
display itself. And thus a story, which is universally exploded in the
place where it was first started, will pass for certain at a thousand
miles distant. But had Alexander fixed his residence at Athens, the
philosophers of that renowned mart of learning would have spread,
throughout the whole Roman empire, their sense of the matter; which,
being supported by so great an authority, and displayed by all the
force of reason and eloquence, would have entirely opened the eyes of
mankind. It is true Lucian, passing by chance through Paphlagonia,
had an opportunity of performing this good office. But though much
to be wished, it does not always happen that every Alexander meets
with a Lucian ready to expose and detect his impostures.

"I may add as a fourth reason which diminishes the authority of
prodigies, that there is no testimony for any, even those which have
not been expressly detected, that is, not opposed by any infinite
number of witnesses; so that not only the miracle destroys the credit
of testimony, but the testimony destroys itself. To make this the
better understood, let us consider that in matters of religion,
whatever is different is contrary; and it is impossible that the
religions of ancient Rome, of Turkey, of Siam, and of China, should
all of them be established on any solid foundation. Every miracle,
therefore, pretended to have been wrought in any of those religions
(and all of them abound in miracles), as its direct scope is to
establish the particular system to which it is attributed, so has
it the same force, though more indirectly, to overthrow every other
system. In destroying a rival system, it likewise destroys the credit
of those miracles on which that system was established; so that all
the prodigies of different religions are to be regarded as contrary
facts; and the evidences of these prodigies, whether weak or strong,
as opposite to each other. According to this method of reasoning,
when we believe any miracle of Mahomet or his successors, we have
for our warrant the testimony of a few barbarous Arabians: and on the
other hand, we are to regard the authority of Titus, Livius, Plutarch,
Tacitus, and, in short, of all the authors and witnesses--Grecian,
Chinese, and Roman Catholic, who have related any miracle in their
particular religion; I say we are to regard their testimony in
the same light as if they had mentioned that Mahometan miracle,
and had in express terms contradicted it, with the same certainty
as they have for the miracle they relate. This argument may appear
over subtile and refined; but is not in reality different from the
reasoning of a judge who supposes that the credit of two witnesses,
maintaining a crime against any one is destroyed by the testimony of
two others who affirm him to have been two hundred leagues distant
at the same instant when the crime is said to have been committed.

"One of the best-attested miracles in all profane history is that
which Tacitus reports of Vespasian, who cured a blind man in
Alexandria by means of his spittle, and a lame man by the mere
touch of his foot, in obedience to a vision of the god Serapis,
who had enjoined them to have recourse to the emperor for these
miraculous cures. The story may be seen in the works of that historian
(Hist. lib. v. cap. 8. Suetonius gives nearly the same account in
Vitia Vesp.), where every circumstance seems to add weight to the
testimony, and might be displayed at large with all the force of
argument and eloquence, if any one were now concerned to enforce the
evidence of that exploded and idolatrous superstition: The gravity,
solidity, age, and probity of so great an emperor, who, through
the whole course of his life conversed in a familiar manner with
his friends and courtiers, and never affected those extraordinary
airs of divinity assumed by Alexander and Demetrius. The historian,
a contemporary writer, noted for candor and veracity, and, withal,
the greatest and most penetrating genius perhaps of all antiquity,
and so free from any tendency to credulity that he even lies under
the contrary imputation of Atheism and profaneness. The persons from
whose authority he related the miracle, of established character
for judgment and veracity, as we may well presume; eye witnesses of
the fact, and confirming their testimony after the Flavian family
was despoiled of the empire, and could no longer give any reward as
the price of a lie. Utrumque, qui interfuere, nunc quoque memorant,
postquam nullum, mendacio pretium. To which if we add the public
nature of the facts as related, it will appear that no evidence can
well be supposed stronger for so gross and palpable a falsehood.

"There is also a memorable story related by Cardinal de Retz, which
may well deserve our consideration. When that intriguing politician
fled into Spain to avoid the persecution of his enemies, he passed
through Saragossa, the capital of Arragon, where he was shown, in the
cathedral, a man who had served seven years as a doorkeeper, and was
well known to everybody in town that had ever paid his devotions at
that church. He had been seen, for so long a time, wanting a leg;
but recovered that limb by the rubbing of holy oil upon the stump;
and the cardinal assures us that he saw him with two legs. This
miracle was vouched by all the canons of the church; and the whole
company in town were appealed to for a confirmation of the fact;
whom the cardinal found by their zealous devotion, to be thorough
believers of the miracle. Here the relater was also contemporary to
the supposed prodigy, of an incredulous and libertine character, as
well as of great genius, the miracle of so singular a nature as could
scarcely admit of a counterfeit, and the witnesses very numerous, and
all of them, in a manner spectators, of the fact to which they gave
their testimony. And what adds mightily to the force of the evidence,
and may double our surprise on this occasion, is that the cardinal
himself, who relates the story, seems not to give any credit to it,
and consequently can not be suspected of any concurrence in the holy
fraud. He considered, justly, that it was not requisite, in order to
reject a fact of this nature, to be able accurately to disprove the
testimony, and to trace its falsehood through all the circumstances
of knavery and credulity which produced it. He knew that as this
was commonly altogether impossible at any small distance of time and
place, so was it extremely difficult, even where one was immediately
present, by reason of the bigotry, ignorance, cunning, and roguery of
a great part of mankind. He therefore concluded, like a just reasoner,
that such an evidence carried falsehood upon the very face of it,
and that a miracle supported by any human testimony was more properly
a subject of derision than of argument.

"There surely never was a greater number of miracles ascribed to one
person than those which were lately said to have been wrought in France
upon the tomb of Abbe Paris, the famous Jansenist, with whose sanctity
the people were so long deluded. The curing of the sick, giving hearing
to the deaf, and sight to the blind, were everywhere talked of as the
usual effects of that holy sepulcher. But, what is more extraordinary,
many of the miracles were immediately proved upon the spot, before
judges of unquestioned integrity, attested by witnesses of credit and
distinction, in a learned age, and on the most eminent theater that
is now in the world. Nor is this all: a relation of them was published
and dispersed everywhere; nor were the Jesuits, though a learned body,
supported by the civil magistrate, and determined enemies to those
opinions in whose favor the miracles were said to have been wrought,
ever able distinctly to refute or detect them. (3.) Where shall we
find such a number of circumstances agreeing to the corroboration of
one fact? And what have we to oppose to such a cloud of witnesses but
the absolute impossibility or miraculous nature of the events which
they relate? And this, surely, in the eyes of all reasonable people,
will alone be regarded as a sufficient refutation.

"Is the consequence just, because some human testimony has the
utmost force and authority in some cases--when it relates the battle
of Phillipi or Pharsalia, for instance--that therefore all kinds of
testimony must, in all cases, have equal force and authority? Suppose
that the Caesarean and Pompeian factions had, each of them, claimed
the victory in these battles, and that the historians of each
party had uniformly ascribed the advantage to their own sides; how
could mankind, at this distance, have been able to determine between
them? The contrariety is equally strong between the miracles related
by Herodotus or Plutarch, and those delivered by Mariana, Bede,
or any monkish historian.

"The wise lend a very academic faith to every report which favors
the passion of the reporter, whether it magnifies his country, his
family, or himself, or in any other way strikes in with his natural
inclinations and propensities. But what greater temptation than
to appear a missionary, a prophet, an embassador from heaven. Who
would not encounter many dangers and difficulties in order to obtain
so sublime a character. Or if, by the help of vanity and a heated
imagination, a man has first made a convert of himself and entered
seriously into the delusion, who ever scruples to make use of pious
frauds in support of so holy and meritorious a cause.

"The smallest spark may here kindle into the greatest flame: because
the materials are always prepared for it. The avidum genus auricularum
(Lucretius)--the gazing populace receive greedily, without examination,
whatever soothes superstition and promotes wonder.

"How many stories of this nature have, in all ages, been detected
and exploded in their infancy. How many more have been celebrated
for a time and have afterward sunk into neglect and oblivion. Where
such reports, therefore, fly about, the solution of the phenomenon
is obvious; and we judge in conformity to regular experience and
observation when we account for it by the known and natural principles
of credulity and delusion. And shall we, rather than have recourse
to so natural a solution, allow of a miraculous violation of the most
established laws of nature?

"I need not mention the difficulty of detecting a falsehood in
any private or even public history at the place where it is said
to happen; much more when the scene is removed to ever so small
a distance. Even a court of judicature, with all the authority,
accuracy, and judgment which they can employ, find themselves often
at a loss to distinguish between truth and falsehood in the most
recent actions. But the matter never comes to any issue if trusted
to the common method of altercation and debate and flying rumors,
especially when men's passions have taken part on either side.

"In the infancy of new religions the wise and learned commonly
esteem the matter too inconsiderable to deserve their attention or
regard. And when afterward they would willingly detect the cheat,
in order to undeceive the deluded multitude, the season is now past,
and the records and witnesses which might clear up the matter have
perished beyond recovery.

"No means of detection remain but those which must be drawn from
the very testimony itself of the reporters; and these, though always
sufficient with the judicious and knowing, are commonly too fine to
fall under the comprehension of the vulgar.

"Upon the whole, then, it appears that no testimony for any kind of
miracle has ever amounted to a probability, much less to a proof;
and that even supposing it amounted to a proof, it would be opposed by
another proof, derived from the very nature of the fact which it would
endeavor to establish. It is experience only which gives authority to
human testimony; and it is the same experience which assures us of
the laws of nature. When, therefore, these two kinds of experience
are contrary, we have nothing to do but subtract the one from the
other, and embrace an opinion, either on one side or the other, with
that assurance which arises from the remainder. But according to
the principle here explained, this subtraction, with regard to all
popular religions, amounts to an entire annihilation; and therefore
we may establish it as a maxim, that no human testimony can have such
force as to prove a miracle, and make it a just foundation for any
such system of religion.

"I beg the limitations here made may be remarked when I say that
a miracle can never be proved, so as to be the foundation of a
system of religion. For I own that, otherwise, there may possibly be
miracles or violations of the usual course of nature, of such a kind
as to admit of proof from human testimony; though perhaps it will
be impossible to find any such in all the records of history. Thus,
suppose all authors, in all languages, agree that from the first of
January, 1600, there was a total darkness over the whole earth for
eight days; suppose that the tradition of this extraordinary event
is still strong and lively among the people; that all travelers who
return from foreign countries bring us accounts of the same tradition,
without the least variation or contradiction--it is evident that our
present philosophers, instead of doubting the fact, ought to receive
it as certain, and ought to search for the causes whence it might be
derived. The decay, corruption, and dissolution of nature is an event
rendered probable by so many analogies, that any phenomenon which seems
to have a tendency toward that catastrophe comes within the reach of
human testimony, if that testimony be very extensive and uniform.

"But suppose that all the historians who England treat of should
agree that on the first day of January, 1600, Queen Elizabeth died;
that both before and after her death she was seen by her physicians
and the whole court, as is usual with persons of her rank; that her
successor was acknowledged and proclaimed by the parliament; and that
after being interred a month she again appeared, resumed the throne,
and governed England for three years--I must confess that I should be
surprised at the concurrence of so many odd circumstances, but should
not have the least inclination to believe so miraculous an event. I
should not doubt of her pretended death, and of those other public
circumstances that followed it; I should only assert it to have been
pretended, and that it neither was nor possibly could be real. You
would in vain object to me the difficulty, and almost impossibility,
of deceiving the world in an affair of such consequence. The wisdom
and solid judgment of that renowned queen, with the little or no
advantage she could reap from so poor an artifice--all this might
astonish me; but I would still reply that the knavery and folly of
men are such common phenomena, that I should rather believe the most
extraordinary events to arise from their concurrence than admit of
so signal a violation of the laws of nature.

"But should this miracle be ascribed to any new system of religion,
men in all ages have been so much imposed on by ridiculous stories of
that kind that this very circumstance would be a full proof of a cheat,
and sufficient with all men of sense not only to make them reject the
fact, but even reject it without further examination. Though the being
to whom the miracle is ascribed be in this case Almighty, it does not
upon that account become a whit more probable, since it is impossible
for us to know the attributes or actions of such a being otherwise
than from the experience which we have of his productions in the
usual course of nature. This still reduces us to past observation,
and obliges us to compare the instances of the violation of truth
in the testimony of men with those of the violation of the laws of
nature by miracles, in order to judge which of them is most likely and
probable. As the violations of truth are more common in the testimony
concerning religious miracles than in that concerning any other matter
of fact, this must diminish very much the authority of the former
testimony, and make us form a general resolution never to lend any
attention to it, with whatever specious pretense it may be covered.

"Lord Bacon seems to have embraced the same principles of
reasoning. 'We ought,' says he, 'to make a collection or particular
history of all monsters and prodigious births or productions, and,
in a word, of everything new, rare, and extraordinary in nature. But
this must be done with the most severe scrutiny, lest we depart from
truth. Above all, every relation must be considered as suspicious which
depends in any degree upon religion, as the prodigies of Livy: and,
no less so, every thing that is to be found in the writers of natural
magic or alchemy, or such authors who seem, all of them, to have an
unconquerable appetite for falsehood and fable.' (Nov. Org. lib. 2,
aph. 9.)

"I am the better pleased with the method of reasoning here delivered,
as I think it may serve to confound those dangerous friends or
disguised enemies to the Christian religion who have undertaken to
defend it by the principles of human reason. Our most holy religion is
founded on faith, not on reason; and it is a sure method of exposing it
to put it to such a trial as it is by no means fitted to endure. To
make this more evident, let us examine those miracles related in
scripture; and, not to lose ourselves in too wide a field, let us
confine ourselves to such as we find in the Pentateuch, which we shall
examine according to the principles of these pretended Christians,
not as the word or testimony of God himself, but as the production
of a mere human writer and historian. Here, then, we are first to
consider a book, presented to us by a barbarous and ignorant people,
written in an age when they were still more barbarous, and in all
probability long after the facts which it relates, corroborated by
no concurring testimony, and resembling those fabulous accounts
which every nation gives of its origin. Upon reading this book,
we find it full of prodigies and miracles. It gives an account of a
state of the world and of human nature entirely different from the
present: of our fall from that state; of the age of man extended to
near a thousand years; of the destruction of the world by a deluge;
of the arbitrary choice of one people as the favorites of heaven, and
that people the countrymen of the author; of their deliverance from
bondage by prodigies the most astonishing imaginable: I desire anyone
to lay his hand upon his heart, and, after a serious consideration,
declare whether he thinks that the falsehood of such a book, supported
by such a testimony, would be more extraordinary and miraculous than
all the miracles it relates; which is, however, necessary to make it
be received according to the measures of probability above established.

"What we have said of miracles may be applied, without any variation,
to prophecies; and, indeed, all prophecies are real miracles, and as
such only can be admitted as proofs of any revelation. If it did not
exceed the capacity of human nature to foretell future events, it would
be absurd to employ any prophecy as an argument for a divine mission or
authority from heaven; so that upon the whole we may conclude that the
Christian religion not only was at first attended with miracles, but
even at this day cannot be believed by any reasonable person without
one. Mere reason is insufficient to convince us of its veracity; and
whoever is moved by faith to assent to it is conscious of a continued
miracle in his own person which subverts all the principles of his
understanding, and gives him a determination to believe what is most
contrary to custom and experience."

"For hundreds of years, miracles were about the only things that
happened. They were wrought by thousands of Christians, and testified
to by millions. The saints and martyrs, the best and greatest,
were the witnesses and workers of wonders. Even heretics, with the
assistance of the Devil, could suspend the 'laws of nature.' Must
we believe these wonderful accounts because they were written
by 'good men,' by Christians, 'who made their statements in the
presence and expectation of death?' The truth is that these 'good
men' were mistaken. They expected the miraculous. They breathed the
air of the marvelous. They fed their minds on prodigies, and their
imaginations feasted on effects without causes. They were incapable
of investigating. Doubts were regarded as 'rude disturbers of the
congregation.' Credulity and sanctity walked hand in hand. Reason
was danger. Belief was safety. As the philosophy of the ancients was
rendered almost worthless by the credulity of the common people,
so the proverbs of Christ, his religion of forgiveness, his creed
of kindness, were lost on the mist of miracle and the darkness of
superstition." (Ingersoll's Reply to Black.)

"Believers in miracles should not try to explain them. There is but
one way to explain anything, and that is to account for it by natural
agencies. The moment you explain a miracle it disappears. You should
depend not upon explanation, but assertion. You should not be driven
from the field because the miracle is shown to be unreasonable. You
should reply that all miracles are unreasonable. Neither should you
be in the least disheartened if it is shown to be impossible. The
possible is not miraculous. You should take the ground that if
miracles were reasonable, and possible, there would be no reward
for believing them. The Christian has the goodness to believe, while
the sinner asks for evidence. It is enough for God to work miracles
without being called upon to substantiate them for the benefit of
unbelievers." (Ingersoll's "Mistakes of Moses," p. 146.)

"So when we are told that wine was made out of water, and bread and
fish out of nothing in large quantities, we know that we are listening
to statements that simply go out of the field of credible testimony
into the realm of supreme credulity. Such assertions require you to
believe not only what you have not seen, but what all reason and
experience tell you, you never can see. They ask you not only to
believe in a past event, but in a past event outside of all reason,
unsupported by nature, opposed to all natural laws, beneath the
realm of reason, out of the light of experience, under the shadow
of superstition. The great electric light of the intellect is turned
off at the church door." (Helen H. Gardener. "Men, Women, and Gods.")




Some Extra Miracles.

A snake talks, reasons, and has more knowledge than Adam and Eve. See
third chapter of Genesis.

God talks to the snake in the same chapter. On another occasion God
spoke to a fish. "And the Lord spake unto the fish, and it vomited
out Jonah upon dry land." (Jonah 2 : 10.)

Balaam's ass seems to have been able to talk, and to see angels. "And
the Lord opened the mouth of the ass, and she said unto Balaam,
What have I done unto thee, that thou hast smitten me these three
times?" (Numbers 22 : 28.)




The Great Quail Story.

"And there went forth a wind from the Lord, and brought quails from
the sea, and let them fall by the camp, as it were a day's journey
on this side (thirty-three and one-fifth miles), and as it were a
day's journey (thirty-three and one-fifth miles) on the other side,
round about the camp and as it were two cubits (three feet and four
inches) high upon the face of the earth. And while the flesh was
yet between their teeth, ere it was chewed the wrath of the Lord was
kindled against the people, and the Lord smote the people with a very
great plague." (Numbers 11 : 31, 33.) And the people quailed before
the Lord; that is they quailed outwardly, but not inwardly.




A Suit of Clothes Lasting Forty Years, and even then Not Old.

"Yea forty years didst thou sustain them in the wilderness, so that
they lacked nothing; their clothes waxed not old, and their feet
swelled not." (Neh. 9 : 21.)




Lot's Wife turned into a Pillar of Salt.

The Boston Transcript knows of an erudite clergyman who spoke of the
unfortunate woman of Sodom as "Lot's lady who was transformed into
a monolith of chloride of sodium."




Cattle which were Killed Several Times After they were Dead.

"And the Lord did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of
Egypt died, but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not
one." (Ex. 9 : 6.)

This is the first time they were killed, so far as we know of. The
immediate cause of their taking off is ascribed to "Murrain." In
the twenty-fifth verse of the same chapter it is fully implied that
they were killed again: "And the hail smote throughout all the land
of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail
smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field." Now
it is fair to infer that a hail which "brake every tree of the field"
was destructive enough to kill animals. This makes the second time
they were killed.

In the twelfth chapter of Exodus and twenty-ninth verse we read that
some of the same cattle were killed again, making three times that
they died: "And it came to pass that at midnight the Lord smote all
the first born of the land of Egypt, from the first born of Pharaoh
that sat upon the throne unto the first born of the captive in the
dungeon; and the first born of cattle." After these repeated deaths
of the cattle, we find Pharaoh and his horsemen in full pursuit of the
fleeing Hebrews, and Pharaoh and his horsemen and horses, were drowned
in the sea. Of course it is difficult for one who is carnally minded,
to understand how cattle can be killed so many times. Possibly the
"Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Dumb Animals" might have
done good service had it been in full working order in those days.




People Get Up in the morning Dead.

"And when they arose, behold they were all dead corpses." (Isaiah
37 : 36.)




Elisha Returns to Life.

"And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold,
they spied a band of men; and they cast the man unto the sepulcher
of Elisha: and when the man (the corpse) was let down, and touched
the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet." (2 Kings
13 : 21.)

It would have been a great consolation to us, if the writer had only
added a few lines more, and told us what Elisha did after he stood
up on his feet. Of course if he stood up, he could not stand on any
one else's feet than his own, but did he climb out of the sepulcher
and go on his way rejoicing? Execrable historian to leave us in the
dark when we so greatly need light! We fear the writer of Matthew
had this story in his mind, when speaking of the earthquake at the
crucifixion of Christ. He says, "And the graven were opened; and many
bodies of the saints which slept, arose, and came out of the graves
after his resurrection, and went into the holy city, and appeared
unto many."--"Came out of the graves after his resurrection"; but
they arose at the time of the earthquake, and the resurrection did
not take place until the third day afterward. What were they doing
all this time? Standing up in their graves, dressed in their funeral
wardrobe? If they appeared unto many there is no mention of the fact
made by either Jew or Gentile.







HEAVEN.

Elijah Went to Heaven in a Chariot of Fire.


"And it came to pass as they still went on, and talked, that behold,
there appeared a chariot of fire, and horses of fire, and parted
them both asunder; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven." (2
Kings 2 : 11.)

The writer of Luke, has given us almost a literal copy of this story
in telling of Jesus' ascent to heaven:

"And he led them out as far as Bethany, and he lifted up his hands,
and blessed them; and it came to pass while he blessed them, he was
parted from them and carried up into heaven." (Luke 24 : 50, 51.)

"So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into
heaven, and sat on the right hand of God." (Mark 16 : 19.)

To these writers heaven was only a few miles away. They had not the
faintest conception of the distance of the nearest fixed star:

"And he (Jacob) dreamed and behold a ladder set up on the earth
and the top of it reached to heaven: and behold the angels of God
ascending and descending on it." (Gen. 28 : 12.)

The tower of Babel was another method of reaching heaven. The writers
of the gospels have no better ideas than the ancient Jews had.

I give below, a few out of many passages which show that the writers
of the New Testament regarded heaven as only a few miles away.

"And, lo, the heavens were opened." (Mat. 3 : 16.)

"He saw the heavens opened." (Mark 1 : 10.)

"There came a voice from heaven saying." (Mark 1 : 11.)

"And lo, a voice from heaven saying." (Mat. 3 : 17.)

"For the angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled
back the stone from the door, and sat on it." (Mat. 28 : 2.)

"And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven." (Luke 22 : 43.)

"Then came there a voice from heaven saying." (John 12 : 28.)

"I heard another voice from heaven saying." (John 18 : 4.)

All these and many more passages which might be cited go to show that
these writers supposed heaven to be but a short distance away. There
was a constant and familiar intercourse between the gods above and
men below.

The Christian idea of heaven is but another form of the Greek notion
of Mt. Olympus--it is not only borrowed, but vague and mythical
in the extreme--it is childish and has much of the flavor of Santa
Claus stories.




Deluge.

The great flood in which the waters piled up at the rate of about eight
hundred feet per day for forty days was another of the extraordinary
occurrences of Bible record. In these degenerate times a downfall of
three inches of rain, for one day is usually sufficient to satisfy
everybody. But think of about eight hundred feet per day!

A river turned into blood after it had just been transformed into
blood: "And Moses and Aaron did so, as the Lord commanded; and he
lifted up the rod, and smote the waters that were in the river, in the
sight of Pharaoh, and in sight of his servants, and all the waters
that were in the river were turned into blood. And the fish that
was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could
not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout
all the land of Egypt. And the magicians of Egypt did so with their
enchantments." (Ex. 7 : 20, 21, 22.) The magicians turned a river of
blood into blood, and killed dead fish, eh?




The Ass and the Calf.

"And he took the (golden) calf which they had made, and burnt it in
the fire, and ground it to powder, and strewed it upon the waters,
and made the children of Israel drink of it." (Ex. 32 : 20.)

But as gold does not burn in a fire, nor can it be ground to powder,
or strewed upon the waters, or drunk, we are forced to conclude that
the author of this little golden calf story, must have been an ass.







JESUS CHRIST.


The Genealogy of Jesus.

"Matthew (1 : 17) says, 'So all the generations from Abraham to David
are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon
are fourteen generations; and from the carrying away into Babylon
unto Christ are fourteen generations.'

"Luke (3 : 23-38) relates Christ's genealogy, and gives forty-three
generations between David and Christ, these two persons being
included. Here then in the genealogy of the same person is an
utterly irreconcilable discrepancy of fifteen generations. This
is truly a bad beginning. Although these two accounts may both be
false they cannot possibly both be true. If 'all the generations,'
from David to Jesus, were only 'twenty-eight,' as given by Matthew,
there could not possibly have been at the same time, 'forty-three'
of them as given by Luke. The case becomes much worse, however, when
we discover that, with the exception of Jesus, Joseph, and David,
these two authors give entirely different sets of men. Since it is
utterly impossible for the same individual to have descended through
both of these lines of ancestors, it is equally impossible for both
of these accounts to be true." (J. R. Kelso's "Bible Analyzed.")

"On the first glance these genealogies, as given by Matthew and
Luke, are so evidently different that it has been the ordinary, if
not invariable practice of Christian harmonists and commentators to
represent the former Evangelist as recording the descent of Joseph,
while the latter Evangelist is said to have given the pedigree of
Mary. We will say nothing of the plausibility of this explanation,
which acknowledges the genealogies to be wholly different, and supposes
they belong to two persons. Our questions must rather effect the
truthfulness of this mode of explaining away the difficulty. Let the
reader bear in mind how Matthew states that 'Jacob begat Joseph the
husband of Mary,' and how Luke's words are 'Joseph which was the son
of Heli,' and then let the reader say whether it is truthful to allege
that these different genealogies belong to different individuals. Is
it not plain that each of them professes to trace the lineal descent
of one and the same man, Joseph? If we are still to be told that when
Matthew professes to give the descent of Joseph, he is to be understood
as giving the descent of Mary, then we simply rejoin that such an
explanation is nothing more nor less than an abandonment of the idea
of inspirational infallibility; for it represents the Bible as saying
one thing and meaning another." (McNaught, "Doctrine of Inspiration.")




When was Jesus Born?

As to the time when Jesus was born, we have no positive
information. Matthew says he was born in Herod's time, and that Herod
caused all the little children to be killed on account of him. Luke
says Jesus was born in the time of Cyrenius, when Augustus Caesar gave
orders that all the people should be taxed. Now, Cyrenius succeeded
Archelaus, who reigned ten years after the death of Herod. Here is a
contradiction that cannot be explained away. The exact day of Herod's
death can be almost arrived at, as shown by Josephus, who says that
on the night preceding the death of Herod there was an eclipse of
the moon. In calculating back to the time of this eclipse, it is
found to have occurred on the fourth of March, four years before
Christ; another perplexing discrepancy. Matthew says he was born
in the days of Herod, and John says it was in the days of Cyrenius,
fourteen years afterward. Again, Mark and Luke say Jesus began to be
thirty years of age in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius,
the very day of whose accession is known; and by counting back, we
find that Jesus must have been born four years before the Christian
era, which disagrees entirely with the statement of Matthew.

Professor John Fiske remarks that while the Jesus of the dogma is
the best known, the Jesus of history is the least known of all the
eminent names in history. "Persons who had given much attention to
the subject affirmed that there were not less than one hundred and
thirty-two different opinions as to the year in which the Messiah
appeared." ("Conflict Between Religion and Science," p. 184.)

Dr. Adam Clarke, on observations of Luke 2 : 8, in his Commentary says:
"The nativity of Jesus in December should be given up. The Egyptians
placed it in January; Wagenseil in February; Bochart in March. Some
mentioned by Clemens Alexandrine in April; others in May. Epiphanius
speaks of some who placed it in June, and others supposed it to have
been in July. Wagenseil, who was not sure of February, fixed it as
probably in August; Lightfoot on the fifteenth of September. But the
Latin church [Catholic], supreme in power and infallible in judgment,
placed it on the twenty-fifth of December, the very day on which the
ancient Romans celebrated the feast of their goddess, Bruma. Pope
Julius I. (in the fourth century) made the first alteration, and
it appears to have been done for this reason." The Christians often
aim to make an argument that the chronology of the Christian era is
established by the confirmation that is given by the years being
numbered from the supposed birth of Jesus, but it is no proof at
all. The idea of counting the years from the advent of Jesus was not
thought of for several centuries after the time when the vague legends
said he was supposed to have lived. The plan of numbering the years
from that apocryphal event was first invented by a monk, Dionysius
Exiguus, about 530 after Christ. It was introduced into Italy not
long afterward, and was propagated by Bede, who died in 735. It was
ordered to be used by the bishops in the Council of Chalcedon in 816,
but it was not generally employed for several centuries afterward. It
was not legalized until the year 1000. Charles III. of Germany was the
first sovereign who added "In the year of our Lord" to his reign, in
879. (See Haydn's Dictionary of Dates, and Encyclopedia of Chronology.)

Now, in recapitulation, let us see how much, by the common sense
method of interpreting the gospels, we have been forced to reject
as incredible.

First, we have seen that Joseph's dream concerning the immaculate
conception was, after all, only a dream, and that wonderful dreams are
not uncommon; Samson's mother having had one which is so identical
with Joseph's, that we are persuaded that the dream of the latter
is but a copy of the dream of the former; that almost all men of
distinction in ancient times were reported to have had wonderful
prodigies attending their conception and birth,--and that there is no
evidence in the gospels of the resurrection of Jesus. Paul saw him in
a vision, that is, in his mind's eye, but does not claim to have seen
him in the flesh. And of the ascension, it is a self-evident fiction.

The miracles are not only incredible from their being incompatible with
and contrary to human experience, but the manner in which they are
related proves that they never were performed. (See "Miracles.") And
concerning the moral teachings of Jesus we find great imperfection. He
did not come to save all men, but only the lost sheep of the house of
Israel; he taught that the end of the world was nigh at hand, when a
great physical revolution should usher in the kingdom of heaven, but
it did not come. We find also that Jesus did not respect the rights
of property; that he despised this world; that he condemned the rich
because they were rich, and made great promises to the poor because
they were poor; that he professed to pardon sin, and on one occasion
pardoned a person's sins for washing his feet; that he exhibited an
imperfect sense of justice in a great many instances; and, lastly,
we find that there is no history of him excepting the gospels, and in
these there is no unquestionable record of the time when or the place
where he was born. We are forced to conclude that if ever there was
such a person as Jesus of Nazareth, we have no trustworthy sources
of positive knowledge concerning him.




Christianity Rests Upon a Dream.

"Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise: When as his mother
Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found
to be with child of the Holy Ghost. Then Joseph her husband, being a
just man and not willing to make her a public example, was minded to
put her away privily. But while he thought on these things, behold,
the angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, Joseph
thou son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife, for that
which is conceived in her is of the Holy Ghost." (Mat. 1 : 18-20.)

"Before they came together, she was found to be with child of the
Holy Ghost."

1. How could any one but Mary say who the father of the child was?

2. If the conception was miraculous then neither Mary nor any one
else could know ought of the paternity of the child.

3. Mary says nothing about the overshadowing of the Holy Ghost.

4. Who found out that Joseph had had such a dream?

5. Was it duly reported and verified then and there?

6. The book that relates the dream is anonymous and does not appear
in history until A. D. 180-182.

7. The writers of the other three gospels know nothing of this dream.

8. There is no evidence that the writer of the first gospel ever
personally knew Mary.

9. Luke (1 : 30) says that it was to Mary that the angel of the
Lord appeared.

10. Only a dream! The corner-stone of Christianity rests upon a
dream! Take away this dream and Christianity has nothing left.





THE GOLDEN RULE.

The moral teachings of the Bible are not original. Back of the pyramids
in pre-historic times mothers taught their children to be kind to each
other. Not from heaven but out of the human heart came the golden
rule. A mother's love was sufficient to reveal this best rule of
life. Human inspiration is the only inspiration needed to call forth
the expression--"Do unto others as ye would have them do unto you."

Sixty years before the Christian era, Hellel, a Jewish rabbi wrote:
"Do not do to others, what you would not like others to do to you."

Two hundred and eighty years before Christ, Epicurus said: "It is
more blessed to give than to receive."

Three hundred and fifty years before Christ, Socrates said: "Act
toward others as you desire them to act toward you."

Three hundred and seventy years before Christ, Aristippus said:
"Cherish reciprocal benevolence, which will make you as anxious for
another's welfare as your own."

Three hundred and eighty-five years before Christ, Aristotle wrote:
"We should conduct ourselves toward others, as we would have them
act toward us."

Four hundred years before Christ, Sextus said: "What you wish your
neighbors to be to you, such be also to them."

Four hundred and twenty years before Christ, Plato wrote: "May I do
to others as I would have them do to me."

Five hundred years before Christ, Confucius taught: "Do unto another
what you would have him do to you, and do not to another what you
would not have him do unto you: it is the foundation principle of
all the rest." (24th Maxim Confucius.) Jesus concludes by saying,
"For this is the law and the prophets," and Confucius closes his rule
by observing, "Thou only needst this law alone; it is the foundation
and principle of all the rest."

And it should not be overlooked that Jesus, in thus attributing
the golden rule to "the law and the prophets," disclaims its
authorship. Confucius does the same.

Six hundred years before Christ, Thales said: "Avoid doing what you
would blame others for doing."

Six hundred and fifty years before Christ, Pittacus taught: "Do not
do to your neighbor what you would take ill from him."

"That the system of morals propounded in the New Testament contains
no maxim which had not been previously enunciated, and that some of
the most beautiful passages in the apostolic writings are quotations
from Pagan authors, are well known to every scholar; and so far from
supplying, as some suppose, an objection against Christianity, it is
a strong recommendation of it, as indicating the intimate relation
between the doctrines of Christ and the moral sympathies of mankind in
different ages. But to assert that Christianity communicated to man
moral truths previously unknown, argues on the part of the assertor,
either gross ignorance or else wilful fraud." (Buckle, "History of
Civilization," vol. 1, p. 129.)

"Did space admit, I could cite numerous passages from Enoch in close
correspondence with the New Testament scripture, in many cases almost
word for word. In that book, as in the Talmud, and as was held by
the Jews in general (saving the Sadducees), may be found the exact
doctrines taught by Jesus relative to the Son of Man coming in the
clouds of heaven, the resurrection of the dead, the day of judgment,
the punishment of the wicked in everlasting fire, and the reward
of the righteous in heaven. The eschatology of Jesus is borrowed
in toto from that prevalent in Judea during his lifetime. Not one
single new idea respecting the 'four final things,' death, judgment,
heaven, and hell, can be found in Jesus' teachings as embodied in
the gospels."--Wm. Emmette Coleman.




Jesus an Essene.

"Of the resemblance between the Essenes and the followers of Christ
in their principles and practices, I will let a Christian writer
speak--Christian D. Ginsburg, LL. D., who is a leading contributor to
Alexander's new edition of Kitto's Cyclopedia, the most orthodox of the
chief English Bible dictionaries. I will read a few extracts from an
essay entitled, 'The Essenes Their History and Doctrines.' Dr. Ginsburg
says: 'The identity of many of the precepts and practices of
Essenism and Christianity is unquestionable. Essenism urged on its
disciples to seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness;
so did Christ. (Mat. 6 : 33, and Luke 12 : 31.) The Essenes forbade
the laying up of treasures upon earth; so did Christ. (Mat. 6 : 19,
21.) The Essenes demanded of those who wished to join them, to sell
all their possessions, and to divide it among the poor brethren;
so Christ. (Mat. 19 : 21, and Luke 12 : 33.) The Essenes had all
things in common, and appointed one of the brethren as steward to
manage the common bag; so the primitive Christians. (Acts 2 : 44,
45; 4 : 32, 34, and John 12 : 6; 13 : 29.) Essenism regarded all its
members on the same level, forbidding the exercise of authority of
one over the other, and enjoining mutual service; so Christ. (Mat.
20 : 25-28, and Mark 9 : 35, 37; 10 : 42, 45.) Essenism commanded its
disciples to call no man master upon the earth; so Christ. (Mat. 23 :
8, 9.) Essenism laid the greatest stress on being meek and lowly in
spirit; so Christ. (Mat. 5 : 5, 29.)

'Christ commended the poor in spirit, those who hunger after
righteousness, the merciful, the pure in heart and the peacemakers;
so the Essenes.... Christ combined the healing of the body with that
of the soul; so the Essenes. Like the Essenes, Christ declared that
the power to cast out evil spirits, to perform miraculous cures, etc.,
should be possessed by his disciples as signs of their belief. (Mark
16 : 17; comp. also Mat. 10 : 8, and Luke 9 : 1, 2; 10 : 9.) Like
the Essenes, Christ commanded his disciples not to swear at all, but
to say yea, yea, and nay, nay. The manner in which Christ directed
his disciples to go on their journey (Mat. 10 : 9, 10) is the same
which the Essenes adopted when they started on a mission of mercy. The
Essenes, though repudiating offensive war, yet took weapons with them
when they went on a perilous journey: Christ enjoined his disciples
to do the same thing. (Luke 22 : 36.) Christ commended that elevated
spiritual life, which enables a man to abstain from marriage for the
kingdom of heaven's sake, and which cannot be attained by all men
save those to whom it is given (Mat. 19 : 10-12; comp. also 1 Cor. 8);
so the Essenes, who, as a body, in waiting for the kingdom of heaven,
abstained from connubial intercourse. The Essenes did not offer animal
sacrifices, but strove to present their bodies a living sacrifice,
holy and acceptable, unto God, which they regarded as a reasonable
service; the apostle Paul exhorts the Romans to do the same. (Rom. 12 :
1.) It was the great aim of the Essenes to live such a life of
purity and holiness as to be the temples of the holy spirit and to be
able to prophesy; the apostle Paul urges the Corinthians to covet to
prophesy. (1 Cor. 14 : 1, 39.) When Christ pronounced John to be Elias
(Mat. 11 : 14), he declared that the Baptist had already attained
to that spirit and power which the Essenes strove to obtain in their
highest stage of purity. It will therefore hardly be doubted that our
Savior himself belonged to this holy brotherhood. This will especially
be apparent when we remember that the whole Jewish community, at the
advent of Christ, was divided into three parties, the Pharisees,
the Sadducees, and the Essenes, and that every Jew had to belong
to one of these sects. Jesus, who in all things conformed to Jewish
law, who was holy, harmless, undefiled, and separate from sinners,
would naturally associate himself with that order of Judaism which
was most congenial to his holy nature. Moreover, the fact that
Christ, with the exception of once, was not heard of in public
till his thirtieth year, implying that he lived in seclusion with
this fraternity, and that though he frequently rebuked the Scribes,
Pharisees, and Sadducees, he never denounced the Essenes, strongly
confirms this conclusion.... The accounts given by Josephus first
mentioned their existence in the days of Jonathan the Maccabaean,
B. C. 166; and they most unquestionably show that the Essenes existed
at least two centuries before the Christian era, and that they at
first lived among the Jewish community at large. Their residence at
Jerusalem is also evident from the fact that there was a gate named
after them. When they ultimately withdrew themselves from the rest
of the Jewish nation, the majority of them settled on the northwest
shore of the Dead Sea, sufficiently distant to escape its noxious
exhalations, and the rest lived in scattered communities throughout
Palestine and Syria. Both Philo and Josephus estimated them to be
above four thousand in number. This must have been exclusive of women
and children. We hear very little of them after this period (that
is, 40 A. D.); and there can hardly be any doubt that, owing to the
great similarity which existed between their precepts and practices,
and those of the primitive Christians, the Essenes, as a body, must
have embraced Christianity.'"--Underwood, in Underwood-Marples Debate.




Jesus' Teachings Not up to the Moral Standard of To-day.

1. Jesus failed to explicitly teach any of the cardinal human
virtues. If he taught kindness and forgiveness it was usually at the
expense of justice.

2. He nowhere explains and inspires self-reliance and individual
liberty.

3. He nowhere condemns kingcraft, priestcraft and tyranny. He opposes
their abuses, but not the radical evils out of which they spring.

4. He has no just ideas of marriage and divorce.

5. He nowhere explains the nature of heaven and hell.

6. He does not teach the value of economy and thrift, but turns people
loose with the notion that they must take no thought for the morrow.

The following saying of Jesus exhibits the lack of a high moral
sense of justice, and also the fact that he does not pretend to be
the savior of the whole human race. He said to his own countrymen:
"Unto you it is given to know the mystery of the kingdom of God, but
unto them that are without, all these things are done in parables;
that seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may
hear, and not understand; lest at any time they should be converted,
and their sins be forgiven them. (Mark 4 : 11.)

From this we learn that Jesus did not desire to save the Gentiles;
the parabolical style was used in order to prevent them from becoming
converted and having their sins pardoned.

In addition to this imperfection of the moral sense, Jesus was
sometimes unforgiving in his spirit and practice. He says on one
occasion: "Whosoever shall deny me before men, him will I also deny
before my father which is in heaven." (Mat. 10 : 33.)

It is true that he taught his disciples to love their enemies, but it
is a precept he did not observe himself; he allowed himself to speak
of those who did not accept his teachings as, "fools," "hypocrites,"
"thieves," "serpents," "vipers," and many other abusive epithets,
which clearly exhibit on his part anger and hatred. We have another
instance of his unforgiving spirit in that myth of the dying thief on
the cross. It is there recorded that Jesus prayed for the forgiveness
of his enemies, but had he been consistent with that prayer, he would
not have pardoned one thief without also pardoning the other. When
he could ask God to forgive his enemies, it would have been demanded
by his own rule, that he also forgive them; but, on the contrary, he
only forgives the malefactor who spoke words in his praise. This spirit
is carried out in the doctrine of future rewards and punishments.




Jesus Exhibits an Imperfect Sense of Justice.

In failing to recognize the rights of property; in his denunciation of
the rich; in his teachings of submission to wrong; in his professing
to pardon sin, even before it is asked for, Jesus errs. This moral
sense is lacking in his teachings concerning God. Take this as an
illustration: "Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go unto
him at midnight, and say unto him, Friend, lend me three loaves; for a
friend of mine in his journey is come to me, and I have nothing to set
before him. And he from within shall answer and say, Trouble me not;
the door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed; I cannot
rise and give thee. I say unto you, Though he will not rise and give
him, because he is his friend, yet because of his importunity he will
rise and give him as many as he needeth." (Luke 11 : 15.)

And so it is with God, he leads us to believe, for though he is our
friend he will not grant our requests; but if we annoy and tease
him, at last, worn out, he will answer our prayers to get rid of
us. Therefore, "Ask and it shall be given you; for every one that
asketh receiveth."

The parable of the unfortunate widow is another instance in point:
"There was in a city a judge who feared not God, neither regarded man
[same kind of judges in our cities now]. And there was a widow in that
city, and she came unto him, saying, Avenge me of mine adversary. And
he would not for a while; but afterwards he said within himself, Though
I fear not God, nor regard man, yet because this widow troubleth me,
I will avenge her, lest by her continual coming she weary me." (Luke
18 : 2-6.) It is just so in praying to God. He may not hear you or
heed you at first, yet by a "continual coming and troubling him,"
he must of necessity at last become weary and grant you the desires
of your heart, in order to escape being troubled.

At one time the scribes and Pharisees brought a woman to Jesus who
had been taken in the act of adultery, and asked for his judgment. He
said: "He that is without sin among you let him first cast a stone
at her." This was a well-directed rebuke, and they felt it, and
they "went out one by one, beginning at the eldest even unto the
last." Then Jesus, standing alone with the woman, asks, "Woman where
are those thine accusers? hath no man condemned thee? She said,
No man, Lord. And Jesus said unto her, Neither do I condemn thee;
go and sin no more." (John 8 : 7-11.)

In all parts of the Bible adultery is condemned, and by all civil
laws it is now prohibited, and all religious teaching forbids it, and
there is no reason in this case why Jesus should not have condemned
the act, even while he showed mercy to the actor. Here as elsewhere
Jesus shows mercy at the expense of justice. Were these principles
carried out in life, the criminal would go untried and unpunished.

"Go into the village over against you, and straightway you shall
find an ass tied, and a colt with her; loose them and bring them unto
me. And if any man say aught unto you, ye shall say, The Lord hath need
of them, and straightway he will send them. All this was done, that it
might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, saying, Tell ye the
daughter of Zion, Behold, thy king cometh unto thee, meek, and sitting
upon an ass, and a colt, the foal of an ass. And the disciples went
and did as Jesus commanded them, and brought the ass, and the colt,
and put on their clothes, and set him thereon." (Mat. 21 : 2-7.)

The writer would have us believe that Jesus rode upon two asses at
once; but the prophet who could invent such a story must have been
an ass himself to suppose that Jesus could ride upon two donkeys
of such unequal size at one time. It was not the prophet, however,
who perpetrated this outrage upon common sense, but the writer of
Matthew, whoever he was. Mark, Luke, and John mentioned the affair,
and all agree in speaking of one ass only. Had the writer read the
prophet aright, he would have quoted it differently, "Behold thy King
cometh unto thee, ... lowly, and sitting upon an ass; even a colt,
the foal of an ass." (Zech. 9 : 9.)

Another instance of this disregard of the interests of others is
exhibited by Jesus where he casts the devils out of two men and permits
them to enter the swine, "and the swine ran down a steep place into
the sea and perished in the waters." Mark (5 : 12) says there were
about two thousand head, but there is not a word said about the equity
of the proceeding. In this case Jesus does not offer any compensation
for the destruction of property which had been caused by him.

He does not make even an apology or an explanation. No wonder, then,
that the people became alarmed at this and asked him to go on his
journey with as little delay as possible: "The whole city came out
to meet Jesus: and when they saw him, they besought him that he would
depart out of their coasts." (Mat. 8 : 34.)

Another instance of this lack of the sense of justice is displayed
in the parable of Dives and Lazarus. The one goes to heaven, that
is, to Abraham's bosom, because he was poor, and the other to hell,
because he was rich. Say what we may our civilization is built upon
wealth. Civilization, the highest and noblest estate of man, is
achieved by the utter repudiation of poverty. The legitimate love of
money is the spur of all human progress. Civilization would speedily
degenerate into barbarism if this respect for property was removed.

His views of poverty are in harmony with his teachings on other
human interests: "Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth;"
"Take no thought for the morrow; for the morrow shall take thought
for the things of itself." How evident it is that one of the most
essential virtues of life is here repudiated.

Thoughtfulness about the future is a distinguishing trait of a wise
man. To take no thought for the morrow would be as foolish as for one
to bind himself hand and foot on the approach of his enemy. Science
inspires man with earnest inquiry about the morrow, and also enables
him by his perception of it how better to live to-day.

"Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee,
turn not thou away." (Mat. 5 : 42.) Society as it now exists would not
last a single day if his command were obeyed. Borrowing and lending
is poor business, even as it is now carried on, but what it would
become under the universal practice it would be impossible to guess.

"And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have
ye? For sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again. But
love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing
again." (Luke 6 : 34.) So impracticable a precept is this, that no
people have ever practiced it, nor could it be carried out without
the demoralization and overthrow of civilization.




Jesus Teaches the Duty of Submission to Wrong.

The general doctrines of resignation and contentment are incompatible
with strength of character and progress in life. The most worthy
members of society everywhere are just those people who have the least
resignation and contentment. Jesus does not seem to have cherished
these conditions himself. He was neither contented nor resigned to
the social status about him. "The powers that be" did not seem to
him to be from above, but from beneath, and he accordingly waged war
upon the existing social evils. But Jesus also teaches the duty of
submission to wrong: "And unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek,
offer also the other; and him that taketh away thy cloak forbid not
to take thy coat also. Give to every man that asketh of thee; and of
him that taketh away thy goods, ask them not again." (Luke 6 : 29,
30.) Just think of it! "And of him that taketh away thy goods, ask them
not again." Society would be overthrown in a day if this command was
carried out. We should have no commerce, no law protecting our various
interests, no civilized society. Paul echoes the same notion when he
says, "Now, therefore, there is utterly a fault among you, because
ye go to law one with another. Why do ye not rather take wrong? Why
do ye not rather suffer yourselves to be defrauded?" (1 Cor. 6 : 7.)

Suffer yourselves to be defrauded! If human life has any virtue at all,
it surely consists in some degree in doing the very opposite, that is,
in not suffering ourselves to be defrauded. It is true that love seems
at first sight to be an all-important virtue, and one incapable of
abuse; but such love as induces us to submit to wrong is spurious. In
the world as it exists about us, we are culpable when we suffer
ourselves to be defrauded. The common virtues which are recognized by
all men are courage and resistance to wrong. Everywhere our eyes turn,
we look to see the hero who nobly resists the wrongs and frauds which
the powerful perpetrate upon the weak and helpless. "Resistance to
tyrants is the will of God" is the modern conception of duty. And in
accordance therewith we have laws prohibiting wrong and fraud. Besides
there is no manliness, self-reliance, or self-respect compatible with
such craven submission, which is spiritless and purposeless. John
Stuart Mill observes of Christianity: "Its ideal is negative rather
than positive; passive rather than active; innocence rather than
nobleness; abstinence from evil rather than energetic pursuit of
good. In its precepts (as has been well said), 'thou shalt not'
predominates over 'thou shalt.'"




Immoral Teachings of Jesus.

"Suppose ye that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you nay;
but rather division." (Luke 12 : 51.)

"For I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and a
daughter against her mother, and the daughter-in-law against her
mother-in-law." (Mat. 10 : 35.)

"I am come to send fire on earth; and what will I, that it be already
kindled." (Luke 12 : 49.)

"For from henceforth there shall be five in one house divided, three
against two, and two against three.

"The father shall be divided against the son, and the son against the
father; the mother against the daughter, and the daughter against
the mother; the mother-in-law against her daughter-in-law, and the
daughter-in-law against the mother-in-law." (Luke 12 : 52, 53.)

"If any man come to me, and hate not his father and mother, and wife
and children, and brethren and sisters, yea, and his own life also,
he cannot be my disciple." (Luke 14 : 26.)

"Think not that I am come to send peace on earth. I come not to send
peace, but a sword." (Mat. 10 : 34.)

"And the brother shall deliver up the brother to death, and the father
the child: and the children shall rise up against their parents,
and cause them to be put to death." (Mat. 10 : 21.)

"And they said unto him, Lord, behold here are two swords. And he
said unto them, It is enough." (Luke 22 : 38.)

"He that hath no sword let him sell his garment and buy one." (Luke
22 : 36.)




Bitter and Unreasonable Denunciations of Jesus.

"All that ever came before me are thieves and robbers." (John 10 : 8.)

"Ye are of your father, the Devil, and the lusts of your father ye
will do." (John 8 : 44.)

"Ye serpents, ye generation of vipers, how can ye escape the damnation
of hell?" (Mat. 23 : 33.)

"O, generation of vipers, how can ye, being evil, speak good
things?" (Mat. 12 : 34.)

"But he turned and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me,
Satan." (Mat. 16 : 23.)

"Depart from me ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the
Devil and his angels." (Mat. 25 : 41.)

"He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that
believeth not shall be damned." (Mark 16 : 16.)




Jesus a False Prophet.

"But when they persecute you in this city, flee ye into another:
for verily I say unto you, Ye shall not have gone over the cities of
Israel till the Son of man be come." (Mat. 10 : 23.)

"Verily I say unto you, There be some standing here, which shall
not taste of death, till they see the Son of man coming in his
kingdom." (Mat. 16 : 28.)

"Immediately after the tribulation of those days, shall the sun be
darkened, and the moon shall not give her light, and the stars shall
fall from heaven and the powers of the heavens shall be shaken.

"And then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven: and then
shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son
of man coming in the clouds of heaven with power and great glory.

"And he shall send his angels with a great sound of a trumpet, and
they shall gather together his elect from the four winds, from one
end of heaven to the other.

"Now learn a parable of the fig tree; When his branch is yet tender,
and putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is nigh. So likewise
ye, when ye shall see all these things, know that it is near, even
at the doors.

"Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass till all these
things be fulfilled." (Mat. 24 : 29-34.)

"But I tell you of a truth, there be some standing here, which shall
not taste of death, till they have seen the kingdom of God." (Luke
9 : 27.)

"And he said unto them, Verily, I say unto you, That there be some
of them, that stand here, which shall not taste of death, till they
have seen the kingdom of God come with power." (Mark 9 : 1.)

"Now learn a parable of the fig tree: When her branch is yet tender,
and putteth forth leaves, Ye know that the summer is near: So ye in
like manner, when ye shall see these things come to pass know that
it is nigh, even at the doors. Verily, I say unto you, That this
generation shall not pass till all these things be done." (Mark
13 : 28-30.)

"And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the
stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity;
the sea and the waves roaring; Men's hearts failing them for fear,
and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth:
for the powers of heaven shall be shaken. And then shall they see
the Son of man coming in a cloud, with power and great glory.

"And when these things begin to come to pass, then look up, and lift
up your heads: for your redemption draweth nigh.

"And he spake to them a parable; Behold the fig tree, and all the
trees; When they now shoot forth, ye see and know of your ownselves
that summer is now nigh at hand. So likewise ye, when ye see these
things come to pass, know ye that the kingdom of heaven is nigh at
hand." (Luke 21 : 25-31.)

"If I will that he tarry till I come what is that to thee?" (John
21 : 23.)

It is unnecessary to call attention to the fact that the foregoing
passages imply that the end of the world was at hand. Jesus was a
false prophet.




Jesus Curses the Fig Tree.

"The Jesus of the four gospels is alleged to have been God, all-wise;
being hungry, he went to a fig tree, when the season of figs was
not yet come. Of course there were no figs on the tree, and Jesus
then caused the tree to wither away. This is an interesting account
to a true orthodox trinitarian. Such a one will believe: first, that
Jesus was God, who made the tree and prevented it from bearing figs;
second, that, God the all-wise, who is not subject to human passions
being hungry went to the fig tree, on which he knew there were no
figs, expecting to find some there; third, that God the all-just then
punished the tree because it did not bear figs in opposition to God's
eternal ordination."--Charles Bradlaugh.




Contemporaneous Historians are Silent Concerning the Resurrection
of Jesus.

Philo, Josephus, Seneca, Pliny the elder, and Pliny the younger,
Diogenes, Socrates, Pausanias, Suetonius, Tacitus, Adrian, Marcus
Aurelius, Lucian, and others have not one word to say about it.

In answer to this a certain minister replies that: "Seneca, Diogenes,
Laertes, Pausanias, Tacitus, and Marcus Aurelius, were Pagans, who
certainly in works of stoic philosophy, travels, and geography would
not discourse of Jesus." In answer to this I maintain that it is
altogether probable, if not certain, that some of these writers would
have recorded the "darkness over all the earth," which lasted some
three hours (Luke 23 : 44) and the opening of the graves out of which
many of the dead came and went into the city and showed themselves
unto many: besides, there were several earthquakes. (Mat. 27 : 51,
and 28 : 2, also Acts 16 : 26.) Such marvels, especially the darkness
over all the earth, and the earthquakes could not have escaped the
pen of all such historians and philosophers.

"Each of these philosophers (Pliny the Second and Seneca) in a
laborious work, has recorded all the great phenomena of nature,
earthquakes, meteors, comets, and eclipses which his indefatigable
curiosity could collect; neither of them has mentioned or even alluded
to the miraculous darkness at the crucifixion."--Gibbon.




The Resurrection of Jesus.

Comparing now the several narratives of the resurrection with one
another, we find this general result:

In Mark Jesus is said to have appeared three times.

1. To Mary Magdalene.

2. To two disciples.

3. To the disciples at meat.

Two such appearances only are recorded in Matthew:

1. To the women.

2. To the eleven in Galilee.

In Luke he appears:

1. To Cleopas and his companion.

2. To Peter.

3. To the eleven and others.

In the last chapters of John the appearances amount to four:

1. To Mary Magdalene.

2. To the disciples without Thomas.

3. To the disciples with Thomas.

4. To several disciples on the Tiberias lake.

Paul extends them to six:

1. To Peter.

2. To the twelve.

3. To more than five hundred.

4. To James.

5. To all the apostles.

6. To Paul.

"Upon this most momentous question every one of the Christian writers
is at variance with every other." (Amberley's "Analysis of Religious
Belief," p. 273.)

They differ as to the number of women who visited the sepulcher. John
mentions only one; Matthew names two, Mary Magdalene and the other
Mary. Mark says there were three, the two Marys and Salome. Luke says
there were more than three, the two Marys, Joanna, and certain others
with them. They differ as to the number of persons in white seen
at the sepulcher. Mark mentions one, "a young man." Matthew speaks
of one, an angel. Luke says there were two men, and John that there
were two angels. They disagree us to what was said by the persons in
white. According to Matthew and Mark, they spoke of the resurrection
of Jesus and his departure into Galilee, and sent a message to his
disciples commanding them to follow him thither. In Luke they simply
said that he was risen, and referred to a former prediction of his to
this effect. In John they simply asked Mary, "Woman! why weepest thou?"

Discrepancies as to where Jesus went after his resurrection. Matthew,
dismissing Jesus from history with these words, "Go ye therefore and
teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, Son, and
Holy Ghost" (28 : 19), seems to know nothing of the ascension; for
it in utterly incompatible with the assumption that he is an honest
and faithful historian. He could not possibly neglect recording so
important an event had he known it, and the plain inference--the
irresistible conclusion is that if he did not record it, it was
because no such thing had occurred.

See with what brevity Mark concludes the career of Jesus. Mark gives
these as the parting words of Jesus: "So then after the Lord had spoken
unto them he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand
of God." (16 : 19.)

How brief is the description of this wonderful scene! No writer that
had witnessed such a sight could possibly condense his thoughts and
feelings concerning it into one sentence. He would have had much to
say; namely, of his own thoughts and emotions on the occasion, and what
other witnesses said and did at the time the event occurred. Writers
who go into particulars on less marvelous affairs would not be
likely to dash off the most wonderful event that had ever happened
before human eyes in one sentence. The thing is utterly improbable and
incredible. "He was received up into heaven" reveals the credulity and
superstition of the times. How could the writer know where he had gone,
if he had once passed away from his sight? Moreover, he knew nothing
of a local heaven or of a personal God, yet he says that Jesus "sat
(down) on the right hand of God," as though the Infinite Power which
pervades the universe had two hands and was made in the image of man!

The only rational explanation we can put upon such language is to
suppose it written by one who was not present at the time referred to,
but had heard of it and had undertaken to give his version of what
he heard, perhaps in the attempt trying to reconcile two or three
different versions of the story, and at the same time weave in his own
opinion on the subject. At any rate, whoever wrote it, the writer does
not claim to have been an eye-witness, and the legendary character
of the account proves that the myth had been handed down to him.

Luke (24 : 50, 51) says: "And he led them out as far as to Bethany,
and he lifted up his hands and blessed them; and it came to pass
while he blessed them, he was parted from them and carried up into
heaven." This version leaves out the sitting on the right hand of
God--yet it has the same superstition of a local heaven--of which the
writer speaks as if he had as positive and distinct knowledge as he
claims to have of Jesus and his resurrection.

If Matthew closes without giving us anything of the after life and
death of Jesus--if he breaks off abruptly without giving us any
insight into the feelings of the disciples, Luke does not. He says
that after they had witnessed the departure of Jesus they worshiped
him and returned to Jerusalem with great joy. (24 : 52.) But this
is totally unnatural. We cannot imagine disciples rejoicing in the
loss of their friend. It is not human nature to be glad on such
occasions. We always grieve in parting with friends. The father
grieves when he parts with his son, the mother weeps when she gives
the parting kiss to her daughter. It may be said in reply that the
disciples had faith that Jesus had gone to heaven. But this will not
meet the difficulty, for Christian mothers believe when they part with
their sweet, innocent babes that they go straight to heaven, but does
this belief dry their tears or soothe their anguished hearts? No,
those mothers are frequently tormented to frenzy and even madness
by the intense grief occasioned by loss of their dear ones. It is
human nature to grieve upon the loss of friends, but here we find
disciples who do not mourn when their dearest friend has departed
from them. They were glad of it, and so they "returned to Jerusalem
with great joy." Such a paragraph as this could have been inserted
in the story by some subsequent writer, but never could have been
written by one who had witnessed such an event. Another feature of
this description, as given by Luke, is that it seems to be a slightly
varied copy of the account given of Elijah. "And it came to pass,
as they still went on, and talked, that behold there appeared a
chariot of fire and horses of fire and parted them both asunder;
and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven." (2 Kings 2 : 11.)

How closely Luke's account seems to resemble this! "And he led them
out as far as to Bethany, and he lifted up his hands and blessed
them. And it came to pass while he blessed them he was parted from
them and carried up into heaven." (Luke 24 : 50, 51.) "And when he
had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a
cloud received him out of their sight." (Acts 1 : 9.)

How suggestive is the fact that the writers do not undertake to
tell how he was translated! The writer of the book of Kings gives
us a "chariot of fire" and "a whirlwind" as the modus operandi of
translating Elijah from one world to the other (?), but here there are
no agencies mentioned, and so far as the writers are concerned, there
seems to be nothing incomplete or unreasonable in the statements that
he "was carried up into heaven," and "was taken up and a cloud received
him out of their sight." We must suppose that persons witnessing such
an extraordinary event would have some notions as to the means used
in translating Jesus above the clouds, and that they could not fail
to express them in giving an account of what they had seen. Their
silence on this point, and the utter incredibility of the story make
it apparent that the writer is merely recording myths.

The last chapters of John are silent concerning the ascension. Now,
as it is generally admitted by the best biblical critics that the
last twelve verses of the last chapter of Mark are spurious, we
have then only one of the four biographers of Jesus who mentions the
ascension. It is utterly improbable that these three other writers
should deliberately refuse to give an account of the greatest event
they had ever seen. We must consider the discrepancies of the writers
concerning the number of days that Jesus remained on earth after
his resurrection.

According to Luke's account, he did not remain on earth one
day. "To-day shalt thou be with me in paradise" (Luke 23 : 43)--that
is, in heaven; see 2 Cor. 12 : 4. In this same twenty-third chapter of
Luke, Jesus does not ascend until the third day after his crucifixion;
and in Acts 1 : 3, it is recorded that he was "seen of them forty
days."

Another slight discrepancy occurs in relation to the length of time
Jesus was in the grave. Matthew says (12 : 40), "For as Jonas was
three nights in the whale's belly, so shall the Son of man be three
days and three nights in the heart of the earth." But as Jesus was
only two nights and one day in the grave there is no analogy between
the two, hence the statement is radically erroneous.

An orthodox clergyman critic explains this seeming contradiction
in this way: "In regard to Jesus being only one day and two nights
in the grave, the very same quantity of time 'three days and three
nights,' and which according to our computation was one whole day,
parts of two others and two whole nights, is termed three days and
three nights in the book of Esther. There is no impropriety in this
interpretation." The word "interpretation" as here used is slightly
equivocal, as is also the phrase "according to our computation." It
is peculiar to mathematics that it does not change according to our
computation or any kind of interpretation. It is always true that
two and two make four whether the book of Esther acknowledges the
fact or not. And it not only damages the gospels to bring forth this
sort of evidence, but it seriously derogates from the inspiration of
the book of Esther, which thus attempts in defiance of arithmetic to
make one day and two nights into three days and three nights.

No one saw Jesus come from the grave. When Mary Magdalene came to the
sepulcher, "Behold there was a great earthquake, for the angel of the
Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled back the stone from
the door and sat upon it. His countenance was like lightning and his
raiment white as snow. And for fear of him the keepers did shake and
become as dead men. And the angel answered and said unto the women,
Fear not ye, for I know that ye seek Jesus, which was crucified. He
is not here, for he is risen as he said. Come see the place where
the Lord lay." (Mat. 28 : 2-6.)

We have here the stone at the door of the sepulcher, and yet the body
of Jesus had risen and departed from the tomb. There would seem to be
no need in closing the grave after he had risen. But a more serious
criticism must be made upon the fact that it is not pretended that
there was any eye-witness of Jesus coming from the sepulcher. We
have only the word of an angel, but as a story abounding with
conversations of angels is legendary we are not permitted to take
their testimony. Besides, we have serious contradictions concerning
the number of angels seen. Matthew says there was one angel, and that
he rolled back the stone from the door and sat upon it. Mark says
that when Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of James and Salome,
had brought sweet spices, that they might come and anoint him; and
very early in the morning, etc. "And they said among themselves, Who
shall roll us away the stone from the door of the sepulcher? And when
they looked, they saw that the stone was rolled away, for it was very
great. And entering, they saw a young man sitting on the right side,
clothed in a long white garment, and they were affrighted." (16 : 1-3.)

Luke also says the stone was rolled away when the women came to the
sepulcher, and upon entering in, behold "two men" stood by them in
shining garments. John says Mary saw two angels in white sitting, the
one at the head and the other at the feet where the body of Jesus had
lain. Besides, she sees the stone rolled away from the door. Matthew
records the descent of an angel from heaven; the other biographers of
Jesus know nothing of this starting point of the angel. Matthew here
says that the angel rolled away the stone from the door, but Mark,
Luke, and John say that the stone was rolled from the door of the
sepulcher when Mary Magdalene came to it. Matthew here relates that
Mary Magdalene saw an angel sitting upon the stone at the door outside
of the sepulcher, but Mark says she saw a young man sitting down inside
the sepulcher. Luke avers that she saw two men standing inside of it,
and John affirms that Mary Magdalene sees two men sitting, "one at
the head and the other at the feet where the body of Jesus had lain;"
but they do not tell her that Jesus had risen, as did the angel in
Matthew, and the young man in Mark, and the two men in Luke.

According to John, Jesus first appeared to Mary Magdalene. But
according to Luke Jesus did not first appear to Mary Magdalene, but
to two persons traveling from Jerusalem to Emmaus: the name of one
of them we are told was Cleopas. (Luke 24 : 13.) But this appearance
of Jesus to brethren who were not apostles is clearly legendary. The
other synoptics seem to know nothing of it. It is wholly improbable
that Jesus should, after his resurrection, appear first of all to
two unknown Christians after this manner and accompany them upon such
a journey.

Now all the attendant circumstances of this event are mysterious,
inexplicable, and improbable; and the closing paragraph removes
the account beyond sober history. "And it came to pass as he sat at
meat with them, he took bread and blessed it and broke and gave to
them. And their eyes were opened and they knew him, and he vanished
out of their sight." (Luke 24 : 30, 31.)

"Their eyes were holden," is superstitious, and as for his vanishing
out of sight, we have the most unmistakable traces of legend--the
fruit of ignorance and childish imagination.

We are called upon to believe that with feet, the bones of which were
broken and crushed with the spikes driven through them on the cross,
he traveled back to Jerusalem about as rapidly as did the two persons
with whom he journeyed to Emmaus. How could he walk upon feet thus
crippled? His hands were yet unhealed, although his fellow-travelers
did not perceive such wounds, nor did they notice that he stepped
haltingly.

He possessed the same material body which he had before his death. He
could be seen and touched. All of which shows that he not only
possessed a physical organization, but that it was the same body he
had before his death. And yet this body could vanish from the two
unknown brethren at Emmaus, it could travel rapidly, it could come in
through closed doors, it could ascend from earth out of sight contrary
to the laws of gravitation; he had flesh and bones, and could eat and
drink. "And when he had thus spoken he showed them his hands and his
feet, and while they believed not for joy and wondered, he said unto
them, Have ye any meat? And they took and gave him a piece of broiled
fish and honeycomb, and he took it and did eat before them." (Luke
24 : 41-43.)

It is useless to attempt any explanation of this difficulty by calling
his body a spiritual body. The disciples on this occasion, when Jesus
suddenly appeared among them, thought they had seen a spirit, but Jesus
wishing to disabuse their minds, said, "Behold my hands and my feet,
that it is I myself; handle me and see; for a spirit hath not flesh
and bones, as ye see me have." (Luke 24 : 39.)

If we accept this plain declaration, then, we are forced to enquire
what became of this physical body. It surely must have died. It is
certain that if he ate and drank, he had a nutritive system--a human
organism--subject to death. And what became of this "corruptible
body?" Matthew and John do not pretend to know anything about the
matter. Mark has no knowledge of the final disposition of his body, for
the last twelve verses of Mark are generally regarded as spurious. Why
should not all these writers have possessed the same information that
Luke pretends to have? They do not write to complement and supplement
the writings of one another, but each claims to give the important
features of Jesus' biography independently. Is not the end of Jesus'
career on earth important, in order to understand his life and
character? Three of the four biographers by their silence say either
that there is no importance to be attached to the ascension of Jesus,
or that it was unknown to them; in other words, that it did not occur.

Passing this, we encounter irreconcilable contradictions between
different writers as to the locality where Jesus appeared to his
disciples after his resurrection. Matthew says the angel at the
sepulcher informed the woman to "go quickly and tell his disciple
that he is risen from the dead, and behold he goeth before you into
Galilee; there ye shall see him." (28 : 7.) "And as they went to
tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them and said, All hail!" (28 :
9.) But as the angel had instructed them to go into Galilee, so also
does Jesus give the same command, "Go tell my brethren that they go
into Galilee, and there shall they see me." (28 : 10.)

Mark gives a very similar account of the woman coming to the tomb
and seeing the "young man," who said, "Be not affrighted; ye seek
Jesus of Nazareth, which was crucified; he is risen; he is not here;
behold the place where they laid him. But go your way and tell his
disciples that he goeth before you into Galilee, there ye shall see
him, as he said unto you." (16 : 6, 7.)

The writers of the third and fourth gospels know nothing of any command
to go into Galilee; but on the contrary, Luke relates the command of
Jesus to his disciples to remain where they were until they should
receive blessings from God. "Tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem until
ye be endued with power from on high." (24 : 49.) Here is manifestly
an entire unconsciousness of any necessity of the disciples for going
into Galilee. For, after giving this command, Luke goes on to say,
"He led them out as far as Bethany, and he lifted up his hands and
blessed them. And it came to pass while he blessed them, he was parted
from them, and carried up into heaven." (24 : 50, 51.)

The two gospels of Mark and Luke make no mention of any journey;
but on the contrary, the immediate ascension of Jesus precludes the
possibility of it. Matthew, who knows nothing of any ascension, gives
this very equivocal statement of the affair: "Then the eleven disciples
went away into Galilee into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them,
and when they saw him they worshiped him, but some doubted." (28 :
16, 17.) But this is too vague; the point which would most interest
us to know is what they doubted and who it was that doubted. Another
equally vague expression is found in the fourth gospel, where it
is related of Peter and John that they went into the sepulcher,
"Then went in also that other disciple which came first to the
sepulcher, and they saw and believed" (20 : 8); but what they saw
and believed is not made plain, except that they saw an empty tomb,
or at least one which contained only the "linen clothes;" but what
they believed concerning this empty grave we are not informed. If
their belief maintained any correspondence with what they saw, they
believed that they had seen an empty grave. But our difficulties do
not cease; we are surprised that these early visitors of sepulchers
do not see anything of the material in which Jesus was embalmed. It
is recorded that "there came also Nicodemus which at the first came
to Jesus by night, and brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about
an hundred pound weight." (John 19 : 39.)

It is but natural to suppose that if the linen clothes were laid off,
the myrrh and aloes also would be found lying with them, for there
is no probability that Jesus would go abroad a la mummy. We might
ask where the clothes came from that he wore after coming out of the
sepulcher. His own garments had been taken by the soldiery when he
died, that the scripture might be fulfilled (?), but where is the
scripture fulfilled which informs us whence came his resurrection
garments? He did not go into society nude, and yet we have no evidence
that any provisions were made for a new suit of clothes. Some have
supposed that when Mary saw him and mistook him for the gardener
her mistake arose from the fact that he may have been clothed in the
garments of the gardener. But how did he get possession of them?

We must return to the contradictions in regard to the embalmment
of Jesus. Matthew's version excludes the myrrh and aloes. He says,
"And when Joseph had taken the body, he wrapped it in a clean linen
cloth and laid it in his own new tomb." (27 : 59, 60.)

The fourth gospel, as we have seen, relates that when Joseph
of Arimathea and Nicodemus had received the body of Jesus, they
embalmed it in "a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about an hundred pound
weight." Mark knows nothing of this, and his account wholly excludes
it. Joseph "bought fine linen and took him down and wrapped him
in the linen and laid him in the sepulcher." (15 : 46.) "And when
the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of James,
and Salome, had bought sweet spices that they might come and anoint
him." (16 : 1.) If the women came on the third day to embalm the
body, they certainly knew nothing of its embalmment on the day of
his death. Luke's version also excludes the version of the fourth
gospel. As in Mark, so in Luke, they came on the first day of the week
to perform this rite of embalmment. "And they [the women] returned and
prepared spices and ointments ... and upon the first day of the week,
very early in the morning, they came unto the sepulcher, bringing
the spices which they had prepared." (23 : 56, and 24 : 1.)

Some exegetes have interpreted this, by saying that "the women came
to embalm the body of Jesus, being wholly ignorant of what Joseph and
Nicodemus had done." This might be sufficient if it were not for the
fact that the women saw Jesus after he was put in the tomb. "And Mary
Magdalene and Mary the mother of Jesus beheld where he was laid." (Mark
15 : 47.) Matthew corroborates this: "And there was Mary Magdalene
and the other Mary, sitting over against the sepulcher" (27 : 61)
when Jesus was placed in it.

The obvious meaning of these texts is that they saw him wrapped in
"the fine linen" and laid away in the tomb. Here, then, are the
contradictory statements. The writer of the fourth gospel relates
how Jesus was embalmed on the day of his death; the writers of the
second and third gospels state that the women came on the third day
to perform this service, wholly unconscious of such embalmment having
taken place on the day of Jesus' death; while the writer of the first
gospel knows nothing of the embalmment on the day of his death, nor
of the intended embalmment on the third day. He speaks of the early
visit of the women as coming merely to see the grave. "In the end of
the Sabbath, as it began to dawn, toward the first day of the week,
came Mary Magdalene and the other Mary to see the sepulcher." (28 : 1.)

Further contradictions are found in the statements of the writers
as to the time when the women prepared the spices. Mark says (16 :
11), that when the "Sabbath was past" the women bought spices with
which to anoint the body of Jesus. Luke says they bought them before
the Sabbath; "And they returned and prepared spices and ointments,
and rested on the Sabbath day." (23 : 56.)




Jesus Foretells his Resurrection.

There are a number of passages in the gospels which show that Jesus
told his disciples over and over again that he should rise on the third
day, and there are other passages which as plainly show that they
had no thought of any such resurrection when the third day came. If
he repeatedly told his followers that he was to be put to death in
Jerusalem and rise again the third day, we must conclude that his
disciples would remember his sayings and that at least some of them
would wait for the third day to come, expecting to see the miracle
transpire. But we are astounded to read over and over again of this
"rising again the third day," and yet find no friend remembering or
expecting the event when the third day came. It is urged that Jesus'
followers did not understand his words, but this will not meet the
case. If several of these disciples were intelligent enough to write
the biography of their Master they could not have been so stupid as
not to understand such plain words; besides, we must remember that
his enemies understood him.

The Pharisee said to Pilate, "Sir, we remember that the deceiver said
while he was yet alive, After three days I will rise again."

Pilate said, "Ye have a watch, go your way, make it sure as ye
can." The disciples could not have failed to understand him, because
it was a special effort on the part of Jesus to show that he must
die and rise again on the third day.

"But their eyes were holden that they should not know him." (Luke
24 : 16.)

This miraculous blindness is too irrational to discuss. It is certain
that if their eyesight was good enough to see what was in the tomb
"when it was yet dark" (John 20 : 1), they would surely recognize
an intimate friend if they journeyed with him in the highway in the
middle of the afternoon.

"From that time forth began Jesus to show unto his disciples how
that he must go up to Jerusalem, and suffer many things of the elders
and chief priests and scribes and be killed, and be raised again the
third day." (Mat. 16 : 21.)

"And while they abode in Galilee, Jesus said unto them, The Son of
man shall be betrayed into the hands of men: And they shall kill him,
and the third day he shall rise again." (Mat. 27 : 22, 23.)

"And Jesus going up to Jerusalem took the twelve disciples apart in
the way and said unto them, Behold we go up to Jerusalem and the
Son of man shall be betrayed unto the chiefs and priests and unto
the scribes, and they shall condemn him to death, and shall deliver
him to the Gentiles to mock, and to scourge, and to crucify him:
and the third day he shall rise again." (Mat. 20 : 17-19.)

"And he began to teach them, that the Son of man must suffer many
things, and be rejected of the elders, and of the chief priests and
scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again. And he spoke
that saying openly." (Mark 8 : 31.)

There is not a chance to refer this prediction to the esoteric
teachings of Jesus, for he "spake that saying openly."

"For he taught his disciples, and said unto them, The Son of man is
delivered into the hands of men, and they shall kill him, and after
that he is killed he shall rise the third day." (Mark 9 : 31.)

"And he took again the twelve and began to tell them what things should
happen unto him, saying, Behold, we go up to Jerusalem, and the Son of
man shall be delivered unto the chief priests and unto the scribes, and
they shall condemn him to death, and shall deliver him to the Gentiles,
and they shall mock him, and shall scourge him; and shall spit upon
him; and the third day he shall rise again." (Mark 10 : 32, 33.)

"The Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected of the elders
and chief priests and scribes, and be slain, and be raised the third
day." (Luke 9 : 22.)

"Then he took unto him the twelve, and said unto them, Behold, we
go up to Jerusalem, and all things that are written concerning the
Son of man shall be accomplished. For he shall be delivered unto the
Gentiles, and shall be mocked and spitefully entreated and spitted
upon; and they shall scourge him, and put him to death, and the third
day he shall rise again." (Luke 18 : 31-33.)

These teaching are so plain and repeated so often that it is
inconceivable that his disciples should not comprehend his meaning. If
these passages had been as enigmatical as the following, there might
have been some grounds for the claim of ignorance or dullness on the
part of the disciples: "For as Jonas was three days and three nights
in the whale's belly, so shall the Son of man be three days and three
nights in the heart of the earth." (Mat. 12 : 40.)

But the above predictions have nothing dark or obscure about them. The
time of his resurrection is always specified as the third day.




None of the Disciples Looking for a Resurrection.

With these numerous predictions of his resurrection before us, let us
see whether they can be made to harmonize with other statements on the
subject. When immediately after the transfiguration Jesus warns his
disciples not to reveal what they had seen until after he had risen
from the dead, we are told that they questioned among themselves
"what rising from the dead should mean." (Mark 9 : 2.)

How is it possible that such doubt and surprise could be expressed
by men who had first witnessed the resurrection of Moses and Elias,
and who had also seen the resurrection of the daughter of Jairus,
the son of the widow of Nain and Lazarus!

Now it is plain that if they had ever witnessed these miraculous
resurrections, they could not possibly have wondered "what the rising
from the dead should mean." Both statements cannot be true, for if
they thus wondered, it is proof enough that they had never seen the
dead raised to life; and if they did not so express themselves, then
the gospels are unhistorical. That they never queried in this manner
among themselves is evident from the fact that the resurrection from
the dead was at that time a doctrine generally accepted by the Jews. It
is evident that those who undertook the embalmment of Jesus had no
thought of his resurrection within forty-eight hours. But suppose it
conceded that Jesus was deserted by his immediate friends, and his body
handed over to Joseph and Nicodemus, who embalmed it in "a mixture of
myrrh and olives about one hundred pound," possibly being ignorant
of the repeated predictions of his resurrection on the third day,
which were made to the disciples; still this is unavailing, as the
disciples are also ignorant of any rising from the dead to take place
on the third day. The women undertook the task of embalming the body
of Jesus, but they seem not to have got fully prepared for the task
until the third day. When his body was taken down from the cross and
wrapped in linen and put in the sepulcher, "the women also which came
with him from Galilee followed after, and beheld the sepulcher and how
his body was laid, and they returned and prepared spices and ointments,
and rested the Sabbath day according to the commandment. Now upon the
first day of the week, very early in the morning, they came unto the
sepulcher, bringing the spices which they had prepared." (Luke 23 :
55, 56, and 24 : 1.)

"In the end of the Sabbath as it began to dawn toward the first
day of the week, came Mary Magdalene, and the other Mary to see the
sepulcher." (Mat. 27 : 61.)

These two writers, while not agreeing on the object of the women's
visiting the sepulcher, nevertheless do agree that they did not go
expecting to see the sepulcher empty.

This early visit was made ostensibly to anoint or embalm the body
of Jesus. Mary Magdalene and the other women did not even dream of a
resurrection--she did not come expecting to find the tomb empty, but
was concerned to know how they should remove the stone from the mouth
of the tomb. It is evident that if she had heard Jesus say repeatedly
that on the third day after his death he would rise again, she would
not have forgotten it; and if she had, she must have recollected his
predictions when she found the grave empty. In fact she never once
thinks of a resurrection, but when she sees the empty grave, exclaims,
"They have taken away the Lord out of the sepulcher, and we know not
where they have laid him." (John 20 : 2.)

Luke says that, "As the women were much perplexed thereabout, behold
two men stood by them in shining garments, and as they were afraid,
and bowed themselves to the earth [people usually run away when they
are frightened] they said unto them, Why seek ye the living among the
dead? He is not here, but is risen; remember how he spoke unto you
when he was yet in Galilee, saying: The Son of man must be delivered
into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified, and the third day
rise again. And they remembered his words." (Luke 24 : 5-8.)

This is evidently an afterthought, an effort to fill out an imperfect
record, but the patch is too perceptible; for had it been that
the women needed only to have their memory jogged to recollect the
prediction of Jesus concerning his rising from the dead on the third
day, we may infer that a similar reminder would refresh the memory
of the eleven, but on the contrary they scouted the idea of such
a thing. The women "returned from the sepulcher and told all these
things unto the eleven, and the rest ... And their words seemed to
them as idle tales, and they believed them not." (24 : 9, 11.)

Mark also says that the eleven did not believe the story of Mary
Magdalene: "She went out and told them that had been with him, as they
mourned and wept. And they, when they had heard that he was alive,
and had been seen of her, believed not." (16 : 10, 11.)

They also had not so much as a dream of the resurrection of Jesus. They
were not waiting and watching for the third day to come that they
might see the predictions of Jesus fulfilled and their hearts filled
to overflowing with joy at the sight. They were not at the sepulcher,
as we might naturally expect. True, it was not too early for the
women impelled by human love to be there with ointments and spices;
but the eleven who were baptized with heavenly love (John 20 : 22),
entertained not the first thought of visiting the grave. And even when
the marvelous scenes witnessed by the women are clearly stated to the
eleven who had heard him teach that he must go up to Jerusalem and be
killed and the third day rise again--who had heard this teaching and
prediction repeatedly and openly, and in the plainest language, and yet
did not believe anything in it or in the report of the women--all this
is simply incredible. We are forced to conclude that if they were not
at the tomb on the third day, and scouted the story of the women--for
"their words seemed to them as idle tales"--they had never once heard
Jesus say he would rise from the dead on the third day.

Luke says, that of the eleven only Peter went to the sepulcher, and
that stooping down "he saw the linen clothes laid by themselves, and
departed wondering in himself at that which had come to pass."
(24 : 12.)

He wonders, but expresses no thought of a resurrection. The writer
of the fourth gospel contradicts Luke in saying that there were two
persons who went to the sepulcher on that occasion. "Peter therefore
went forth, and that other disciple, and came to the sepulcher.... Then
went in also that other disciple, which came first to the sepulcher,
and he saw and believed. For as yet they knew not the Scripture,
that he must rise again from the dead." (John 20 : 3, 9, 10.)

"He saw and believed," but we are not told what he believed. He did not
certainly believe in the resurrection of Jesus. "For as yet they knew
not the Scripture, that he must rise again." This passage is plainly
legendary. It belongs to a later age when the dogma began to control
the minds of Christians; for it is true that the early Christians
did not insist so much upon the evidence of miracles as they did
upon the prophecies. It must have been written long after that time,
for it is not the "scriptures" they needed to know to be informed
concerning his resurrection, but the plain language of Jesus which he
had with special effort, and in an open manner uttered in their ears
but a few days before. It was wholly needless for them to know the
scriptures in order to recollect these prophetic predictions. Regard
these statements as we may, they are certainly unhistorical. For if
Jesus so frequently spoke of his death and subsequent resurrection,
then it is certain that they would have remembered his words, and
if they had not cherished them with faith, yet when they had heard
from the women of the empty grave, they would without doubt, have
recalled his predictions, and claimed their fulfillment. But they
do no such thing. They said of the women's story what was probably
true, that "their words seemed to them as idle tales, and [therefore]
they believed them not."




The Evidence of Paul on the Resurrection of Jesus.

He gives his testimony in this form: "For I delivered unto you first
of all that which I also received, that Christ died for our sins
according to the Scriptures, and was buried, and that he rose again
the third day according to the Scriptures. And that he was seen by
Cephas, then by the twelve. After that he was seen of above five
hundred brethren at once, of whom the greater part remain unto this
present, but some are fallen asleep. After that he was seen by James,
then by all the Apostles. And last of all he was seen of me also,
as of one born out of due time." (1 Cor. 15 : 4-8.)

In this statement Paul does not pretend to have witnessed the event
himself, but preaches it as a doctrine which he had "received." He
speaks of it as a tradition, "that Christ died for our sins according
to the Scriptures, and that he was buried, and that he rose again
the third day according to the Scriptures."

This language betrays the influence of the dogma of a later date;
for the writer in speaking of the five hundred by whom Jesus was
said to have been seen says, "of whom the greater part remain unto
this present [day] but some are fallen asleep." "Unto this present"
[day] shows that the writer is making his record long after the event.

Paul wrote probably about twenty-five years after the date of the
events he records. And the writers of the gospels also wrote at a
late date. Matthew says, "And this saying is commonly reported among
the Jews until this day." (28 : 15.)

The phrase "until this day" points out the fact that the gospel records
were not completed until long after the time of their occurrence. In
addition to this, there were many gospels recording the life and
doings of Jesus. "Forasmuch as many have taken in hand to set forth
in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed
among us." (Luke 1 : 1.) "Believed among us"--he did not know, but
merely believed these things. Now suppose we had these other gospels,
what harmony could we expect to find among the imaginary five hundred
if they had left a record of what was "most surely believed."

"He was seen by Cephas." It is significant of Paul's independence,
that while the writers of the four gospels all explicitly declare that
Jesus first appeard to Mary Magdalene, Paul knows nothing of such an
appearance. That he makes no mention of this first appearance of Jesus
is evidence that he wrote independently of others, as he said he did,
and also that he wrote before the evangelists wrote. He had no honors
to bestow upon women, as his writings show, and if he had ever heard
of this appearance to Mary Magdalene, he concluded that it was "an
idle tale." (Luke 24 : 11.)

It is noticeable also that although this doctrine is "received" as
a prediction of the scriptures, yet no one is recorded in either of
the gospels or writings of Paul as having seen Jesus rise from the
sepulcher. Even though it is affirmed that Mary Magdalene and the
other Mary had seen the angel from heaven roll back the stone from
the mouth of the sepulcher, yet they did not witness any resurrection.

All that Paul "received" on this subject was the current traditions. As
a Pharisee, he believed in the doctrine of a general resurrection,
and it was most natural for him to accept such tradition into his
belief. That he wrote under the influence of a later age, when the
dogma began to assume character, is manifest in the recourse he has to
scripture evidences. "And that he rose again the third day according
to the Scriptures." (1 Cor. 15 : 4.) But the passages usually cited as
proof-predictions that Jesus should rise from the dead, when examined,
cannot be regarded as Messianic at all; for the idea of a suffering
Messiah was wholly foreign to the Jewish mind. The scriptures usually
cited are Isaiah 53; Psalms 22 and 69; Psalms 16 : 10; Hosea 6 : 2.

As illustrating the free use made of the scriptures, we have only to
compare Matthew 12 : 40 with parallel passages of Mark and Luke. Mark
(8 : 11), says, "And the Pharisees came forth and began to question
with him, seeking of him a sign from heaven, tempting him. And he
sighed deeply in his spirit and saith, Why doth this generation seek
after a sign? Verily I say unto you, there shall no sign be given
unto this generation."

Luke (11 : 29-31) states that "when the people were gathered thick
together, he began to say, This is an evil generation; they seek a
sign; and there shall no sign be given it, but the sign of Jonas the
prophet. For as Jonas was a sign unto the Ninevites, so shall the
Son of man be to this generation."

Matthew gives two versions of this incident, "A wicked and adulterous
generation seeketh after a sign, and there shall be no sign but the
sign of the prophet Jonas." (16 : 4.) "Certain of the scribes and
of the Pharisees answered, saying, Master, we would see a sign from
thee. But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous
generation seeketh after a sign, and there shall no sign be given to
it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas. For as Jonas was three days
and three nights in the whale's belly so shall the Son of man be three
days and three nights in the heart of the earth." (Mat. 12 : 38-41.)

Here it will be observed is an illustration of the growth of the
dogma and myth in adding this reference to Jonas. And it is highly
significant that the application of the myth of Jonas is wholly
fanciful, as the passage referred to (Jonah 1 : 17.) has not the
slightest character of prophecy. That the scriptures are evidently
tortured is obvious from the fact that Jesus was only one day and two
nights in the heart of the earth, and, as before said, the passage
is not prophetic; besides, its varied form in the gospels plainly
shows it to be a myth.

"He was seen by Cephas, then by the twelve, and after that he was
seen by above five hundred brethren at once." But there were only
eleven Apostles until after the ascension, when Matthias was elected
to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Judas. "And they gave
forth their lots, and the lot fell upon Matthias; and he was numbered
with the eleven apostles." (Acts 1 : 26.)

This election of Matthias took place after the ascension. He could not
therefore have been seen by the "twelve" after his ascension (and there
were not twelve until after the ascension), only by the "eye of faith."

That Jesus was seen by above five hundred is nothing more than naked
statement. Paul does not claim to have been one of that number. This
episode, moreover, is not mentioned in any of the four gospels. It
is remarkable that so great an event should be passed over by other
writers also, for not a trace of it can be found elsewhere. It is
difficult for us to understand how this marvelous scene could so
completely perish out of sight of all writers except one who was not
present, but merely heard of it afterward. That Paul may have believed
the story we do not deny--and that he believed that the greater part of
the witnesses "remain unto this present" time. Now if these survivors
remained he does not mention the names of any of them. And besides,
they were not within reach of the Corinthians who might wish to hear
and investigate their testimony, for the Corinthians did not accept
the resurrection of Jesus as a matter of fact.

How could five hundred disciples come together immediately at one
time, when some time after the ascension the number of disciples at
Jerusalem was only one hundred and twenty? (Acts 1 : 15.)

We need to know something of the character of those who gave Paul
this information, and the sources of their knowledge. For it is
all-important to our inquiry to know from whom Paul received these
traditions and what evidences his informants had of the truth of the
story they told. To believe in the reality of these appearances simply
because Paul states that he has "received" his information from others
and believes it to be true, without inquiring as to the character
of his informers, is the blindest credulity. Who were the five
hundred? What did they think of the event? How did Paul or any other
person know what they thought, if there were no written statements
by them? Where and when did the five hundred see the risen Jesus?

"Last of all he was seen by me." In another place he says, "Have I
not seen Jesus Christ our Lord?" (1 Cor. 9 : 1.)

Elsewhere he relates: "But when he was pleased, God, who separated me
from my mother's womb, and called me through his grace to reveal his
son in me, that I might preach him among the heathen, immediately
I conferred not with flesh and blood, but I went into Arabia and
returned again to Damascus." (Gal. 1 : 15-17.)

"For neither did I receive it from men nor was taught it, but through
the revelation of Jesus Christ." (Gal. 1 : 11.) We shall find as we
proceed that Paul saw Jesus subjectively. It is quite natural to so
understand his words, "reveal his son in me." Especially does this
seem obvious when we remember that Paul was a man who firmly believed
in visions and revelations. In relating his own experience he states
this fact plainly. "I knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago
(whether in the body I cannot tell--God knoweth), such a one caught
up to the third heaven. And I knew such a man (whether in the body or
out of the body, I cannot tell--God knoweth) how that he was caught
up into paradise and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful
for man to utter. Of such an one will I glory." (2 Cor. 12 : 2-4.)

In Acts there are three contradictory accounts of his seeing
Jesus in a vision. "And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus:
and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven. And
he fell to the earth and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul,
why persecutest thou me? And he said, Who art thou, Lord? And the
Lord said I am Jesus, whom thou persecutest: it is hard for thee
to kick against the pricks. And he, trembling and astonished, said,
Lord, what wilt thou have me to do? And the Lord said unto him, Arise,
and go into the city, and it will be told thee what thou must do. And
the men which journeyed with him stood speechless, hearing a voice,
but seeing no man." (Acts 9 : 3-7.)

A second version is in this form: "And it came to pass that as I made
my journey and was come nigh unto Damascus about noon, suddenly there
shone from heaven a great light round about me. And I fell unto the
ground, and heard a voice saying unto me Saul, Saul, why persecutest
thou me? And I answered, Who art thou, Lord? And he said unto me,
I am Jesus of Nazareth, whom thou persecutest. And they that were
with me saw indeed the light and were afraid, but they heard not
the voice of him that spoke to me. And I said, Lord, what wilt thou
have me do? And the Lord said unto me, Arise, and go into Damascus,
and there it shall be told thee of all the things which are appointed
for thee to do." (Acts 22 : 6-10.)

The third account of the affair is given thus: "Whereupon as I went
to Damascus with authority and commission from the chief priests,
at mid-day, O king, I saw in the way alight from heaven, above the
brightness of the sun, shining round about me. And when we were all
fallen to the earth, I heard a voice speaking unto me, saying, in the
Hebrew tongue, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me? it is hard for
thee to kick against the pricks. And I said, Who art thou, Lord? And
he said, I am Jesus of Nazareth, whom thou persecutest.... Whereupon,
O king, I was not disobedient unto the heavenly vision." (Acts 26 :
9-19.)

According to the first account the companions of Paul "stood
speechless" (9 : 7); in the third they "all fall to the earth." (26 :
14.) Then again, in the first account it is said that the men "stood
speechless, hearing the voice, but seeing no one." In the second it
is stated that "they that were with me saw indeed the light, but they
heard not the voice." These contradictions do not seem to clothe the
vision of Paul with the acceptable form of harmony.

It will be observed that even in this vision Paul is not described
as seeing Jesus. He sees a light and falls to the ground, and when
he rises he is blind. "And they led him by the hand and brought him
to Damascus. And he was three days without sight." (9 : 8.)

In the continuation of this account Paul has another vision: "And it
came to pass that when I was come again to Jerusalem, even while I
prayed in the temple, I was in a trance, and saw him saying unto me,
Make haste and get thee out of Jerusalem." (22 : 17, 18.)

In connection with these visions and revelations it is highly
significant that Paul never claims to have seen Jesus in the flesh, and
he never speaks of the resurrection as material, but as spiritual. "It
is sown a natural body, it is raised a spiritual body." (1 Cor. 15 :
44.) "Who shall change our vile bodies that it may be fashioned like
unto his glorious body," (Phil. 3 : 21.) Evidently there is no claim
for seeing Jesus in the body made by Paul in any of his writings. He
preaches the doctrine of the resurrection, but this doctrine he, as
a Pharisee, believed before he became a Christian. Paul claims that
in a vision he saw Jesus. Luke says that this was also the manner in
which Mary Magdalene and the other women saw Jesus. "And when they
found not his body, they came, saying, that they had also seen a
vision of angels, which said that he was alive." (24 : 2, 3.)

This gives force to the claim of Paul, that his seeing or vision of
Jesus was of the same class as the visions of all the others who had
seen him.

Thus, after a careful examination of the writings attributed to the
immediate followers of Jesus, we find that not one of them says, "I
saw Jesus rise from the grave;" or "I saw Jesus in the flesh after his
resurrection." In legendary style it is frequently repeated that he
"appeared" first to this and then to that one, but there is not the
slightest evidence that any one saw him. And in this connection it
is worthy of remark that Jesus did not appear to any persons except
his friends. This gives better occasion for suspicion that the story
is mythical.

"Him God raised up the third day, and showed him openly, not to all the
people, but unto witnesses chosen before of God, even to us who did eat
and drink with him." (Acts 10 : 41.) To appear to a few private friends
for one day does not seem much like bringing life and immortality to
light to the whole world. The method is too narrow and exclusive. And
even of these few friends not one has left the record for us of what
he saw. The writers who have recorded the current traditions of their
time, agree in saying that Mary Magdalene found the grave empty:
further than this the writers do not corroborate one another.

How soon the resurrection of the physical body became popular we
have no means of knowing. It was not certainly until some time after
the writings of Paul were given to the churches, for he, as we have
seen, speaks, of it as a spiritual resurrection. So also does Peter
(1 Peter 3 : 13), speak of Jesus "being slain in the flesh, but made
alive again in the spirit."

The legend became more and more marvelous as it spread
abroad. Enthusiasm inflamed the minds of the ignorant and superstitious
until the subjective visions of Paul became crystalized into objective
realities. His visions, and the visions, revelations and messages
of the angels of others were reduced in popular belief to historical
facts.







CHRISTIANITY WITHOUT HISTORICAL BASIS.


1. No one of the four gospels is mentioned in any other part of the
New Testament. [This assuredly would not have been the case had they
been the oldest, and the foundation on which the whole was built.]

2. No work of art of any kind has ever been discovered, no painting
or engraving, no sculpture or other relic of antiquity which may be
looked upon as furnishing additional evidence of the existence of
those gospels, and which was executed earlier than the latter part of
the second century. Even the explorations of the Christian catacombs
failed to bring to light any evidence of that character.

3. The four gospels were written in Greek, and there was no translation
of them into other languages earlier than the third century.

4. No manuscript of the gospels are in existence dating further back
than the fourth century. Of that century, or the next, there are three
or four, and some twenty or thirty, more than a thousand years old.

5. No autograph manuscript of any of the gospels has ever been known,
so far as there is any authentic record, nor has any credible witness
ever claimed to have seen such a manuscript. No one has ever claimed
to have seen such a manuscript of either of the four gospels in
the hand-writing of Luke, Mark, Matthew, or John. If the autograph
manuscripts had ever existed they would have been preserved among
the most sacred relics of the church.

6. During the first two centuries tradition was esteemed of more
value and better evidence of the gospel history, than any written
books or manuscripts.

7. The dialect in which the New Testament books were written,
a sort of Hebraistic Greek, has been considered evidence of their
antiquity. But this dialect prevailed three centuries after Christ,
and was in full use during the second century. The same or similar
Hebraisms abound in the apocryphal gospels of that age.

8. The canonical gospels were selected by the bishops from a large
number then in circulation.



In taking a general review of the first hundred and seventy
years of the Christian religion the first thing that strikes the
mind is the dearth of material from which to construct a reliable
history. It is seen at once how much must rest upon probability in
its different degrees--how much must be relegated to the province of
speculation. The works of the only church historian who wrote during
that period, lost or destroyed the few fragments that are left being
of comparatively no value--the writings of Porphyry and others who
wrote against Christianity, and those of the heretic Christians,
all destroyed--there remain only the works of some of the orthodox
fathers, and the text of those in a mutilated and corrupted condition.

Such is the material at the hands of the historian. Of course he cannot
rely implicitly upon the unsupported assertion of any such writer
for the truth of any historical fact whatever. In every instance
he is obliged to scrutinize carefully, and endeavor to ascertain
whether any ulterior motives may have prompted whatever statement
may be under consideration. If he can find none, and the fact stands
uncontradicted by other writers, it is cautiously accepted. Under
such circumstances progress is slow and uncertain. The most that any
writer can hope to accomplish is to place in proper shape what is
already known, and to establish here and there a landmark for the
benefit of subsequent historians.

In conclusion, as the result of this investigation, it may be repeated
that no evidence is found of the existence in the first century of
either of the following doctrines: the immaculate conception--the
miracles of Christ--the material resurrection. No one of these gospels
is found in the epistles of the New Testament, nor have we been able
to find them in other writings of the first century.

As to the four gospels, in coming to the conclusion that they
were not written in the first century, we have but recorded
the conviction of the most advanced scholars of the present day,
irrespective of their religious views in other respects; with whom
as now presented, is, How early in the second century were they
composed? Discarding as inventions of the second century, having no
historical foundation, the three doctrines above named, and much else
which must necessarily stand or fall with them, what remains of the
Christian religion? (C. B. Waite, "History of the Christian Religion
to the year 200.")




The Canon.

"The infancy of the canon was cradled in an uncritical age and rocked
with traditional ease. Conscientious care was not directed from the
first to the well authenticated testimony of eye-witnesses. Of the
three fathers who contributed most to its early growth, Irenaeus was
credulous and blundering; Tertullian passionate and one-sided; and
Clement, of Alexandria, imbued with the treasures of Greek wisdom,
was mainly occupied with ecclesiastical ethics.

"Irenaeus agrees that the gospels should be four in number, neither more
nor less, because there are four universal winds and four quarters
of the world. The Word or Architect of all things gave the gospel in
a four-fold shape. According to this father the apostles were fully
informed concerning all things, and had a perfect knowledge after
their Lord's ascension.

"He says, 'Matthew wrote his gospels while Peter and Paul were
preaching in Rome, and founding the church.' Such assertions show
both ignorance and exaggeration.

"Tertullian affirms that the tradition of the apostolic churches
guarantees the four gospels, and refers his readers to the churches
of Corinth, Philippi, Ephesus, etc., for the authentic epistles of
Paul. What is this but the rhetoric of an enthusiast?

"Clement contradicts himself in making Peter authorize Mark's gospel
to be read in the churches, while in another place he says the apostles
'neither forbade nor encouraged it.'

"The three fathers of whom we are speaking had neither the ability
nor inclination to examine the genesis of documents surrounded with an
apostolic halo. No analysis of their authenticity and genuineness was
seriously attempted. In its absence, custom, accident, taste, practical
needs, directed the tendency of tradition. All the rhetoric employed
to throw the value of their testimony as far back as possible, even up
to or very near to the apostle John, is of the vaguest sort. Appeals to
the continuity of tradition and of church doctrine, to the exceptional
veneration of these fathers for the gospels, to their opinions being
formed earlier than the composition of the works in which they are
expressed, possess no force.

"The ends which the fathers in question had in view, their polemic
motives, their uncritical, inconsistent assertions, their want of sure
data, detract from their testimony. Their decisions were much more
the result of pious feeling, biased by the theological speculations
of the times, than the conclusions of a sound judgment. The very
arguments they use to establish certain conclusions show weakness of
perception. What are the manifestations of spiritual feeling compared
with the result of logical reasoning?" (Davidson on the Canon.)

Thus we have the testimony of one of the ablest and clearest
minds that has ever written upon the canon which the fathers most
depended upon to establish the authenticity of the small books
forming it, were "ignorant," "credulous," "blundering," "passionate,"
"one-sided," "uncritical," "inconsistent," "possessed undue enthusiasm
with contradictions;" "not possessing ability or inclination to
examine;" "attempting no analysis of genuineness;" "an unreasonable
apostolic reverence." "Custom, accident, taste, and the tendency of
tradition taking the place of careful examination;" "a disposition
to misrepresent;" "exceptional veneration of the fathers for the
gospels older than the composition;" "want of data;" "their decisions
the result of pious feeling based upon [incorrect] theological
speculations;" "unsound judgment;" "weakness of perception;" "lack
of logical reasoning." These are the characteristics of the fathers
depended upon to establish the authenticity of a gospel story which
has no solid foundation to rest upon and which is clearly of an
apocryphal character. ("Answers to Christian Questions" pp. 69-70,
by D. M. Bennett.)

"One hundred and seventy years from the coming of Christ elapsed
before the collection assumed a form that carried with it the idea
of holy and inspired." (Davidson on the Canon, p. 106.)

"It is clear that the earliest church fathers did not use the books of
the New Testament as sacred documents clothed with divine authority,
but followed for the most part, at least till the middle of the second
century, apostolic tradition orally transmitted." (Ibid, p. 107.)

"Their decisions (the fathers) were much more the result of pious
feeling biased by the theological speculations of the times, than
the conclusions of a sound judgment. The very arguments they use to
establish certain conclusions show weakness of perception." (Ibid
p. 124.)

"The men who first canonized them (the gospels) had no certain
knowledge of their authors." (Ibid p. 127.)

"That Luke did not write the gospel of Luke." (Ibid 2, p. 25.)

"The canon was not the work of the Christian Church so much as of
the men who were striving to form the church." (Ibid p. 129.)

"Professor Davidson says that the Gospel of Matthew, as we have
it now could not have been written by Matthew. Intro. New Test. 1,
p. 484. He says that the present Gospel of Mark was not written by
Mark and that its author is unknown." (Ibid 2, p. 83, 84.)

Of John's Gospel he says:

"Its existence before 140 A. D. is incapable either of decision or
probable showing. The Johannine authorship has receded before the
tide of modern criticism, and though this tide is arbitrary at times,
it is here irresistible.

"No certain traces of the existence of the fourth gospel can be found
till after Justin Martyr, that is till after the middle of the second
century." (Ibid 2, p. 520.)




The Value of Papias' Testimony.

"Suppose Papias is referring to our present gospel of Mark, what
testimony have we to the authenticity of Jesus' words as contained
in it? Just this: Eusebius says that Papias said that John the
presbyter said that Mark said that Peter said that Jesus said thus
and so." (Keeler's "Short History of the Bible," p. 19.)




Ignorance and Dishonesty of the Early Fathers.

That the charge of ignorance justly attaches to many of the fathers
of the church, and that of dishonesty as well, there is abundant
evidence, but a small portion of this can be given here. Mosheim,
in part 2 chapter 3 of his "Ecclesiastical History," says:

"The interest of virtue and true religion suffered yet more
grievously by the monstrous errors that were universally adopted
in this century, and became a source of innumerable calamities and
mischiefs of succeeding ages. The first of these maxims was that it was
an act of virtue to deceive and lie when by that means the interest
of the church might be promoted; and the second, equally horrible,
though in another point of view, was "that errors in religion, when
maintained and adhered to after proper admonition were punishable with
civil penalties and corporal tortures." The former of these erroneous
maxims was now of long standing. It had been adopted for long ages
past, and had produced an incredible number of ridiculous fables,
fictitious prodigies, and pious frauds to the remarkable detriment to
that glorious cause in which they were employed. And it must be frankly
confessed that the greatest men and the most eminent saints of this
century [the fourth] were more or less tainted with the infection of
this corrupt principle, as will appear evident to such as look with an
attentive eye to their writings and actions. We would willingly except
from this charge Ambrose, and Hiliary Augustine, Gregory Nazianzen,
and Jerome; but truth, which is more respectable than these venerable
fathers, obliges us to involve them in the general accusation."

At another time he says, as translated by Vidal:

"At the time when he [Hermas] wrote, it was an established maxim
with many Christians to avail themselves of fraud and deception,
if it was likely they would conduce toward the attainment of any
considerable good."

He again says:

"It was considered that they who made it their business to deceive,
with a view of promoting the cause of truth, were deserving rather
of commendation than censure."

The French Protestant writer, Casaubon, talks in a similar way, thus:

"It mightily affects me to see how many there were in the earliest
times of the church who considered it a capital exploit to lend to
heavenly truth the help of their own inventions in order that the
new doctrine might be received by the wise among the Gentiles. These
officious lies, they said, were devised for a good end."

Le Clerc, corroborating these opinions, says:

"Dissemblers of truth are nowhere to be met with in such abundance
as among the writers of church history."

M. Daille, another learned and impartial French writer, in his
celebrated work, the "Use of the Fathers," says:

"We find them saying things which they did not themselves believe. They
are mutually witnesses against each other, that they are not to be
believed absolutely on their bare word."

In book 1, chapter 6, he states upon the authority of St. Jerome, that:

"Origin, Methodius, Eusebius, Apollonaris, have written largely against
Celsus and Porphyry. Do but observe their manner of arguing, and
what slippery problems they used. They alleged against the Gentiles,
not what they believed, but what they thought necessary."

Jerome himself adds:

"I forbear mentioning the Latin writers, as Tertullian, Cyprian,
Minutius, Victorinus, Lactantius, Hiliary, lest I should rather seem
to accuse others than defend myself."

Daille adds of the fathers:

"They made no scruple to forge whole books."

An able writer in the Eclectic Review of 1814, page 179, speaks of
the fathers in this way:

"When we consider the number of gospels, acts, epistles, revelations,
traditions, and constitutions which were put in circulation during
the first three centuries, and which are unquestionably spurious,
we find sufficient reason for examining with care and receiving
with extreme caution productions attributed to eminent men in the
primitive church. Some of the early Christians do not seem to have
possessed in some points a nice sense of moral obligation. The writing
of books under false names, and the circulating of fables, were not
accounted violations of duty; or, if the impropriety of such conduct
was felt, the end proposed--the promotion of the Christian cause--was
thought to justify the means employed for the accomplishment. (From
D. M. Bennett's "Answers to Christian Questions," p. 78-80.)




Jesus Not a Historical Character.

The following very pertinent argument is made use of by the
Rev. S. Baring-Gould in his "Lost and Hostile Gospels": "It is somewhat
remarkable that no contemporary, or even early account of the life of
our Lord exists, except from the pen of Christian writers. That we
have none by Greek or Roman writers is not, perhaps, to be wondered
at; but it is singular that neither Philo, Josephus, nor Justus
of Tiberius, should ever have alluded to Christ or to primitive
Christianity. Philo was born at Alexandria about twenty years before
Christ. In the year A. D. 40 he was sent by the Alexandrian Jews on
a mission to Caligula, to entreat the emperor not to put in force his
order that his statue should be erected in the temple of Jerusalem and
in all the synagogues of the Jews. Philo was a Pharisee. He traveled
in Palestine, and speaks of the Essenes he saw there; but he says
not a word about Jesus Christ or his followers. It is possible that
he may have heard of the new sect, but he probably concluded it was
but insignificant, and consisted merely of the disciples, poor and
ignorant, of a Galilean rabbi, whose doctrines he, perhaps did not
stay to inquire into, and supposed they did not differ fundamentally
from the traditional teaching of the rabbis of his day."




The Spurious Passage in Josephus.

"At this time lived Jesus, a wise man [if indeed he ought to be
called a man]; for he performed wonderful works [he was a teacher of
men who received the truth with gladness]; and he drew to him many
Jews and also many Greeks. [This was the Christ.] But when Pilate,
at the instigation of our chiefs, had condemned him to crucifixion,
they who at first loved him did not cease; [for he appeared to them
on the third day again; for the divine prophets had foretold this,
together with many other wonderful things concerning him], and even
to this time the community of Christians called after him, continues
to exist."

That this passage is spurious has been almost universally
acknowledged. One may be accused perhaps of killing dead birds, if
one again examines and discredits the passage; but as the silence of
Josephus on the subject which we are treating is a point on which it
will be necessary to insist, we cannot omit as brief a discussion as
possible of the celebrated passage.

The passage is first quoted by Eusebius (fl. A. D. 315) in two
places (Hist. Eccl. lib. 1. c. 11; Demonst. Evang. lib. 3.),
but it was unknown to Justin Martyr (fl. A. D. 140), Clement of
Alexandria (fl. A. D. 192), Tertullian (fl. A. D. 193), and Origen
(fl. A. D. 230). Such a testimony would certainly have been produced
by Justin in his apology, or in his controversy with Trypho the Jew,
had it existed in the copies of Josephus at his time. The silence
of Origen is still more significant. Celsus in his book against
Christianity introduces a Jew. Origen attacks the arguments of
Celsus and his Jew. He could not have failed to quote the words of
Josephus, whose writings he knew, had the passage existed in the
genuine text. He indeed distinctly affirms that Josephus did not
believe in Christ. (Contra. Celsus 1.)

Again the paragraph interrupts the chain of ideas in the original
text. Before this passage comes an account of how Pilate, seeing there
was a want of pure drinking water in Jerusalem, conducted a stream into
the city from a spring two hundred stadia distant, and ordered that
the cost should be defrayed out of the treasury of the Temple. This
occasioned a riot. Pilate disguised Roman soldiers as Jews, with
swords under their cloaks, and sent them among the rabble, with orders
to arrest the ringleaders. This was done. The Jews finding themselves
set upon by other Jews, fell into confusion; one Jew attacked another,
and the whole company of rioters melted away. "And in this manner,"
says Josephus, "was this insurrection suppressed." Then follows the
paragraph about Jesus, beginning, "At this time lived Jesus, a wise
man, if indeed one ought to call him a man," etc., and the passage is
immediately followed by, "About this time another misfortune threw the
Jews into disturbance; and in Rome an event happened in the temple of
Isis which produced great scandal." And then he tells an indelicate
story of religious deception which need not be repeated here. The
misfortune which befell the Jews was, as he afterward relates, that
Tiberius drove them out of Rome. The reason of this was, he says, that
a noble Roman lady who had become a proselyte, had sent gold and purple
to the temple at Jerusalem. But this reason is not sufficient. It is
clear from what precedes--a story of sacerdotal fraud--that there was
some connection between the incidents in the mind of Josephus. Probably
the Jews had been guilty of religious deceptions in Rome, and had made
a business of performing cures and expelling demons, with talismans,
and incantations, and for this had obtained rich payment.

From the connection that exists between the passage about the
"other misfortune which befell the Jews," and the former one about
the riot suppressed by Pilate, it appears evident that the whole of
the paragraph concerning our Lord is an interpolation. That Josephus
could not have written the passage as it stands, is clear enough, for
only a Christian would speak of Jesus in the terms employed. Josephus
was a Pharisee and a Jewish priest; he shows in all his writings that
he believes in Judaism.

It has been suggested that Josephus may have written about Christ
as in the passage quoted, but that the portions within brackets are
the interpolations of a Christian copyist. But when these portions
within brackets are removed, the passage loses all its interest
and is a dry statement utterly unlike the sort of notice Josephus
would have been likely to insert. He gives color to his narratives;
his incidents are always sketched with vigor; this account would be
meagre besides those of the riot of the Jews and the rascality of
the priests of Isis. Josephus asserts, moreover, that in his time
there were four sects among the Jews--the Pharisees, the Sadducees,
the Essenes, and the sect of Judas of Gamala. He gives tolerably
copious particulars about these sects, and their teachings, but of the
Christian sect he says not a word. Had he wished to write about it,
he would have given full details, likely to interest his readers,
and not have dismissed the subject in a couple of lines.

It was perhaps felt by the early Christians that the silence of
Josephus, so famous a historian and a Jew, on the life, miracles,
and death of the founder of Christianity was extremely inconvenient;
the fact could not fail to be noticed by their adversaries. Some
Christian transcriber may have argued, either Josephus knew nothing
of the miracles performed by Christ--in which case he is a weighty
testimony against them--or he must have heard of Jesus, but not
having deemed his acts, as they were related to him, of sufficient
importance to find a place in history. Arguing thus, the copyist took
the opportunity of rectifying the omission, written from the stand
point of a Pharisee, and therefore designated the Lord as merely a
wise man. (D. M. Bennett in "Jesus Christ.")

That this paragraph, concerning the Lord Jesus Christ, is not
Josephus's but an interpolation, is argued from these several following
considerations:

1. It is not quoted or referred to by any Christian writer before
Eusebius, who flourished at the beginning of the fourth century,
and afterward.

2. This paragraph was wanting in the copies of Josephus which were
seen by Photius, in the ninth century.

3. It interrupts the course of the narration.

4. It is unsuitable to the general character of Josephus, who is
allowed not to have been a Christian.

5. If Josephus were the author of this paragraph, it would be
reasonable to expect in him frequent mention of Christ's miracles;
whereas he is everywhere else silent about them.

6. The word Christ or Messiah appears not in any place in all the works
of Josephus, excepting two; namely, the paragraph which we have been
considering, which is now in the eighteenth book of his Antiquities;
and another in the twentieth book of the name Antiquities where is
mention made of James, the brother Jesus who is called 'Christ.' (Works
of N. Lardner, vol. 7, pp. 14, 15.)







EUSEBIUS.

The Father of Church History.

In referring to his work of writing a history of the church up to
his own times, he says:

"We are attempting a kind of trackless and unbeaten path."

Again he says of Philo Judaeus that he was a very "learned man." Among
many other things which contradict this estimate, is the fact that
Philo takes more than one hundred pages in showing how that dreams
are sent from God.

Again, Eusebius does not say that the last works of Hegesippus,
Papias and Dionysius of Corinth, contain anything concerning the
canonical gospels; therefore, they contained none.

We give the opinion of a few well-known writers upon this "father of
church history":

In Draper's Intellectual Development of Europe, p. 197, Bunsen and
Niebuhr are quoted--the one (Bunsen) as saying that he purposely
"perverted chronology for the sake of making synchronisms," and the
other (Niebuhr) declaring "he is a very dishonest writer."

"Eusebius had a peculiar faculty of diverging from the
truth." ("History of Christian Religion," p. 7.)

"The gravest of the ecclesiastical historians, Eusebius, himself,
indirectly confesses that he has related whatever might redound to
the glory, and has suppressed all that could tend to the disgrace of
religion." (Gibbon's "Rome," vol. 1, p. 493.)

"In one of the most learned and elaborate works that antiquity has left
us, the thirty-second chapter of the twelfth book of his evangelical
preparation, bears for its title this scandalous proposition: 'How it
may be lawful and fitting to use falsehood as a medicine and for the
benefit of those who want to be deceived.'" (Gibbon's "Vindication,"
p. 76.)

"But Eusebius, the father of church history, capped the climax by
fabricating the celebrated passage about "Jesus, a wise man, if it
be lawful to call him such." ("Anti-Christ," p. 28.)

"He (Eusebius) has frankly told us that his principle in writing
history was to conceal the facts that were injurious to the reputation
of the church." (Lecky's "European Morals," vol. 1, p. 492.)

"Eusebius, who would never lie or falsify except to promote the glory
of God." (Taylor's Diegesis, p. 345.)

Eusebius pronounces a panegyric upon Constantine. The following is
the list of Constantine's murders as given by Robert Taylor:


[**TODO: Verify table]
        Maximinian, his wife's father                A. D.   310
        Bassianus, his sister Anastacia's husband    A. D.   314
        Licinianus, his nephew by Constantina        A. D.   319
        Fausta, his wife                             A. D.   320
        Sopater, his former friend                   A. D.   321
        Licinius, his sister Constantina's husband   A. D.   325
        Crispus, his own son                         A. D.   326


And the church still continues to regard these two persons as holy
men of God, raised up for a wise purpose--the one an open, wholesale
murderer, and the other a cowardly, cunning and corrupt priest. The
vast injury they have done the human race can never be computed. They
poisoned the fountains of civilization, and all Christendom has been
drinking its poisoned waters ever since. If there are anywhere in
history two men who have done their fellow men more positive harm
and wrong, I do not know them. Their names should be held up to
eternal scorn.

Baronius, a sincere advocate of the Christian faith, calls Eusebius:
"the great falsifier of ecclesiastical history, a wily sychophant,
a consummate hypocrite, a time serving persecutor, who had nothing
in his known life or writings to support the belief that he himself
believed in the Christian system."

Eusebius is the source from whom all have drawn their material. Of
him Dean Milman in a note to Gibbon's Rome says: "It is deeply to
be regretted that the history of this period rests so much on the
loose, and, it must be admitted, by no means scrupulous authority of
Eusebius." (Page 85.)




Spurious Writings of the Early Church.

"Not long after Christ's ascension into heaven, several histories of
his life and doctrines, full of pious frauds and fabulous wonders,
were composed by persons whose intentions, perhaps, were not
bad, but whose writings discovered the greatest superstition and
ignorance." (Mosheim's "Ecclesiastical History.")

"Christian churches had scarcely been gathered and organized
when here and there men rose up who, not being contented with the
simplicity and purity of that religion which the apostles taught,
attempted innovations, and fashioned religion according to their own
liking." (Mosheim's "Ecclesiastical History," vol. 1, c. 5.)

"To avoid being imposed upon, we ought to treat tradition as we do a
notorious and known liar, to whom we give no credit, unless what he
says is confirmed to us by some person of undoubted veracity." (Extract
from Bower's "Lives of the Popes.")

"This opinion has always been in the world, that to settle a certain
and assured estimation upon that which is good and true, it is
necessary to remove out of the way whatever may be an hindrance
to it. Neither ought we to wonder that even those of the honest,
innocent, primitive times made use of these deceits, seeing for a
good end they made no scruple to forge whole books." (Daille on the
Use of the Fathers, b. 1, c. 3.)




The Bible Not an Inspired Revelation.

"What would be the characteristics of a revelation? 1st. A revelation
would be free from inherent contradictions. Does the New Testament
revelation stand this test? 2d. A revelation would not contradict
natural laws, for nature is the only undisputed revelation to
man. 3d. A revelation would be so authenticated that it would be more
reasonable to admit than to deny its claims. The history of thousands
of years proves that, so far, no revelation has been made that compels
the mind's assent, as thousands of thinking men reject the so-called
revelation of the New Testament. The New Testament does not claim
infallibility for itself; and proving that a book is infallible does
not prove that it was inspired, else we might claim inspiration for
the problems of Euclid." (Anon.)

"When Moses told the children of Israel that he received the two
tables of commandments from the hands of God, they were not obliged
to believe him, because they had no other authority for it, than his
telling them so; and I have no authority for it than some historian
telling me so. The commandments carry no internal evidence of divinity
with them; they contain some good moral precepts, such as any man
qualified to be a lawgiver or a legislator, could produce himself
without having recourse to supernatural intervention." (Thomas Paine's
"Age of Reason.")

"Revelation is a communication of something which the person, to whom
that thing is revealed, did not know before. For if I have done a
thing, or seen it done, it needs no revelation to tell me I have done
it, or seen it, nor to enable me to tell it, or to write it." (Thomas
Paine's "Age of Reason.")

"If it was worth God's while to make a revelation to man at all,
it was certainly worth his while to see to it that it was correctly
made. He would not have allowed the ideas and mistakes of pretended
prophets and designing priests to become so mingled with the original
text that it is impossible to tell where he ceased and where the
priests and prophets began. Neither will it do to say that God
adapted his revelation to the prejudices of mankind. Of course it
was necessary for an infinite being to adapt his revelation to the
intellectual capacity of man; but why should God confirm a barbarian
in his prejudices? Why should he fortify a heathen in his crimes? If a
revelation is of any importance whatever, it is to eradicate prejudices
from the human mind. It should be a lever with which to raise the human
race. Theologians have exhausted their ingenuity in finding excuses
for God. It seems to me that they would be better employed in finding
excuses for men. They tell us that the Jews were so cruel and ignorant
that God was compelled to justify, or nearly to justify, many of
their crimes, in order to have any influence with them whatever. They
tell us that if he had declared slavery and polygamy to be criminal,
the Jews would have refused to receive the ten commandments. They
insist that, under the circumstances, God did the best he could;
that his real intention was to lead them along slowly, step by step,
so that, in a few hundred years they would be induced to admit that
it was hardly fair to steal a babe from its mother's breast. It has
always seemed reasonable that an infinite God ought to have been able
to make man grand enough to know, even without a special revelation,
that it is not altogether right to steal the labor, or the wife, or
the child of another. When the whole question is thoroughly examined,
the world will find that Jehovah had the prejudices, the hatreds,
and superstitions of his day.

"If there is anything of value, it is liberty. Liberty is the air of
the soul, the sunshine of life. Without it the world is a prison and
the universe an infinite dungeon.

"If Christ was in fact God, he knew all the future. Before him,
like a panorama, moved the history yet to be. He knew exactly how
his words would be interpreted. He knew what crimes, what horrors,
what infamies, would be committed in his name. He knew that the fires
of persecution would climb around the limbs of countless martyrs. He
knew that brave men would languish in dungeons, in darkness, filled
with pain; that the church would use the instruments of torture,
and that his followers would appeal to whip and chain. He must have
seen the horizon of the future red with the flames of the auto da
fe. He knew all the creeds that would spring like poisoned fungi from
every text. He saw the sects waging war against each other. He saw
thousands of men, under the orders of priests, building dungeons for
their fellow men. He saw them using instruments of pain. He heard the
groans, saw the faces white with agony, the tears, the blood--heard
the shrieks and sobs of all the moaning, martyred multitudes. He knew
that commentaries would be written on his words with swords, to be
read by the light of faggots. He knew that the Inquisition would be
born of teachings attributed to him. He saw all the interpolations
and falsehoods that hypocrisy would write and tell. He knew that above
these fields of death, these dungeons, these burnings, for a thousand
years would float the dripping banner of the cross. He knew that in
his name his followers would trade in human flesh, that cradles would
be robbed, and woman's breasts unbabed for gold, and yet he died with
voiceless lips. Why did he fail to speak? Why did he not tell his
disciples, and through them the world, that man should not persecute,
for opinion's sake, his fellow man? Why did he not cry, You shall
not persecute in my name; you shall not burn and torment those who
differ from you in creed? Why did he not plainly say, I am the Son of
God? Why did he not explain the doctrine of the trinity? Why did he
not tell the manner of baptism that was pleasing to him? Why did he
not say something positive, definite, and satisfactory about another
world? Why did he not turn the tear-stained hope of heaven to the
glad knowledge of another life? Why did he go dumbly to his death,
leaving the world to misery and to doubt?

"You may ask, And what of all this? I reply, As with everything
in nature, so with the Bible. It has a different story for each
reader. Is, then, the Bible a different book to every human being
who reads it? It is. Can God, through the Bible, make precisely the
same revelation to two persons? He cannot. Why? Because the man who
reads is not inspired. God should inspire readers as well as writers.

"You may reply: God knew that his book would be understood differently
by each one, and intended that it should be understood as it is
understood by each. If this is so, then my understanding of the
Bible is the real revelation to me. If this is so, I have no right
to take the understanding of another. I must take the revelation
made to me through my understanding, and by that revelation I must
stand. Suppose, then, that I read this Bible honestly, fairly, and
when I get through am compelled to say, 'The book is not true.' If
this is the honest result, then you are compelled to say, either that
God has made no revelation to me, or that the revelation that it is
not true is the revelation made to me, and by which I am bound. If
the book and my brain are both the work of the same infinite God,
whose fault is it that the book and the brain do not agree? Either
God should have written a book to fit my brain, or should have made
my brain to fit his book. The inspiration of the Bible depends upon
the credulity of him who reads. There was a time when its geology,
its astronomy, its natural history, were thought to be inspired:
that time has passed. There was a time when its morality satisfied
the men who ruled the world of thought: that time has passed.

"These are the passages that have liberated woman!

"According to the Old Testament, woman had to ask pardon, and had to be
purified, for the crime of having borne sons and daughters. If in this
world there is a figure of perfect purity, it is a mother holding in
her thrilled and happy arms her child. The doctrine that the woman is
the slave, or serf, of man--whether it comes from heaven or from hell,
from God or a demon, from the golden streets of the New Jerusalem or
from the very Sodom of perdition--is savagery, pure and simple.

"In no country in the world had women less liberty than in the Holy
Land, and no monarch held in less esteem the rights of wives and
mothers than Jehovah of the Jews. The position of woman was far
better in Egypt than in Palestine. Before the pyramids were built,
the sacred songs of Isis were sung by women, and women with pure
hands had offered sacrifices to the gods. Before Moses was born, women
had sat upon the Egyptian throne. Upon ancient tombs the husband and
wife are represented as seated in the same chair. In Persia women were
priests, and in some of the oldest civilizations 'they were reverenced
on earth, and worshiped afterward as goddesses in heaven.' At the
advent of Christianity, in all Pagan countries women officiated
at the sacred altars. They guarded the eternal fire. They kept the
sacred books. From their lips came the oracles of fate. Under the
domination of the Christian church, woman became the merest slave for
at least a thousand years. It was claimed that through woman the race
had fallen, and that her loving kiss had poisoned all the springs of
life. Christian priests asserted that but for her crime the world would
have been an Eden still. The ancient fathers exhausted their eloquence
in the denunciation of woman, and repeated again and again the slander
of St. Paul. The condition of woman has improved just in proportion
that man has lost confidence in the inspiration of the Bible.

"The old argument that if Christianity is a human fabrication its
authors must have been either good men or bad men, takes it for granted
that there are but two classes of persons--the good and the bad. There
is, at least, one other class--the mistaken, and both of the other
classes may belong to this. Thousands of most excellent people have
been deceived, and the history of the world is filled with instances
where men have honestly supposed that they had received communications
from angels and gods." (Ingersoll's Reply to Black.)

"But an infinite being must know not only the real meaning of
the words, but the exact meaning they will convey to every reader
and hearer. He must know every meaning that they are capable of
conveying to every mind. He must also know what explanations must
be made to prevent misconception. If an infinite being cannot,
in making a revelation to man, use such words that every person to
whom a revelation is essential, will understand distinctly what that
revelation is, then a revelation from God, through the instrumentality
of language is impossible, or it is not essential that all should
understand it correctly.

"After all, the real question is, not whether the Bible is inspired,
but whether it is true. If it is true, it does not need to be
inspired. If it is true, it makes no difference whether it was
written by a man or a god. The multiplication table is just as useful,
just as true as though God had arranged the figures himself. If the
Bible is really true, the claim of inspiration need not be urged;
and if it is not true, its inspiration can hardly be established. As
a matter of fact, the truth does not need to be inspired. Nothing
needs inspiration except a falsehood or a mistake." (Ingersoll's
"Mistakes of Moses," p. 59.)

"It may be argued that millions have not the capacity to understand a
revelation, although expressed in plainest words. To this it seems a
sufficient reply, to ask, why a being of infinite power should create
men so devoid of intelligence, that he cannot by any means make known
to them his will?" (Ingersoll's "Mistakes of Moses," p. 90.)

"Millions have declared this book to be infinitely holy, to prove
that they were right have imprisoned, robbed and burned their fellow
men. The inspiration of this book has been established by famine,
sword, and fire, by dungeon, chain, and whip, by dagger and by rack,
by force and fear and fraud, and generations have been frightened by
threats of hell, and bribed with promises of heaven.

"Had we been born in Turkey, most of us would have been Mohammedans
and believed in the inspiration of the Koran. We should have believed
that Mohammed actually visited heaven and became acquainted with an
angel by the name of Gabriel who was so broad between the eyes that
it required three hundred days for a very smart mule to travel the
distance. If some man had denied this story we should have denounced
him as a dangerous person, one who was endeavoring to undermine the
foundations of society, and to destroy all distinctions between virtue
and vice. We should have said to him 'What do you propose to give us
in place of this angel? We cannot afford to give up an angel of that
size for nothing.' We would have insisted that the wisest and best
men believed the Koran." (Ingersoll's "Mistakes of Moses," p. 36.)




The Pentateuch.

"The Pentateuch is affirmed to have been written by Moses under the
influence of divine inspiration. Considered thus a record vouchsafed
and dictated by the Almighty, it commands not only scientific but
universal consent.

"But here in the first place it may be demanded, who or what is it
that has put forth this great claim in its behalf?

"Not the work itself. It nowhere claims the authorship of one man,
or makes the impious declaration that it is the writing of Almighty
God." (Draper's "Conflict Between Religion and Science.")




The Bible Not Inspired.

1. The Bible is full of errors:

"In 1847, the American Bible Society appointed a committee of its
members to prepare a standard edition of King James's version,
free from typographical errors. They prepared such an edition,
correcting, as they stated, twenty-four thousand errors; but alarmed
at the attacks made upon it, it was withdrawn; and the American Bible
Society continues to this day to circulate for the word of God a
book having in it twenty-four thousand acknowledged errors." ("Common
Sense Thoughts on the Bible," Wm. Denton.)

2. The Bible sanctions cruelties. The wars of extermination waged by
the Jews upon surrounding nations afford ample proof.

3. The Bible indorses immorality. It indorses war, slavery, polygamy,
intemperance, and superstition.

4. The writers of the gospels do not claim to be inspired.

5. We do not know when, where, or by whom, either the gospels or the
books supposed to be written by Moses, were composed.

6. Paul says: "All scripture is given by inspiration of God; but there
is (1.) no definite meaning attached to the word inspiration. (2.) He
does not refer to the gospels for they had no existence when he wrote.

7. Inspiration is not a success. There are a thousand different sects
quarreling about the meaning of the "inspired scriptures."

8. Inspiration should be pure. The Bible abounds in obscenity.

9. The Bible undergoes revisions, improvements, etc. An infallible
book cannot be improved.

10. The Bible has no plan or system, and hence has no definite
object. Millions upon millions of Christians have differed regarding
its teachings.

11. The Bible is a fetich. Millions of people have a slavish regard
for the Holy Bible who have little or no respect for Humanity, Truth,
or Justice.




God's Ways are Not Our Ways.

"Now this God either did or he did not believe in and command murder
and rapine in the days when he used to sit around evenings and chat
with Abraham and Moses and the rest of them. His especial plans and
desires were 'revealed' or they were not. The ideas of justice and
right were higher in those days than they are now, or else we are
wiser and better than God, or else the Bible is not his revealed
will. You can take your choice. My choice is to keep my respect for
divine justice and honor, and let the Bible bear the burden of its
own mistakes.

"If religion is a revelation, then it is not a growth, and it would
have been most perfect in design and plan when it was nearest its
birth. Now accepting the Bible theory of Jehovah, we find that when the
communications of God were immediate and personal there could have been
no mistake as to his will. To deal with it as a growth or evolution
toward better things is to abandon the whole tenet of a revealed law
of God. But to deal with it as a revelation is to make God a being
too repulsive and brutal to contemplate for one moment with respect.

"He either did or did not tell those men those things. Which will
you accept?" (Helen Gardener's "Men, Women, and Gods.")

"Revelation when applied to religion, means something communicated
immediately from God to man. No one will deny or dispute the power
of the Almighty to make such a communication, if he pleases. But
admitting, for the sake of a case, that something has been revealed
to a certain person, and not revealed to any other person, it is
revelation to that person only. When he tells it to a second person,
a second to a third, a third to a fourth, and so on, it ceases to be
a revelation to all those persons. It is a revelation to the first
person only, and hearsay to every other, and, consequently, they are
not obliged to believe it.

"It is a contradiction in terms and ideas, to call anything
a revelation that comes to us at second-hand, either verbally
or in writing. Revelation is necessarily limited to the first
communication--after this, it is only an account of something which
that person says was a revelation made to him; and though he may
find himself obliged to believe it, it cannot be incumbent upon me to
believe it in the same manner; for it was not a revelation made to me,
and I have only his word for it that it was made to him.

"When I am told that the Koran was written in heaven, and brought
to Mahomet by an angel, the account comes too near the same kind of
hearsay evidence and second-hand authority as the former. [1] I did not
see the angel myself, and, therefore, I have a right not to believe it.

"When also I am told that a woman called the Virgin Mary, said, or gave
out, that she was with child without any cohabitation with a man, and
that her betrothed husband, Joseph, said that an angel told him so,
I have a right to believe them or not; such a circumstance required
a much stronger evidence than their bare word for it; but we have
not even this--for neither Joseph nor Mary wrote any such matter
themselves; it is only reported by others that they said so--it is
hearsay upon hearsay, and I do not choose to rest my belief upon
such evidence.

"It is, however, not difficult to account for the credit that was given
to the story of Jesus Christ being the Son of God. He was born when
the heathen mythology had still some fashion and repute in the world,
and that mythology had prepared the people for the belief of such a
story. Almost all the extraordinary men that lived under the heathen
mythology were reputed to be the sons of some of their gods. It was not
a new thing at that time, to believe a man to have been celestially
begotten; the intercourse of gods with women was then a matter of
familiar opinion. Their Jupiter, according to their accounts, had
cohabited with hundreds; the story therefore had nothing in it either
new, wonderful, or obscene; it was conformable to the opinions that
then prevailed among the people called Gentiles, or Mythologists,
and it was those people only that believed it. The Jews who had kept
strictly to the belief of one God, and no more, and who had always
rejected the heathen mythology, never credited the story.

"It is curious to observe how the theory of what is called the
Christian church, sprung out of the tail of heathen mythology. A
direct incorporation took place in the first instance, by making the
reputed founder to be celestially begotten. The trinity of gods that
then followed was no other than a reduction of the former plurality,
which was about twenty or thirty thousand; the statue of Mary succeeded
the statue of Diana of Ephesus, the deification of heroes changed into
the canonization of saints; the mythologists had gods for everything;
the Christian mythologists had saints for everything; the church
became as crowded with the one, as the pantheon had been with the
other; and Rome was the place of both. The Christian theory is little
else than the idolatry of the ancient mythologists, accommodated to
the purposes of power and revenue; and it yet remains to reason and
philosophy to abolish the amphibious fraud.

"Nothing that is here said can apply even with the most distant
disrespect, to the real character of Jesus Christ. He was a virtuous
and an amiable man. The morality that he preached and practiced was
of the most benevolent kind; and though similar systems of morality
had been preached by Confucius, and by some of the Greek philosophers,
many years before; by the Quakers since; and by many good men in all
ages, it has not been exceeded by any.

"Jesus Christ wrote no account of himself, of his birth, parentage, or
anything else; not a line of what is called the New Testament is of his
own writing. The history of him is altogether the work of other people;
and as to the account given of his resurrection and ascension, it was
the necessary counterpart to the story of his birth. His historians,
having brought him into the world in a supernatural manner, were
obliged to take him out again in the same manner, or the first part
of the story must have fallen to the ground.

"The first part, that of the miraculous conception, was not a thing
that admitted of publicity; and therefore the tellers of this part of
the story had this advantage, that though they might not be credited,
they could not be detected." (Thomas Paine's "Age of Reason.")







SELF-CONTRADICTIONS OF THE BIBLE.


THEOLOGICAL DOCTRINES.

God is Satisfied with his Works.

And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was very
good. (Gen. 1 : 31.)




God is Dissatisfied with his Works.

And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it
grieved him at his heart. (Gen. 6 : 6.)




God Dwells in Chosen Temples.

And the Lord appeared to Solomon by night, and said unto him: I have
heard thy prayer, and have chosen this place to myself for a house
of sacrifice.... For now have I chosen and sanctified this house,
that my name may be there forever: and mine eyes and my heart shall
be there perpetually. (2 Chr. 7 : 12, 16.)




God Dwells Not in Temples.

Howbeit the Most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands. (Acts
7 : 48.)




God Dwells in Light.

Dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto. (1 Tim. 6 : 16.)




God Dwells in Darkness.

The Lord said that he would dwell in the thick darkness. (1 Kings
8 : 12.)

He made darkness his secret place. (Ps. 18 : 11.)

Clouds and darkness are round about him. (Ps. 97 : 2.)




God is Seen and Heard.

And I will take away my hand, and thou shalt see my back parts. (Ex.
33 : 23.)

And the Lord spake unto Moses face to face, as a man speaketh unto
his friend. (Ex. 33 : 11.)

And the Lord called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou? And
he said I heard thy voice in the garden, and I was afraid. (Gen. 3 :
9, 10.)

For I have seen God face to face, and my life is preserved. (Gen.
32 : 30.)

In the year that King Uzziah died, I saw, also, the Lord sitting upon
a throne, high and lifted up. (Is. 6 : 1.)

Then went up Moses and Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and seventy of the
elders of Israel. And they saw the God of Israel.... They saw God,
and did eat and drink. (Ex. 24 : 9, 10, 11.)




God is Invisible and Cannot be Heard.

No man hath seen God at any time. (John 1 : 18.)

Ye have neither heard his voice, at any time, nor seen his shape. (John
5 : 37.)

And he said, thou canst not see my face; for there shall no man see
me and live. (Ex. 33 : 20.)




God is Tired and Rests.

For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, and on the seventh
day he rested, and was refreshed. (Ex. 31 : 17.)

I am weary with repenting. (Jer. 15 : 6.)

Thou hast wearied me with thine iniquities. (Is. 43 : 24.)




God is Never Tired and Never Rests.

Hast thou never heard that the everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator
of the ends of the earth, fainteth not, never is weary? (Is. 40 : 28.)




God is Omnipresent, Sees and Knows all Things.

The eyes of the Lord are in every place. (Prov. 15 : 3.)

Whither shall I flee from thy presence? If I ascend up into heaven,
thou art there; if I make my bed in hell, behold, thou art there. If
I take the wings of the morning, and dwell in the uttermost parts of
the sea, even there shall thy hand lead me, and thy right hand shall
hold me. (Ps. 139 : 7-10.)

There is no darkness nor shadow of death where the workers of iniquity
may hide themselves. For his eyes are upon the ways of man, and he
seeth all his goings. (Job 34 : 22, 21.)




God is Not Omnipresent, Neither Sees nor Knows all Things.

And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower. (Gen. 11 : 5.)

And the Lord said, Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great,
and because their sin is very grievous, I will go down now and see
whether they have done altogether according to the cry of it, which
is come unto me; and, if not, I will know. (Gen. 18 : 20, 21.)

And Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the Lord God,
amongst the trees of the garden. (Gen. 3 : 8.)




God Knows the Hearts of Men.

Thou, Lord, which knowest the hearts of all men. (Acts 1 : 24.)

Thou knowest my down-sitting and mine up-rising; thou understandest
my thought afar off. Thou compassest my path and my lying down,
and art acquainted with all my ways. (Ps. 139 : 2, 3.)

For he knoweth the secrets of the heart. (Ps. 44 : 21.)




God Tries Men to Find Out what is in their Hearts.

The Lord, your God, proveth you, to know whether ye love the Lord
your God, with all your heart and with all your soul. (Deut. 13 : 3.)

The Lord thy God led thee these forty years in the wilderness, to
humble thee, and to prove thee, to know what was in thy heart. (Deut.
8 : 2.)

For now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld
thy son, thine only son, from me. (Gen. 22 : 12.)




God is All-Powerful.

Behold, I am the Lord, the God of all flesh; is there anything too
hard for me?... There is nothing too hard for thee. (Jer. 32 : 27, 17.)

With God all things are possible. (Mat. 19 : 26.)




God is Not All-Powerful.

And the Lord was with Judah, and he drave out the inhabitants of
the mountain; but could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley,
because they had chariots of iron. (Judges 1 : 19.)




God is Unchangeable.

With whom is no variableness, neither shadow of turning. (James
1 : 17.)

For I am the Lord; I change not. (Mal. 3 : 6.)

I, the Lord, have spoken it; it shall come to pass, and I will do it. I
will not go back, neither will I spare, neither will I repent. (Ezekiel
24 : 14.)

God is not a man that he should lie, neither the son of man that he
should repent. (Num. 23 : 19.)




God is Changeable.

And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it
grieved him at his heart. (Gen. 6 : 6.)

And God saw their works, that they turned from their evil way; and
God repented of the evil that he had said that he would do unto them,
and he did it not. (Jonah 3 : 10.)

Wherefore the Lord God of Israel saith, I said indeed, that thy house,
and the house of thy father, should walk before me forever; but now the
Lord saith, Be it far from me.... Behold, the days come that I will cut
off thine arm, and the arm of thy father's house. (1 Sam. 2 : 30, 31.)

In those days was Hezekiah sick unto death. And the prophet Isaiah,
the son of Amoz, came to him, and said unto him, Thus saith the Lord,
Set thy house in order; for thou shalt die, and not live.... And it
came to pass afore Isaiah was gone out into the middle court, that the
word of the Lord came unto him, saying, Turn again and tell Hezekiah,
the captain of my people, Thus saith the Lord, ... I have heard thy
prayer, ... and I will add unto thy days, fifteen years. (2 Kings 20 :
1, 4, 5, 6.)

And the Lord said unto Moses, Depart and go up hence, thou and the
people.... For I will not go up in the midst of thee.... And the
Lord said unto Moses, I will do this thing, also, that thou hast
spoken.... My presence shall go with thee, and I will give thee
rest. (Ex. 33 : 1, 3, 17, 14.)




God is Just and Impartial.

The Lord is upright, ... and there is no unrighteousness in
him. (Ps. 92 : 15.)

Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right? (Gen. 18 : 25.)

A God of truth, and without iniquity, just and right is he. (Deut.
32 : 4.)

There is no respect of persons with God. (Rom. 2 : 11.)

Ye say the way of the Lord is not equal. Hear now, O house of Israel;
is not my way equal? (Ezek. 18 : 25.)

He doth execute the judgment of the fatherless and widow, and loveth
the stranger, in giving him food and raiment. Love ye, therefore,
the stranger. (Deut. 10 : 18, 19.)




God is Unjust and Partial.

Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his
brethren. (Gen. 9 : 25.)

For I, the Lord thy God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the
fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation. (Ex.
20 : 5.)

For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or
evil, that the purpose of God, according to election, might stand,
... it was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger. As it
is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated. (Rom. 9 : 11,
12, 13.)

For whosoever hath, to him shall be given, and he shall have more
abundance; but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even
that he hath. (Mat. 13 : 12.)

Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself; thou shalt give
it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or
thou mayest sell it unto an alien. (Deut. 14 : 21.)

And David spake unto the Lord when he saw the angel that smote the
people, and said, Lo, I have sinned, and I have done wickedly; but
these sheep, what have they done? (2 Sam. 24 : 17.)




God is Not the Author of Evil.

The law of the Lord is perfect.... The statutes of the Lord are
right.... The commandment of the Lord is pure. (Ps. 19 : 7, 8.)

God is not the author of confusion. (1 Cor. 14 : 33.)

A God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is he. (Deut.
32 : 4.)

For God cannot be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any
man. (James 1 : 13.)




God is the Author of Evil.

Out of the mouth of the Most High proceedeth not evil and good? (Lam.
3 : 38.)

Thus saith the Lord, Behold I frame evil against you and devise a
device against you. (Jer. 18 : 11.)

I make peace and create evil. I, the Lord, do all these things. (Is.
45 : 7.)

Shall there be evil in a city, and the Lord hath not done it? (Amos
3 : 6.)

Therefore I gave them also statutes that were not good, and judgments
whereby they should not live. (Ezek. 20 : 25.)




God Gives Freely to those who Ask.

If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask God, that giveth to all men
liberally and upbraideth not, and it shall be given him. (James 1 : 5.)

For every one that asketh receiveth, and he that seeketh findeth. (Luke
11 : 10.)




God Withholds his Blessings and Prevents their Reception.

He hath blinded their eyes and hardened their heart that they should
not see with their eyes, nor understand with their heart, and be
converted, and I should heal them. (John 12 : 40.)

For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts, that they should
come against Israel in battle, that he might destroy them utterly,
and that they might have no favor. (Josh. 11 : 20.)

0 Lord, why hast thou made us to err from thy ways and hardened our
heart? (Is. 63 : 17.)




God is to be Found by Those who Seek him.

Every one that asketh receiveth, and he that seeketh findeth. (Mat.
7 : 8.)

Those that seek me early shall find me. (Prov. 8 : 17.)




God is Not to be Found by Those who Seek him.

Then shall they call upon me but I will not answer; they shall seek
me early, but shall not find me. (Prov. 1 : 28.)

And when ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from you;
yea, when ye make many prayers I will not hear. (Is. 1 : 15.)

They cried, but there was none to save them; even unto the Lord,
but he answered them not. (Ps. 18 : 41.)




God is Peaceful.

The God of peace. (Rom. 15 : 33.)

God is not the author of confusion, but of peace. (1 Cor. 14 : 33.)




God is Warlike.

The Lord is a man of war. (Ex. 15 : 3.)

The Lord of Hosts is his name. (Is. 51 : 15.)

Blessed be the Lord, my strength, which teacheth my hands to war and
my fingers to fight. (Ps. 144 : 1.)




God is Kind, Merciful, and Good.

The Lord is very pitiful and of tender mercy. (James 5 : 11.)

For he doth not afflict willingly, nor grieve the children of
men. (Lam. 3 : 33.)

For his mercy endureth forever. (1 Chron. 16 : 34.)

I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth, saith the Lord
God. (Ezek. 18 : 32.)

The Lord is good to all, and his tender mercies are over all his
works. (Ps. 145 : 9.)

Who will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of
the truth. (1 Tim. 2 : 4.)

God is love. (1 John 4 : 16.)

Good and upright is the Lord. (Ps. 25 : 8.)




God is Cruel, Unmerciful, Destructive, and Ferocious.

I will not pity, nor spare, nor have mercy, but destroy them. (Jer.
13 : 14.)

And thou shalt consume all the people which the Lord thy God shall
deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them. (Deut. 7 : 16.)

Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and
spare them not, but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling. (1
Sam. 15 : 2, 3.)

Because they had looked into the ark of the Lord, even he smote of the
people fifty thousand, and three score and ten men. (1 Sam. 6 : 19.)

The Lord thy God is a consuming fire. (Deut. 4 : 24.)

The Lord cast down great stones from heaven upon them, ... and they
died. (Josh. 10 : 11.)




God's Anger is Slow, and Endures but for a Moment.

The Lord is merciful and gracious, slow to anger and plenteous in
mercy. (Ps. 103 : 8.)

His anger endureth but a moment. (Ps. 30 : 5.)




God's Anger is Fierce, Frequent, and Endures Long.

And the Lord's anger was kindled against Israel, and he made them
wander in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation that
had done evil in the sight of the Lord was consumed. (Num. 32 : 13.)

And the Lord said unto Moses, Take all the heads of the people, and
hang them up before the Lord against the sun, that the fierce anger
of the Lord may be turned away from Israel. (Num. 25 : 4.)

For ye have kindled a fire in mine anger which shall burn
forever. (Jer. 17 : 4.)

God is angry ["with the wicked," interpolated by the translators]
everyday. (Ps. 7 : 11.)

And the Lord met him and sought to kill him. (Ex. 4 : 24.)




God Commands, Approves of, and Delights in Burnt Offerings, Sacrifices,
and Holy Days.

Thou shalt offer every day a bullock for a sin offering for
atonement. (Ex. 29 : 36.)

On the tenth day of this seventh month there shall be a day of
atonement; it shall be a holy convocation unto you, and ye shall
afflict your souls and offer an offering made by fire unto the
Lord. (Lev. 23 : 27.)

And thou shalt burn the whole ram upon the altar; ... it is a sweet
savor; an offering made by fire unto the Lord. (Ex. 29 : 18.)

And the priest shall burn all on the altar to be a burnt sacrifice,
an offering made by fire, of a sweet savor unto the Lord. (Lev. 1 : 9.)




God Disapproves of, and has no Pleasure in, Burnt Offerings,
Sacrifices, and Holy Days.

For I spake not unto your fathers, nor commanded them in the day that
I brought them out of the land of Egypt, concerning burnt offerings
or sacrifices. (Jer. 7 : 22.)

Your burnt offerings are not acceptable, nor your sacrifices sweet
unto me. (Jer. 6 : 20.)

Will I eat of the flesh of bulls, or drink the blood of goats? Offer
unto God thanksgiving, and pay thy vows unto the Most High. (Psalm 50 :
13, 14.)

Bring no more vain oblations; incense is an abomination unto me; the
new moons and sabbaths, the calling of assemblies I cannot away with;
it is iniquity, even the solemn meeting.... To what purpose is the
multitude of your sacrifices unto me? saith the Lord. I am full of the
burnt offerings of rams, and the fat of fed beasts, and I delight not
in the blood of bullocks, or of lambs, or of he goats. When ye come
to appear before me, who hath required this at your hand? (Is. 1 :
13, 11, 12.)




God Forbids Human Sacrifice.

Take heed to thyself that thou be not snared by following them [the
Gentile nations;] ... for every abomination to the Lord which he hateth
have they done unto their gods; for even their sons and their daughters
have they burnt in the fire to their gods. (Deut. 12 : 30, 31.)




God Commands and Accepts Human Sacrifices.

No devoted thing that a man shall devote unto the Lord of all that he
hath, both of man and of beast, and of the field of his possession,
shall be sold or redeemed; every devoted thing is most holy unto the
Lord. None devoted, which shall be devoted of men, shall be redeemed,
but shall surely be put to death. (Lev. 27 : 28, 29.)

The king [David] took the two sons of Rizpah, ... and the five sons of
Michael; ... and he delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites,
and they hanged them in the hill before the Lord.... And after that
God was entreated for the land. (2 Sam. 21 : 8, 9, 14.)

And he [God] said, Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou
lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah, and offer him there
for a burnt offering. (Gen. 22 : 2.)

And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the Lord, and said, If thou shalt without
fail deliver the children of Ammon into my hands, then it shall be,
that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me
when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall surely be
the Lord's, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering. So Jephthah
passed over unto the children of Ammon to fight against them; and the
Lord delivered them into his hands.... And Jephthah came to Mizpeh
unto his house and behold, his daughter came out to meet him.... And
he sent her away for two months; and she went with her companions and
bewailed her virginity upon the mountains. And it came to pass at the
end of two months that she returned unto her father, who did according
to his vow which he had vowed. (Judges 11 : 30, 31, 32, 34, 38, 39.)




God Tempts No Man.

Let no man say when he is tempted, I am tempted of God; for God cannot
be tempted with evil, neither tempteth he any man. (James 1 : 13.)




God Does Tempt Men.

And it came to pass after these things that God did tempt
Abraham. (Gen. 22 : 1.)

And again the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and
he moved David against them to say, Go number Israel and Judah. (2
Sam. 24 : 1.)

And the Lord said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job,
that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright
man, one that feareth God and escheweth evil? And still he holdeth
fast his integrity, although thou movedst me against him, to destroy
him without cause. (Job. 2 : 3.)

O Lord, thou hast deceived me, and I was deceived, [marginal reading,
enticed.] (Jer. 20 : 7.)

Lead us not into temptation. (Mat. 6 : 13.)




God Cannot Lie.

God is not a man, that he should lie. (Num. 23 : 19.)

It was impossible for God to lie. (Heb. 6 : 18.)




God Lies; He Sends Forth Lying Spirits to Deceive.

Ah, Lord God! surely thou hast greatly deceived this people. (Jer.
4 : 10.)

Wilt thou be altogether unto me as a liar? (Jer. 14 : 18.)

For this cause God shall send them strong delusion, that they should
believe a lie. (2 Thes. 2 : 11.)

Now, therefore, behold, the Lord hath put a lying spirit in the mouth
of all these thy prophets, and the Lord hath spoken evil concerning
thee. (1 Kings 22 : 23.)

Then God sent an evil spirit. (Judges 9 : 23.)

And if the prophet be deceived when he hath spoken a thing, I the
Lord have deceived that prophet. (Ezek. 14 : 9.)




Because of Man's Wickedness God Destroys him.

And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and
that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil
continually.... And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have
created. (Gen. 6 : 5, 7.)




Because of Man's Wickedness God will Not Destroy him.

And the Lord said in his heart, I will not again curse the ground
any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil
from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every living
thing. (Gen. 8 : 21.)




God's Attributes are Revealed in his Works.

For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are
clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his
eternal power and Godhead. (Rom. 1 : 20.)




God's Attributes Cannot be Discovered.

Canst thou, by searching, find out God? (Job. 11 : 7.)

There is no searching of his understanding. (Is. 40 : 28.)




There is but One God.

The Lord our God is one Lord. (Deut. 6 : 4.)

There is none other God but one. (1 Cor. 8 : 4.)




There is a Plurality of Gods.

And God said, Let us make man in our image. (Gen. 1 : 26.)

And the Lord God said, Behold the man is become as one of us. (Gen.
3 : 22.)

And the Lord appeared unto him [Abraham] in the plains of Mamre.... And
he lifted up his eyes and looked, and lo, three men stood by him;
and when he saw them he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed
himself toward the ground, and said, My Lord, if now I have found favor
in thy sight, pass not away, I pray thee, from thy servant. (Gen. 18 :
1, 2, 3.)

For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word,
and the Holy Ghost. (1 John 5 : 7.)







MORAL PRECEPTS.


Robbery Commanded.

When ye go, ye shall not go empty; but every woman shall borrow of her
neighbor, and of her that sojourneth in her house, jewels of silver
and jewels of gold, and raiment; and ye shall put them upon your sons
and upon your daughters; and ye shall spoil the Egyptians. (Ex. 3 :
21, 22.)

And they borrowed of the Egyptians jewels of silver, and jewels
of gold, and raiment.... And they spoiled the Egyptians. (Ex. 12 :
35, 36.)




Robbery Forbidden.

Thou shalt not defraud thy neighbor, neither rob him. (Lev. 19 : 13.)

Thou shalt not steal. (Ex. 20 : 15.)




Lying Commanded, Approved, and Sanctioned.

And the Lord said unto Samuel, ... I will send thee to Jesse, the
Bethlemite; for I have provided me a king among his sons. And Samuel
said, How can I go? If Saul hear it he will kill me. And the Lord
said, Take a heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to
the Lord. (1 Sam. 16 : 1, 2.)

And the woman [Rahab] took the two men and hid them and said thus:
There came men unto me, but I wist not whence they were; and it came
to pass about the time of shutting of the gate, when it was dark, that
the men went out; whither the men went I wot not; pursue after them
quickly, for ye shall overtake them. But she had brought them up to
the roof of the house and hid them with the stalks of flax. (Josh. 2 :
4, 5, 6.)

Was not Rahab, the harlot, justified by works, when she had received
the messengers, and had them sent out another way? (James 2 : 25.)

And the king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said unto them, Why
have ye done this thing, and have saved the men-children alive? And
the midwives said unto Pharaoh, Because the Hebrew women are not
as the Egyptian women; for they are lively, and are delivered ere
the midwives come in unto them. Therefore God dealt well with the
midwives. (Ex. 1 : 18-20.)

And there came forth a spirit, and stood before the Lord, and said,
I will persuade him ... I will go forth and will be a lying spirit
in the mouth of all his prophets. And he said, Thou shalt persuade
him and prevail also; go forth and do so. (1 Kings 22 : 21, 22.)

Ye shall know my breach of promise. (Num. 14 : 34.)

For if the truth of God hath more abounded through my lie unto his
glory, why yet am I also judged as a sinner? (Rom. 3 : 7.)

Being crafty, I caught you with guile. (2 Cor. 12 : 16.)




Lying Forbidden.

Thou shalt not bear false witness. (Ex. 20 : 16.)

Lying lips are an abomination to the Lord. (Prov. 12 : 22.)

All liars shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire
and brimstone. (Rev. 21 : 8.)




Killing Commanded and Sanctioned.

Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, Put every man his sword by his
side, and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp, and
slay every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every
man his neighbor. (Ex. 32 : 27.)

So Jehu slew all that remained of the house of Ahab.... And the Lord
said unto Jehu, Because thou hast done well in executing that which
is right in mine eyes, and hast done unto the house of Ahab according
to all that was in my heart, thy children of the fourth generation
shall sit on the throne of Israel. (2 Kings 10 : 11, 30.)




Killing Forbidden.

Thou shalt not kill. (Ex. 20 : 13.)

No murderer hath eternal life abiding in him. (1 John 3 : 15.)




The Blood-Shedder Must Die.

At the hand of every man's brother will I require the life
of man. Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be
shed. (Gen. 9 : 5, 6.)




The Blood-Shedder Must Not Die.

And the Lord set a mark upon Cain, lest any finding him should kill
him. (Gen. 4 : 15.)




The Making of Images Forbidden.

Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness
of anything that is in heaven above, or that in in the earth
beneath. (Ex. 20 : 4.)




The Making of Images Commanded.

Thou shalt make two cherubims of gold.... And the cherubims shall
stretch forth their wings on high, covering the mercy seat with their
wings, and their faces shall look one to another. (Ex. 25 : 18, 20.)




Slavery and Oppression Ordained.

Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants shall he be unto his
brethren. (Gen. 9 : 25.)

Of the children of the strangers that do sojourn among you,
of them shall ye buy.... They shall be your bondmen forever; but
over your brethren, the children of Israel, ye shall not rule with
rigor. (Lev. 25 : 45, 46.)

I will sell your sons and daughters into the hands of the children of
Judah, and they shall sell them to the Sabeans, to a people afar off;
for the Lord hath spoken it. (Joel 3 : 8.)




Slavery and Oppression Forbidden.

Undo the heavy burdens.... Let the oppressed go free, ... break every
yoke. (Is. 58 : 6.)

Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him. (Ex. 22 : 21.)

He that stealeth a man, and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand,
he shall surely be put to death. (Ex. 21 : 16.)

Neither be ye called masters. (Mat. 23 : 10.)




Improvidence Enjoined.

Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither
do they spin.... If God so clothe the grass of the field ... shall
he not much more clothe you?... Therefore, take no thought, saying,
What shall we eat? or what shall we drink? or wherewithal shall we
be clothed?... Take, therefore, no thought for the morrow. (Mat. 6 :
28, 30, 31, 34.)

Give to every man that asketh of thee, and of him that taketh away
thy goods, ask them not again.... And lend, hoping for nothing again,
and your reward shall be great. (Luke 6 : 30, 35.)

Sell that ye have and give alms. (Luke 12 : 33.)




Improvidence Condemned.

But if any provide not for his own, especially for those of his own
house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel. (1
Tim. 5 : 8.)

A good man leaveth an inheritance to his children's children. (Prov.
13 : 22.)




Anger Approved.

Be ye angry and sin not. (Eph. 4 : 26.)

And he [Elisha] turned back and looked on them and cursed them in the
name of the Lord. And there came forth two she-bears out of the wood
and tare forty and two children of them. (2 Kings 2 : 24.)

And when he had looked round about on them with anger, ... he saith
unto the man, Stretch forth thy hand. (Mark 3 : 5.)




Anger Disapproved.

Be not hasty in thy spirit to be angry; for anger resteth in the
bosom of fools. (Eccl. 7 : 9.)

Make no friendship with an angry man. (Prov. 22 : 24.)

The wrath of man worketh not the righteousness of God. (James 1 : 20.)




Good Works to be Seen of Men.

Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good
works. (Mat. 5 : 16.)




Good Works Not to be Seen of Men.

Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, to be seen of
them. (Mat. 6 : 1.)




Judging of Others Forbidden.

Judge not, that ye be not judged. For with what judgment ye judge,
ye shall be judged. (Mat. 7 : 1, 2.)




Judging of Others Approved.

Do ye not know that the saints shall judge the world? And if the
world shall be judged by you, are ye unworthy to judge the smallest
matters? Know ye not that we shall judge angels? How much more things
that pertain to this life? If, then, ye have judgments of things
pertaining to this life, set them to judge who are least esteemed in
the church. (1 Cor. 6 : 2, 3, 4.)

Do not ye judge them that are within? (1 Cor. 5 : 12.)




Jesus Taught Non-Resistance.

Resist not evil, but whosoever shall smite thee on the right cheek,
turn him the other also. (Mat. 5 : 39.)

All they that take the sword shall perish with the sword. (Mat.
26 : 52.)




Jesus Taught and Practiced Physical Resistance.

He that hath no sword, let him sell his garment and buy one. (Luke
22 : 36.)

And when he had made a scourge of small cords, he drove them all out
of the temple. (John 2 : 15.)




Jesus Warned his Followers Not to Fear Being Killed.

Be not afraid of them that kill the body. (Luke 12 : 4.)




Jesus Himself Avoided the Jews for Fear of Being killed.

After these things Jesus walked in Galilee; for he would not walk in
Jewry, because the Jews sought to kill him. (John 7 : 1.)




Public Prayer Sanctioned.

And Solomon stood before the altar of the Lord, in the presence of
all the congregation of Israel, and spread forth his hands toward
heaven. [Then follows the prayer.] And it was so, that when Solomon
had made an end of praying all his prayer and supplication unto the
Lord, he arose from before the altar of the Lord, from kneeling on
his knees, with his hands spread up to heaven.... And the Lord said
unto him, I have heard thy prayer and thy supplication that thou hast
made before me. (1 Kings 8 : 22, 54, and 9 : 3.)




Public Prayer Disapproved.

When thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are; for they
love to pray standing in the synagogues, and in the corners of the
streets, that they may be seen of men.... But thou, when thou prayest,
enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy
Father which is in secret. (Mat. 6 : 5, 6.)




Importunity in Prayer Commended.

Because this widow troubleth me, I will avenge her, lest by her
continual coming she weary me.... And shall not God avenge his own
elect, which cry day and night unto him? (Luke 18 : 5, 7.)

Because of his importunity he will rise, and give him as many as he
needeth. (Luke 11 : 8.)




Importunity in Prayer Condemned.

But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do; for
they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking. Be ye
not therefore like unto them; for your Father knoweth what things ye
have need of before ye ask him. (Mat. 6 : 7, 8.)




The Wearing of Long Hair by Men Sanctioned.

And no razor shall come on his head; for the child shall be a Nazarite
unto God from the womb. (Judges 13 : 5.)

All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come
upon his head; until the days be fulfilled in the which he separateth
himself unto the Lord, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of
the hair of his head grow. (Num. 6 : 5.)




The Wearing of Long Hair by Men Condemned.

Doth not even nature itself teach you, that if a man have long hair,
it is a shame unto him? (1 Cor. 11 : 14.)




Circumcision Instituted.

This is my covenant which ye shall keep between me and you and thy seed
after thee: Every man child among you shall be circumcised. (Gen.
17 : 10.)




Circumcision Condemned.

Behold, I, Paul, say unto you, that if ye be circumcised, Christ
shall profit you nothing. (Gal. 5 : 2.)




The Sabbath Instituted.

And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it. (Gen. 2 : 3.)

Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy. (Ex. 20 : 8.)




The Sabbath Repudiated.

The new moons and sabbaths, the calling of assemblies, I cannot away
with; it is iniquity. (Is. 1 : 13.)

One man esteemeth one day above another; another esteemeth every day
alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. (Rom. 14 : 5.)

Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of
a holy day, or of the new moon; or of the Sabbath days. (Col. 2 : 16.)




The Sabbath Instituted because God Rested the Seventh Day.

For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that
in them is, and rested the seventh day; wherefore the Lord blessed
the Sabbath day, and hallowed it. (Ex. 20 : 11.)




The Sabbath Instituted for a Very Different Reason.

And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that
the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty hand and
by a stretched-out arm; therefore the Lord thy God commanded thee to
keep the Sabbath day. (Deut. 5 : 15.)




No Work to be Done on the Sabbath under Penalty of Death.

Whosoever doeth any work in the Sabbath day, he shall surely be put
to death. (Ex. 31 : 15.)

They found a man that gathered sticks upon the Sabbath day.... And
all the congregation brought him without the camp and stoned him with
stones, and he died; as the Lord commanded Moses. (Num. 15 : 32, 36.)




Jesus Broke the Sabbath and Justified the Act.

Therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, and sought to slay him because
he had done these things on the Sabbath day. (John 5 : 16.)

At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the corn; and his
disciples were a hungered, and began to pluck the ears of corn, and
to eat. But when the Pharisees saw it they said unto him, Behold,
thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the Sabbath
day. But he said unto them, ... Have ye not read in the law, how that
on the Sabbath days the priests in the temple profane the Sabbath,
and are blameless? (Mat. 12 : 1, 2, 3, 5.)




Baptism Commanded.

Go ye therefore and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of
the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. (Mat. 28 : 19.)




Baptism Not Commanded.

For Christ sent me not to baptize, but to preach the gospel.... I thank
God that I baptized none of you but Crispus and Gaius. (1 Cor. 1 :
17, 14.)




Every Kind of Animal Allowed for Food.

Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you. (Gen. 9 : 3.)

Whatsoever is sold in the shambles that eat. (1 Cor. 10 : 25.)

There is nothing unclean of itself. (Rom. 14 : 14.)




Certain Kinds of Animals Prohibited for Food.

Nevertheless, these shall ye not eat, of them that chew the cud or
of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel and the hare, and
the coney; for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore,
they are unclean unto you. And the swine, because it divideth the hoof,
yet cheweth not the cud, it is unclean unto you; ye shall not eat of
their flesh, nor touch their dead carcass. (Deut. 14 : 7, 8.)




The Taking of Oaths Sanctioned.

If a man vow a vow unto the Lord, or swear an oath to bind his soul
with a bond, he shall not break his word; he shall do according to
all that proceedeth out of his mouth. (Num. 30 : 2.)

He that sweareth in the earth shall swear by the God of truth. (Is.
65 : 16.)

Now, therefore, swear unto me here by God.... And Abraham said,
I will swear.... There they sware both of them. (Gen. 21 : 23, 24, 31.)

Because he [God] could swear by no greater, he sware by
himself. (Heb. 6 : 13.)

And I ... made them swear by God. (Neh. 13 : 25.)




The Taking of Oaths Forbidden.

But I say unto you, swear not at all; neither by heaven for it is
God's throne; nor by the earth for it is his footstool. (Mat. 5 : 34.)




Marriage Approved and Sanctioned.

And the Lord said, It is not good that the man should be alone:
I will make him a help-meet for him. (Gen. 2 : 18.)

And God said unto them, Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the
earth. (Gen. 1 : 28.)

For this cause shall a man leave father and mother and shall cleave
to his wife. (Mat. 19 : 5.)

Marriage is honorable in all. (Heb. 13 : 4.)




Marriage Disapproved.

It is good for a man not to touch a woman.... For I [Paul] would that
all men were even as I myself.... It is good for them if they abide
even as I. (1 Cor. 7 : 1, 7, 8.)




Freedom of Divorce Permitted.

When a man hath taken a wife and married her, and it come to pass
that she find no favor in his eyes, ... then let him write her a
bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of
his house. (Deut. 24 : 1.)

When thou goest out to war against thine enemies, and the Lord thy God
hath delivered them into thy hands, and thou hast taken them captive,
and seest among the captives a beautiful woman and hast a desire unto
her, ... then thou shalt bring her home to thy house; ... and after
that thou shalt go in unto her and be her husband, and she shall be
thy wife. And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her, then thou
shalt let her go whither she will; but thou shalt not sell her at all
for money; thou shalt not make merchandize of her. (Deut. 21 : 10-14.)




Divorce Restricted.

But I say unto you, that whosoever shall put away his wife, saving
for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery. (Mat.
5 : 32.)




Adultery Sanctioned.

But all the women children that have not known a man by lying with him,
keep alive for yourselves. (Num. 31 : 18.)

And the Lord said unto Hosea, Go, take thee a wife of
whoredoms.... Then said the Lord to me, Go yet, love a woman, beloved
of her friend, yet an adulteress.... So I bought her; ... and I said
unto her, Thou shalt abide for me many days; thou shalt not play the
harlot, and thou shalt not be for another man; so will I also be for
thee. (Hosea 1 : 2, and 3 : 1, 2, 3.)




Adultery Forbidden.

Thou shalt not commit adultery. (Ex. 20 : 14.)

Whoremongers and adulterers God will judge. (Heb. 13 : 4.)




Marriage or Cohabitation with a Sister Denounced.

Cursed is he that lieth with his sister, the daughter of his father,
or the daughter of his mother. (Deut. 27 : 22.)

And if a man shall take his sister, his father's daughter, or his
mother's daughter, ... it is a wicked thing. (Lev. 20 : 17.)




Abraham Married his Sister, and God Blessed the Union.

And Abraham said, ... She is my sister; she is the daughter of
my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my
wife. (Gen. 20 : 11, 12.)

And God said unto Abraham, As for Sarah, thy wife, ... I will bless
her, and give thee a son also of her. (Gen. 17 : 15, 16.)




A Man May Marry His Brother's Widow.

If brethren dwell together, and one of them die and have no child the
wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger; her husband's
brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife. (Deut.
25 : 5.)




A Man May Not Marry his Brother's Widow.

If a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing;
... they shall be childless. (Lev. 20 : 21.)




Hatred to Kindred Enjoined.

If any man come unto me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife,
and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also,
he cannot be my disciple. (Luke 14 : 26.)




Hatred to Kindred Condemned.

Honor thy father and mother. (Eph. 6 : 2.)

Husbands, love your wives.... For no man ever yet hated his own
flesh. (Eph. 5 : 25, 29.)

Whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer. (1 John 3 : 15.)




Intoxicating Beverages Recommended.

Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish, and wine to those
that be of heavy hearts. Let him drink and forget his poverty, and
remember his misery no more. (Prov. 31 : 6, 7.)

And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever thy soul lusteth after,
for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink. (Deut.
14 : 26.)

Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for thy stomach's sake,
and thine often infirmities. (1 Tim. 5 : 23.)

Wine that maketh glad the heart of man. (Ps. 104 : 15.)

Wine which cheereth God and man. (Judges 9 : 13.)




Intoxicating Beverages Discountenanced.

Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging, and whosoever is deceived
thereby is not wise. (Prov. 20 : 1.)

Look not thou upon the wine when it is red; when it giveth his color
in the cup.... At the last it biteth like a serpent and stingeth like
an adder. (Prov. 23 : 31, 32.)




It is Our Duty to Obey Rulers, Who are God's Ministers and Punish
Evil Doers Only.

Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no
power but of God; the powers that be are ordained of God. Whosoever,
therefore, resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God; and
they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. For rulers
are not a terror to good work, but to evil.... For this cause pay
ye tribute also; for they are God's ministers, attending continually
upon this very thing. (Rom. 13 : 1, 2, 3, 6.)

The Scribes and Pharisees sit in Moses seat; all, therefore, whatsoever
they bid you observe, that observe and do. (Mat. 23 : 2, 3.)

Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man for the Lord's sake;
whether it be to the king as supreme, or unto governors as unto them
that are sent of him for the punishment of evil-doers. (1 Pet. 2 :
13, 14.)

I counsel thee to keep the king's commandment.... Whoso keepeth the
commandment shall feel no evil thing. (Eccl. 8 : 2, 5.)




It is Not Our Duty Always to Obey Rulers, Who Sometimes Punish the
Good, and Receive Damnation Therefor.

But the midwives feared God, and did not as the king of Egypt commanded
them.... Therefore God dealt well with the midwives. (Ex. 1 : 17, 20.)

Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego answered and said, ... Be it known
unto thee, O king, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the
golden image which thou hast set up. (Dan. 3 : 16, 18.)

Wherefore king Darius signed the writing and the decree, ... (that
whoever shall ask a petition of any God or man for thirty days, ... he
shall be cast into the den of lions).... Now, when Daniel knew that
the writing was signed, he went into his house and ... kneeled upon his
knees three times a day and prayed, ... as he did aforetime. (Dan. 6 :
9, 7, 10.)

And the rulers were gathered together against the Lord and against
his Christ. For of a truth, against thy holy child Jesus, whom thou
hast anointed, both Herod and Pontius Pilate, with the Gentiles,
and the people of Israel, were gathered together. (Acts 4 : 26, 27.)

Beware of the Scribes, which love to go in long clothing, and
love salutations in the market places, and the chief seats in the
synagogues.... These shall receive greater damnation. (Mark 12 : 38,
39, 40.)

And Herod with his men of war set him at naught, and mocked him, and
arrayed him in a gorgeous robe, and sent him again to Pilate.... And
Pilate gave sentence.... And when they were come to the place which
is called Calvary, there they crucified him.... And the people stood
by beholding. And the rulers also with them derided him. (Luke 23 :
11, 24, 33, 35.)




Woman's Rights Denied.

And thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over
thee. (Gen. 3 : 16.)

I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man,
but to be in silence. (1 Tim. 2 : 12.)

They are commanded to be under obedience, as also saith the law. (1
Cor. 14 : 34.)

Even as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord. (1 Peter 3 : 6.)




Woman's Rights Affirmed.

And Deborah, a prophetess, ... judged Israel at that time.... And
Deborah said unto Barak, Up, for this is the day in which the Lord hath
delivered Sisera into thy hand.... And the Lord discomfited Sisera,
and all his chariots, and all his host, with the edge of the sword
before Barak. (Judges 4 : 4, 14, 15.)

The inhabitants of the villages ceased; they ceased in Israel, until
that I, Deborah, arose, that I arose, a mother in Israel. (Judges
5 : 7.)

And on my hand-maidens I will pour out in those days my spirit,
and they shall prophesy. (Acts 2 : 18.)

And the same man had four daughters, virgins, which did prophesy. (Acts
21 : 9.)




Obedience to Masters Enjoined.

Servants, obey in all things your masters according to the
flesh.... And whatsoever ye do, do it heartily as to the Lord. (Col.
3 : 22, 23.)

Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear; not only to the
good and gentle, but also to the froward. (1 Peter 2 : 18.)




Obedience Due to God Only.

Thou shalt worship the Lord thy God, and him only shalt thou
serve. (Mat. 4 : 10.)

Be ye not the servants of men. (1 Cor. 7 : 23.)

Neither be ye called masters; for one is your master, even
Christ. (Mat. 23 : 10.)




There is an Unpardonable Sin.

He that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never
forgiveness. (Mark 3 : 29.)




There is No Unpardonable Sin.

And by him all that believe are justified from all things. (Acts
13 : 39.)







HISTORICAL FACTS.


Man was Created After the Other Animals.

And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after
their kind.... And God said, Let us make man.... So God created man
in his own image. (Gen. 1 : 25, 26, 27.)




Man was Created Before the Other Animals.

And the Lord God said, It is not good that the man should be alone;
I will make him a help-meet for him. And out of the ground the Lord God
formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air, and brought
them unto Adam to see what he would call them. (Gen. 2 : 18, 19.)




Noah, by God's Command, Took Into the Ark Clean Beasts by Sevens.

And the Lord said unto Noah, ... Of every clean beast thou shalt
take to thee by sevens.... And Noah did according to all that the
Lord commanded him. (Gen. 7 : 1, 2, 5.)




Noah, by God's Command, Took Into the Ark Clean Beasts by Twos.

Of clean beasts ... there went in two and two unto Noah into the Ark,
... as God had commanded Noah. (Gen. 7 : 8, 9.)




Seed Time and Harvest were Never to Cease.

While the earth remaineth, seed time and harvest ... shall not
cease. (Gen. 8 : 22.)




Seed Time and Harvest Did Cease for Seven Years.

And the seven years of dearth began to come.... And the famine was
over all the face of the earth. (Gen. 41 : 54, 56.)

For these two years hath the famine been in the land; and yet there are
five years in which there shall neither be earing nor harvest. (Gen.
45 : 6.)




God Hardened Pharaoh's Heart.

But I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people
go. (Ex. 4 : 21.)

And the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh. (Ex. 9 : 12.)




Pharaoh Hardened His Own Heart.

But when Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart,
and hearkened not unto them. (Ex. 8 : 15.)




All the Cattle and Horses in Egypt Died.

Behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thy cattle which is in the field,
upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and
upon the sheep.... And all the cattle of Egypt died. (Ex. 9 : 3, 6.)




All the Horses of Egypt did Not Die.

But the Egyptians pursued after them (all the horses and chariots of
Pharaoh, and his horsemen, and his army) and overtook them encamping
by the sea. (Ex. 14 : 9.)




John the Baptist Recognized Jesus as the Messiah.

The next day John seeth Jesus coming unto him, and saith, Behold the
Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.... And I saw
and bare record that this is the Son of God. (John 1 : 29, 34.)




John the Baptist did Not Recognize Jesus as the Messiah.

Now, when John had heard in the prison the works of Christ, he sent
two of his disciples, and said unto him, Art thou he that should come,
or do we look for another? (Mat. 11 : 2, 3.)




John the Baptist was Elias.

This is Elias which was for to come. (Mat. 11 : 14.)




John the Baptist was Not Elias.

And they asked him, "What then? Art thou Elias? And he saith, I am
not. (John 1 : 21.)




The Father of Joseph, Mary's Husband, was Jacob.

And Jacob begat Joseph, the husband of Mary, of whom was born
Jesus. (Mat. 1 : 16.)




The Father of Mary's Husband was Heli.

Being ... the son of Joseph which was the son of Heli. (Luke 3 : 23.)




The Father of Salah was Arphaxad.

And Arphaxad lived five and thirty years and begat Salah. (Gen.
11 : 12.)




The Father of Sala was Cainan.

Which was the son of Sala, which was the son of Cainan, which was
the son of Arphaxad. (Luke 3 : 35, 36.)




The Infant Jesus was Taken into Egypt.

He took the young child and his mother by night and departed into
Egypt, and was there until the death of Herod.... But when Herod was
dead ... he arose and took the young child and his mother and came
... and dwelt in a city called Nazareth. (Mat. 2 : 14, 15, 19, 21, 23.)




The Infant Jesus was Not Taken into Egypt.

And when the days of her purification, according to the law of Moses,
were accomplished, they brought him to Jerusalem, to present him to
the Lord.... And when they had performed all things, according to the
law of the Lord, they returned ... to their own city, Nazareth. (Luke
2 : 22, 39.)




Jesus was Tempted in the Wilderness.

And immediately [after his baptism] the spirit driveth him into the
wilderness. And he was there in the wilderness forty days tempted of
Satan. (Mark 1 : 12, 13.)




Jesus was Not Tempted in the Wilderness.

And the third day [after his baptism] there was a marriage in Cana
of Galilee.... And both Jesus was called and his disciples to the
marriage. (John 2 : 1, 2.)




Jesus Preached his First Sermon Sitting on the Mount.

And, seeing the multitude, he went up into a mountain, and when he
was set his disciples came unto him. And he opened his mouth and
taught them, saying. (Mat. 5 : 1, 2.)




He Preached his First Sermon Standing in the Plain.

And he came down with them and stood in the plain; and the company
of his disciples and a great multitude of people ... came to hear
him.... And he lifted up his eyes on his disciples and said. (Luke 6 :
17, 20.)




John was in Prison when Jesus went into Galilee.

Now, after that John was put in prison, Jesus came into Galilee,
preaching the gospel of the kingdom of God. (Mark 1 : 14.)




John was Not in Prison when Jesus went into Galilee.

The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee. (John 1 : 43.)

After these things came Jesus and his disciples into the land of
Judea.... And John was also baptizing in Enon.... For John was not
yet cast into prison. (John 3 : 22, 23, 24.)




The Disciples were Commanded to Take a Staff and Sandals.

And commanded them that they should take nothing for their journey
save a staff only; no scrip, no bread, no money in their purse;
but be shod with sandals. (Mark 6 : 8, 9.)




They were Commanded to Take Neither Staves Nor Sandals.

Provide neither gold, nor silver, nor brass in your purses; nor
scrip for your journey, neither two coats, neither shoes, nor yet
staves. (Mat. 10 : 9, 10.)




Two Blind Men Besought Jesus.

And behold, two blind men sitting by the way-side, when they heard
that Jesus passed by, cried out, saying, Have mercy on us, O Lord
thou son of David. (Mat. 20 : 30.)




Only One Blind Man Besought Him.

A certain blind man sat by the way-side begging.... And he cried,
saying, Jesus, thou son of David, have mercy on me. (Luke 18 : 35, 38.)




Two Men Coming Out of the Tombs Met Jesus.

There met him two, possessed with devils, coming out of the
tombs. (Mat. 8 : 28.)




Only One Man Coming Out of the Tombs Met Him.

There met him, coming out of the tombs, a man with an unclean
spirit. (Mark 5 : 2.)




A Centurion Besought Jesus to Heal his Servant.

There came unto him a centurion, beseeching him, and saying, Lord,
my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy. (Mat. 8 : 5, 6.)




Not the Centurion, but his Messengers, Besought Jesus.

He sent unto him the elders of the Jews, beseeching him that he would
come and heal his servant. And when they came to Jesus, they besought
him. (Luke 7 : 3, 4.)




Jesus was Crucified at the Third Hour.

And it was the third hour, and they crucified him. (Mark 15 : 25.)




He was Not Crucified Until the Sixth Hour.

And it was the preparation of the passover, and about the sixth hour;
and he saith unto the Jews, Behold your king.... Shall I crucify your
king? (John 19 : 14, 15.)




The Two Thieves Reviled Jesus.

The thieves also, which were crucified with him, cast the same in
his teeth. (Mat. 27 : 44.)

And they that were crucified with him, reviled him. (Mark 15 : 32.)




Only One of the Thieves Reviled Him.

And one of the malefactors which were hanged railed on him.... But
the other answering, rebuked him, saying, Dost thou not fear God,
seeing thou art in the same condemnation? (Luke 23 : 39, 40.)




Vinegar Mingled with Gall was Offered Jesus.

They gave him vinegar to drink, mingled with gall. (Mat. 27 : 34.)




Wine Mingled with Myrrh was Offered to Him.

And they gave him to drink, wine mingled with myrrh. (Mark 15 : 23.)




Satan Entered into Judas while at the Supper.

And after the sop Satan entered into him. (John 13 : 27.)




Satan Entered into him Before the Supper.

Then entered Satan into Judas.... And he went his way and communed with
the chief priests and captains, how he might betray him.... Then came
the day of unleavened bread when the passover must be killed. (Luke
22 : 3, 4, 7.)




Judas Returned the Pieces of Silver.

Then Judas ... brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief
priests and elders. (Mat. 27 : 3.)




Judas did Not Return the Pieces of Silver.

Now, this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity. (Acts
1 : 18.)




Judas Hanged Himself.

And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed,
and went and hanged himself. (Mat. 27 : 5.)




Judas did Not Hang Himself, but Died Another Way.

And falling headlong he burst asunder in the midst, and all his bowels
gushed out. (Acts 1 : 18.)




The Potter's Field was Purchased by Judas.

Now, this man purchased a field with the reward of iniquity. (Acts
1 : 18.)




The Potter's Field was Purchased by the Chief Priests.

And the chief priests took the silver pieces ... and bought with them
the potter's field. (Mat. 27 : 6, 7.)




But One Woman Came to the Sepulcher.

The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene, early, when it was
yet dark, unto the sepulcher. (John 20 : 1.)




Two Women Came to the Sepulcher.

In the end of the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first day
of the week, came Mary Magdalene, and the other Mary, to see the
sepulcher. (Mat. 28 : 1.)




Three Women Came to the Sepulcher.

And when the Sabbath was past, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother
of James, and Salome, had brought sweet spices, that they might come
and anoint him. (Mark 16 : 1.)




More than Three Women Came to the Sepulcher.

It was Mary Magdalene, and Joanna, and Mary the mother of James,
and other women that were with them. (Luke 24 : 10.)




It was at Sunrise when they Came to the Sepulcher.

And very early in the morning, the first day of the week, they came
unto the sepulcher, at the rising of the sun. (Mark 16 : 2.)




It was some time Before Sunrise when They came.

The first day of the week, cometh Mary Magdalene, early, while it
was yet dark, unto the sepulcher. (John 20 : 1.)




Two Angels were Seen at the Sepulcher, Standing up.

And it came to pass, as they were much perplexed thereabout, behold,
two men stood by them in shining garments. (Luke 24 : 4.)




But One Angel was Seen, and He was Sitting Down.

For the angel of the Lord descended from heaven, and came and rolled
back the stone from the door, and sat upon it.... And the angel
answered and said unto the women, Fear not. (Mat. 28 : 2, 5.)




Two Angels were Seen within the Sepulcher.

And as she wept she stooped down and looked into the sepulcher,
and seeth two angels in white. (John 20 : 11, 12.)




But One Angel was Seen within the Sepulcher.

And entering into the sepulcher, they saw a young man sitting on the
right side, clothed in a long white garment. (Mark 16 : 5.)




The One Angel Seen was Without the Sepulcher.

The angel ... rolled back the stone from the door, and sat upon
it. (Mat. 28 : 2.)




The Women went and Told the Disciples of Christ's Resurrection.

And they departed quickly from the sepulcher, with fear and great joy,
and did run to bring his disciples word. (Mat. 28 : 8.)

And returned from the sepulcher, and told all these things unto the
eleven. (Luke 24 : 9.)




The Women did Not Go and Tell the Disciples.

And they went out quickly and fled from the sepulcher; for they
trembled and were amazed; neither said they anything to any man. (Mark
16 : 8.)




The Angels Appeared After Peter and John Visited the Sepulcher.

Peter therefore went forth, and that other disciple, [whom Jesus
loved,] and came to the sepulcher, ... and went into the sepulcher,
and seeth the linen clothes.... Then the disciples went away again. But
Mary stood without at the sepulcher, weeping; and as she wept she
stooped down and looked into the sepulcher, and seeth two angels in
white. (John 20 : 3, 6, 10-12.)




The Angels Appeared Before Peter Alone Visited the Sepulcher.

Behold, two men stood by them [the women] in shining garments.... And
they ... returned from the sepulcher, and told all these things
unto the eleven.... Then arose Peter, and ran unto the sepulcher,
and stooping down he beheld the linen clothes laid by themselves,
and departed wondering. (Luke 24 : 4, 8, 9.)




Jesus Appeared First to Mary Magdalene Only.

Now, when Jesus was risen early, the first day of the week, he appeared
first to Mary Magdalene. (Mark 16 : 9.)

And when she had thus said, she turned herself back and saw Jesus
standing, and knew not that it was Jesus. (John 20 : 14.)




Jesus Appeared First to the Two Marys.

And as they [Mary Magdalene and the other Mary] went to tell his
disciples, behold Jesus met them, saying, All hail. (Mat. 28 : 9.)




He Appeared to Neither of the Marys.

(See Luke 24 : 1-11.)




Jesus was to be Three Days and Three Nights in the Grave.

So shall the son of man be three days and three nights in the heart
of the earth. (Mat. 12 : 40.)




He was but Two Days and Two Nights in the Grave.

And it was the third hour, and they crucified him.... It was
the preparation, that is, the day before the Sabbath.... And
Pilate ... gave the body to Joseph. And he ... laid him in a
sepulcher.... Now, when Jesus was risen early the first day of the
week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene. (Mark 15 : 25, 42, 44,
45, 46; and 16 : 9.)




The Holy Ghost Was Bestowed at Pentecost.

But ye shall receive power after that the Holy Ghost is come upon
you.... Ye shall be baptized with the Holy Ghost not many days
hence. (Acts 1 : 8, 5.)

And when the day of Pentecost was fully come they were all of one
accord in one place.... And they were all filled with the Holy
Ghost. (Acts 2 : 1, 4.)




The Holy Ghost was Bestowed Before Pentecost.

And when he said this he breathed on them, and saith unto them,
Receive ye the Holy Ghost. (John 20 : 22.)




The Disciples were Commanded Immediately After the Resurrection to
go into Galilee.

Then said Jesus unto them, Be not afraid; go tell my brethren that
they go into Galilee, and there shall they see me. (Mat. 28 : 10.)




They were Commanded Immediately After the Resurrection to Tarry
at Jerusalem.

But tarry ye in the city of Jerusalem until ye be endued with power
from on high. (Luke 24 : 49.)




Jesus First Appeared to the Eleven Disciples in a Room at Jerusalem.

And they rose up the same hour and returned to Jerusalem, and found
the eleven gathered together.... And as they thus spake, Jesus himself
stood in the midst of them.... But they were terrified and affrighted,
and supposed that they had seen a spirit. (Luke 24 : 33, 36, 37.)

The same day, at evening, being the first day of the week, when the
doors were shut where the disciples were assembled, ... came Jesus
and stood in the midst. (John 20 : 19.)




He First Appeared to them on a Mountain in Galilee.

Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where
Jesus had appointed them. And when they saw him they worshipped him,
but some doubted. (Mat. 28 : 16, 17.)




Jesus Ascended from Mount Olivet.

And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken
up, and a cloud received him out of their sight.... Then returned
they unto Jerusalem, from the mount called Olivet. (Acts 1 : 9, 12.)




He Ascended from Bethany.

And he led them out as far as to Bethany; and he lifted up his hands
and blessed them. And it came to pass while he blessed them, he was
parted from them, and carried up into heaven. (Luke 24 : 50, 51.)




Did he Ascend from Either Place?

Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and
upbraided them with their unbelief.... So then, after the Lord had
spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven. (Mark 16 : 14, 19.)




Paul's Attendants Heard the Voice, and Stood Speechless.

And the men which journeyed with him [Paul] stood speechless, hearing
a voice but seeing no man. (Acts 9 : 7.)




His Attendants Heard Not the Voice, and were Prostrate.

And they that were with me saw indeed the light and were afraid;
but they heard not the voice of him that spake to me. (Acts 22 : 9.)

And when we were all fallen to the earth, I heard a voice. (Acts
26 : 14.)




Abraham Departed to go into Canaan.

And Abram took Sarah, his wife, and Lot, his brother's son, ... and
they went forth to go into the land of Canaan, and into the land of
Canaan they came. (Gen. 12 : 5.)




Abraham Went not Knowing Where.

By faith Abraham, when he was called to go out into a place which
he should after receive for an inheritance, obeyed; and he went out,
not knowing whither he went. (Heb. 11 : 8.)




Abraham had Two Sons.

Abraham had two sons; one by a bond-maid, the other by a free
woman. (Gal. 4 : 22.)




Abraham had but One Son.

By faith, Abraham when he was tried offered up Isaac, ... his only
begotten son. (Heb. 11 : 17.)




Keturah was Abraham's Wife.

Then again Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah. (Gen.
25 : 1.)




Keturah was Abraham's Concubine.

The sons of Keturah, Abraham's concubine. (1 Chron. 1 : 32.)




Abraham Begat a Son when he was a Hundred Years Old, by the
Interposition of Providence.

Sarah conceived and bare Abraham a son in his old age, at the set
time of which God had spoken to him. (Gen. 21 : 2.)

And being not weak in the faith, he considered not his own body,
now dead, when he was about a hundred years old. (Rom. 4 : 19.)

Therefore sprang there from one, and him as good as dead, so many as
the stars of the sky. (Heb. 11 : 12.)




Abraham Begat Six Children More After he was a Hundred Years Old,
Without any Interposition of Providence.

Then again Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah; and she
bare him Zimram, and Jockshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak,
and Shuah. (Gen. 25 : 1, 2.)




Jacob Bought a Sepulcher of the Sons of Hamor.

And the bones of Joseph ... buried they in Shechem, in a parcel
of ground which Jacob bought of the sons of Hamor, the father of
Shechem. (Josh. 24 : 32.)




Abraham Bought it of the Sons of Emmor.

In the sepulcher that Abraham bought for a sum of money of the sons
of Emmor, the father of Sychem. (Acts 7 : 16.)




God Promised the Land of Canaan to Abraham and his Seed.

And the Lord said unto Abraham,... All the land which thou seest,
to thee will I give it, and to thy seed forever.... Unto thee and to
thy seed after thee. (Gen. 13 : 14, 15, and 17 : 8.)




Abraham and his Seed Never Received the Promised Land.

And he gave him [Abraham] none inheritance in it, no, not so much as
to set his foot on. (Acts 7 : 5.)

By faith he sojourned in the land of promise as in a strange country,
dwelling in tabernacles with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of
the same promise.... These all died in faith, not having received
the promises. (Heb. 11 : 9, 13.)




Baasha Died in the Twenty-sixth Year of Asa.

So Baasha slept with his fathers, ... and Elah, his son, reigned in
his stead.... In the twenty and sixth year of Asa, king of Judah,
began Elah to reign over Israel. (1 Kings 16 : 6, 8.)




Baasha did Not Die in the Twenty-sixth Year of Asa.

In the six and thirtieth year of the reign of Asa, Baasha, king of
Israel, came up against Judah. (2 Chron. 16 : 1.)




Ahaziah was the Youngest Son of Jehoram.

And the inhabitants of Jerusalem made Ahaziah, his [Jehoram's]
youngest son, king in his stead; for the band of men that came with
the Arabians to the camp had slain all the eldest. (2 Chron. 22 : 1.)




Ahaziah was Not the Youngest Son of Jehoram.

The Lord stirred up against Jehoram the spirit of the Philistines, and
of the Arabians, ... and they came up into Judah ... and carried away
all the substance that was found in the king's house, and sons also,
and his wives; so that there was never a son left him, save Jehoahaz,
the youngest of his sons. (2 Chron. 21 : 16, 17.)




Ahaziah was Twenty-two Years Old when he Began to Reign, being Eighteen
Years Younger than his Father.

Thirty and two years old was he [Jehoram] when he began to reign;
and he reigned eight years in Jerusalem.... And Ahaziah reigned in
his stead.... Two and twenty years old was Ahaziah when he began to
reign. (2 Kings 8 : 17, 24, 26.)




Ahaziah was Forty-two Years Old when he Began to Reign, being Two
Years Older than his Father.

Thirty and two years old was he [Jehoram] when he began to reign, and
he reigned in Jerusalem eight years. And the inhabitants of Jerusalem
made Ahaziah his youngest son, king in his stead. Forty and two years
old was Ahaziah when he began to reign. (2 Chron. 21 : 20, and 22 :
1, 2.)




Michal had No Child.

Therefore Michal, the daughter of Saul, had no child unto the day of
her death. (2 Sam. 6 : 23.)




Michal had Five Children.

The five sons of Michal, the daughter of Saul. (2 Sam. 21 : 8.)




David was Tempted by the Lord to Number the People.

And the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and he moved
David against them to say, Go, number Israel and Judah. (2 Sam.
24 : 1.)




David was Tempted by Satan to Number the People.

And Satan stood up against Israel, and provoked David to number
Israel. (1 Chron. 21 : 1.)




There were 800,000 Warriors of Israel and 500,000 of Judah.

And Joab gave up the sum of the number of the people unto the king; and
there were in Israel eight hundred thousand valiant men that drew the
sword; and the men of Judah five hundred thousand men. (2 Sam. 24 : 9.)




There were 1,100,000 of Israel and 470,000 of Judah.

And Joab gave the sum of the number of the people unto David. And
all they of Israel were a thousand thousand and a hundred thousand
[1,100,000] men that drew the sword; and Judah was four hundred three
score and ten thousand [470,000] men that drew the sword. (1 Chron.
21 : 5.)




David Sinned in Numbering the People.

And David's heart smote him after that he had numbered the people. And
David said unto the Lord, I have sinned greatly in that I have done. (2
Sam. 24 : 10.)




David Never Sinned except in the Matter of Uriah.

David did that which was right in the eyes of the Lord, and turned not
aside from anything that he commanded him all the days of his life,
save only in the matter of Uriah the Hittite. (1 Kings 15 : 5.)




David Slew 700 Syrian Charioteers and 40,000 Horsemen.

And David slew the men of the seven hundred chariots of the Syrians,
and forty thousand horsemen. (2 Sam. 10 : 18.)




David Slew 7,000 Syrian Charioteers and 40,000 Footmen.

And David slew of the Syrians seven thousand men which fought in
chariots, and forty thousand footmen. (1 Chron. 19 : 18.)




David Paid for a Threshing Floor Fifty Shekels of Silver.

So David bought the threshing floor and the oxen for fifty shekels
of silver. (2 Sam. 24 : 24.)




David Paid for it Six Hundred Shekels of Gold.

So David gave to Ornan for the place six hundred shekels of gold. (1
Chron. 21 : 25.)




Goliath was Slain by David.

And there went out a champion out of the camp of the Philistines,
named Goliath of Gath.... So David ... smote the Philistine and slew
him. (1 Sam. 17 : 4, 50.)




Goliath was Slain by Elhanan.

Elhanan, the son of Jaare-origim, a Bethlehemite, slew ["the brother
of," supplied by the translators] Goliath the Gittite. (2 Sam.
21 : 19.)







SPECULATIVE DOCTRINES.


Christ is Equal with God.

I and my Father are one. (John 10 : 30.)

Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal
with God. (Phil. 2 : 6.)




Christ is Not Equal with God.

My Father is greater than I. (John 14 : 28.)

Of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven,
but my Father only. (Mat. 24 : 36.)




Christ Judged Men.

The Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment to the
Son.... As I hear I judge. (John 5 : 22, 30.)




Christ Judged No Man.

I judge no man. (John 8 : 15.)

If any man hear my words and believe not, I judge him not; for I came
not to judge the world, but to save the world. (John 12 : 47.)




Jesus was All Powerful.

All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. (Mat. 28 : 18.)

The Father loveth the son, and hath given all things into his
hand. (John 3 : 35.)




Jesus was Not All Powerful.

And he could there do no mighty work, save that he laid his hands on
a few sick folk and healed them. (Mark 6 : 5.)




The Law was Superceded by the Christian Dispensation.

The law and the prophets were until John; since that time the kingdom
of God is preached. (Luke 16 : 16.)

Having abolished in the flesh the enmity, even the law of commandments
contained in ordinances. (Eph. 2 : 15.)

But now we are delivered from the law. (Rom. 7 : 6.)




The Law was Not Superceded by the Christian Dispensation.

I come not to destroy but to fulfill. For verily I say unto you, till
heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass
from the law till all be fulfilled. Whosoever therefore shall break
one of these least commandments and shall teach men so, he shall be
called the least in the kingdom of heaven. (Mat. 5 : 17, 18, 19.)




Christ's Mission was Peace.

And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly
host praising God and saying, Glory to God In the highest, and on
earth peace, good will toward men. (Luke 2 : 13, 14.)

And thou, child, shall be called the Prophet of the Highest.... To
guide our feet into the way of peace. (Luke 1 : 76, 79.)

And his name shall be called ... The Prince of Peace. (Is. 9 : 6.)




Christ's Mission was Not Peace.

Think not that I am come to send peace on earth; I came not to send
peace, but a sword. (Mat. 10 : 34.)

I am come to send fire on the earth. (Luke 12 : 49.)




Christ Received not Testimony from Man.

Ye sent unto John and he bare witness unto the truth. But I receive
not testimony from man. (John 5 : 33, 34.)




Christ Did Receive Testimony from Man.

And ye also shall bear witness, because ye have been with me from
the beginning. (John 15 : 27.)




Christ's Witness of Himself is True.

I am one that bear witness of myself.... Though I bear record of
myself, yet my record is true. (John 8 : 18, 14.)




Christ's Witness of Himself is Not True.

If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true. (John 5 : 31.)




It was Lawful for the Jews to Put Jesus to Death.

The Jews answered him, We have a law, and by our law he ought to
die. (John 19 : 7.)




It was Not Lawful for the Jews to Put him to Death.

The Jews therefore said unto him, It is not lawful for us to put any
man to death. (John 18 : 31.)




Children are Punished for the Sins of their Parents.

I, the Lord thy God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquities of
the fathers upon the children. (Ex. 20 : 5.)

Because by this deed thou hast given great occasion to the enemies
of the Lord to blaspheme, the child also that is born unto thee shall
surely die. (2 Sam. 12 : 14.)




Children are Not Punished for the Sins of their Parents.

The son shall not bear the iniquity of the father. (Ezek. 18 : 20.)

Neither shall the children be put to death for the fathers. (Deut.
24 : 16.)




Man is Justified by Faith Alone.

By the deeds of the law there shall no flesh be justified. (Rom.
3 : 20.)

Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by
the faith of Jesus Christ. (Gal. 2 : 16.)

The just shall live by faith. And the law is not of faith. (Gal. 3 :
11, 12.)

For if Abraham were justified by works, he hath whereof to
glory. (Rom. 4 : 2.)




Man is Not Justified by Faith Alone.

Was not Abraham our father justified by works?... Ye see then how that
by works a man is justified, and not by faith only. (James 2 : 21, 24.)

The doers of the law shall be justified. (Rom. 2 : 13.)




It is Impossible to Fall from Grace.

And I give unto them eternal life, and they shall never perish,
neither shall any pluck them out of my hand. (John 10 : 28.)

Neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers,
nor things present, nor things to come, nor height nor depth, nor
any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of
God which is in Christ Jesus our Lord. (Rom. 8 : 38, 39.)




It is Possible to Fall from Grace.

But when the righteous turneth away from his righteousness, and
committeth iniquity, and doeth according to all the abominations that
the wicked man doeth, shall he live? All his righteousness that he hath
done shall not be mentioned; in his trespass that he hath trespassed,
and in his sin that he hath sinned, in them shall he die. (Ezek.
18 : 24.)

For it is impossible for those who were once enlightened, and have
tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers of the Holy
Ghost, and have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the
world to come, if they shall fall away, to renew them again unto
repentance. (Heb. 6 : 4, 5, 6.)

For if, after they have escaped the pollutions of the world through
the knowledge of the Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, they are again
entangled therein and overcome, the latter end is worse with them
than the beginning. For it had been better for them not to have known
the way of righteousness than, after they have known it, to turn from
the holy commandment delivered unto them. (2 Peter 2 : 20, 21.)




No Man is Without Sin.

For there is no man that sinneth not. (1 Kings 8 : 46.)

Who can say, I have made my heart clean; I am pure from my
sin? (Prov. 20 : 9.)

For there is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good and sinneth
not. (Eccl. 7 : 20.)

There is none righteous, no, not one. (Rom. 3 : 10.)




Christians are Sinless.

Whosoever is born of God doth not commit sin; ... he cannot sin,
because he is born of God.... Whosoever abideth in him sinneth
not.... He that committeth sin is of the devil. (1 John 3 : 9, 6, 8.)




There is to be a Resurrection of the Dead.

The trumpet shall sound and the dead shall be raised. (1 Cor. 15 : 52.)

And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God; ... and they
were judged, every man according to their works. (Rev. 20 : 12, 13.)

The hour is coming in the which all that are in the graves shall hear
his voice, and shall come forth. (John 5 : 28, 29.)

For if the dead rise not, then is not Christ raised. (1 Cor. 15 : 16.)




There is to be no Resurrection of the Dead.

As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away, so he that goeth down
to the grave shall come up no more. (Job 7 : 9.)

The dead know not anything, neither have they any more a
reward. (Eccl. 9 : 5.)

They are dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they shall
not rise. (Is. 26 : 14.)




Reward and Punishment to be Bestowed in this World.

Behold the righteous shall be recompensed in the earth, much more
the wicked and the sinner. (Prov. 11 : 31.)




Reward and Punishment to be Bestowed in the Next World.

And the dead were judged out of those things which were written in
the books, according to their works. (Rev. 20 : 12.)

Then he shall reward every man according to his works. (Mat. 16 : 27.)

According to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad. (2 Cor.
5 : 10.)




Annihilation the Portion of all Mankind.

Why died not I from the womb? Why did I not give up the ghost when I
came out of the belly?... For now should I have lain still and been
quiet; I should have slept; then had I been at rest, with kings and
counselors of the earth, which built desolate places for themselves;
or with princes that had gold, who filled their houses with silver;
or as a hidden, untimely birth I had not been; as infants which never
saw the light. There the wicked cease from troubling, and there the
weary be at rest.... The small and great are there, and the servant
is free from his master. Wherefore is light given to him that is
in misery, and life unto the bitter in soul, which long for death,
but it cometh not, ... which rejoice exceedingly and are glad, when
they can find the grave? (Job. 3 : 11, 13-17, 19-22.)

The dead know not anything.... For there is no work, nor device,
nor knowledge, nor wisdom in the grave whither thou goest. (Eccl. 9 :
5, 10.)

For that which befalleth the sons of men befalleth the beasts, even
one thing befalleth them; as the one dieth, so dieth the other; yea,
they have all one breath; so that a man hath no pre-eminence above
a beast.... All go unto one place. (Eccl. 3 : 19, 20.)




Endless Misery the Portion of a Part of Mankind.

These shall go away into everlasting punishment. (Mat. 25 : 46.)

And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and
brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be
tormented day and night for ever and ever.... And whosoever was
not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of
fire. (Rev. 20 : 10, 15.)

And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up forever and ever. (Rev.
14 : 11.)

And many of them that sleep in the dust shall awake, some to
everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt. (Dan.
12 : 2.)




The Earth is to be Destroyed.

The earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up. (2
Peter 3 : 10.)

They shall perish, but thou remainest. (Heb. 1 : 11.)

And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose
face the earth and the heaven fled away, and there was no place found
for them. (Rev. 20 : 11.)




The Earth is Never to be Destroyed.

Who laid the foundations of the earth that it should not be removed
forever. (Ps. 104 : 5.)

But the earth abideth forever. (Eccl. 1 : 4.)




No Evil Shall Happen to the Godly.

There shall no evil happen to the just. (Prov. 12 : 21.)

Who is he that will harm you, if ye be followers of that which is
good? (1 Peter 3 : 13.)




Evil Does Happen to the Godly.

Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he
receiveth. (Heb. 12 : 6.)

And the Lord said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant, Job,
that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and upright
man?... So went Satan forth ... and smote Job with sore boils from
the sole of his foot unto his crown. (Job 2 : 3, 7.)




Worldly Good and Prosperity the Lot of the Godly.

There shall no evil happen to the just. (Prov. 12 : 21.)

For the Lord loveth judgment and forsaketh not his saints; they are
preserved forever.... The wicked watcheth the righteous and seeketh
to slay him. The Lord will not leave him in his hand, nor condemn him
when he is judged.... Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright;
for the end of that man is peace. (Ps. 37 : 28, 32, 33, 37.)

Blessed is the man that walketh not in the counsel of the
ungodly.... Whatsoever he doeth shall prosper. (Ps. 1 : 1, 3.)

And the Lord was with Joseph, and he was a prosperous man. (Gen.
39 : 2.)

So the Lord blessed the latter end of Job more than his beginning. (Job
42 : 12.)




Worldly Misery and Destitution the Lot of the Godly.

They were stoned, they were sawn asunder, were tempted, were slain
with the sword; they wandered about in sheep-skins and goat-skins;
being destitute, afflicted, tormented; ... they wandered in deserts,
and in mountains, and in dens and caves of the earth. (Heb. 11 :
37, 38.)

These are they which came out of great tribulation. (Rev. 7 : 14.)

Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer
persecution. (2 Tim. 3 : 12.)

And ye shall be hated of all men for my name's sake. (Luke 21 : 17.)




Worldly Prosperity a Blessing and a Reward of Righteousness.

There is no man that hath left house or brethren, or sisters, or
father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my sake and
the gospel's, but he shall receive a hundred-fold now in this time,
houses, and brethren, and sisters, and mothers, and children, and
lands. (Mark 10 : 29, 30.)

I have been young, and now am old; yet have I not seen the righteous
forsaken nor his seed begging bread. (Ps. 37 : 25.)

Blessed is the man that feareth the Lord.... Wealth and riches shall
be in his house. (Ps. 112 : 1, 3.)

If thou return unto the Almighty, thou shalt be built up.... Then
thou shalt lay up gold as dust. (Job 22 : 23, 24.)

In the house of the righteous is much treasure. (Prov. 15 : 6.)




Worldly Prosperity a Curse and a Bar to Future Reward.

Blessed be ye poor. (Luke 6 : 20.)

Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth.... For where your
treasure is there will your heart be also. (Mat. 6 : 19, 21.)

And it came to pass that the beggar died, and was carried by the
angels into Abraham's bosom. (Luke 16 : 22.)

It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for
a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God. (Mat. 19 : 24.)

Wo unto you that are rich! for ye have received your consolation. (Luke
6 : 24.)




The Christian Yoke is Easy.

Come unto me all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give
you rest. Take my yoke upon you.... For my yoke is easy and my burden
is light. (Mat. 11 : 28-30.)

Who is he that will harm you, if ye be followers of that which is
good? (1 Peter 3 : 13.)




The Christian Yoke is Not Easy.

In the world ye shall have tribulation. (John 16 : 33.)

Yea, and all that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer
persecution. (2 Tim. 3 : 12.)

Whom the Lord loveth be chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom
he receiveth.... But if ye be without chastisement, whereof all are
partakers, then are ye bastards and not sons. (Heb. 12 : 6, 8.)




The Fruit of God's Spirit is Love and Gentleness.

The fruit of the spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering,
gentleness, goodness. (Gal. 5 : 22.)




The Fruit of God's Spirit is Vengeance and Fury.

And the spirit of the Lord came mightily upon him.... And he ... slew
a thousand men. (Judges 15 : 14, 15.)

And it came to pass on the morrow that the evil spirit from God came
upon Saul, ... and there was a javelin in Saul's hand. And Saul cast
the javelin; for he said, I will smite David even to the wall with
it. (1 Sam. 18 : 10, 11.)




Prosperity and Longevity Enjoyed by the Wicked.

Wherefore do the wicked live, become old, yea, are mighty in
power? Their seed is established in their sight with them, and their
offspring before their eyes. Their houses are safe from fear. (Job 21 :
7, 8, 9.)

They [men of the world] are full of children and leave the rest of
their substance to their babes. (Ps. 17 : 14.)

I was envious at the foolish when I saw the prosperity of the
wicked.... They are not in trouble as other men.... Behold, these are
the ungodly who prosper in the world; they increase in riches. (Ps.
73 : 3, 5, 12.)

There is a wicked man that prolongeth his life in his
wickedness. (Eccl. 7 : 15.)

Wherefore doth the way of the wicked prosper? Wherefore are all they
happy that deal very treacherously? (Jer. 12 : 1.)




Prosperity and Longevity Denied to the Wicked.

The light of the wicked shall be put out.... Terrors shall make him
afraid on every side.... He shall be driven from light into darkness,
and chased out of the world. He shall neither have son nor nephew
among his people, nor any remaining in his dwellings. (Job. 18 : 5,
12, 18, 19.)

But it shall not be well with the wicked, neither shall he prolong
his days. (Eccl. 8 : 23.)

Bloody and deceitful men shall not live out half their days. (Ps.
55 : 23.)

The years of the wicked shall be shortened. (Prov. 10 : 27.)

They [the hypocrites] die in youth. (Job. 36 : 14.)

Be not over much wicked, neither be foolish; why shouldst thou die
before your time? (Eccl. 7 : 17.)




Poverty is a Blessing.

Blessed be ye poor.... Woe unto you that are rich! (Luke 6 : 20, 24.)

Hath not God chosen the poor of this world, rich in faith, and heirs
of the kingdom? (James 2 : 5.)




Riches a Blessing.

The rich man's wealth is his strong tower, but the destruction of
the poor is their poverty. (Prov. 10 : 15.)

If thou return unto the Almighty then thou shalt be built up.... Thou
shalt then lay up gold as dust. (Job 22 : 23, 24.)

So the Lord blessed the latter end of Job more than his beginning,
for he had 14,000 sheep, and 6,000 camels and a thousand yoke of oxen,
and a thousand she asses. (Job 42 : 12.)




Neither Poverty nor Riches a Blessing.

Give me neither poverty nor riches; feed me with food convenient for
me; lest I be full and deny thee, and say, Who is the Lord? or lest
I be poor and steal, and take the name of my God in vain. (Prov. 30 :
8, 9.)




Wisdom a Source of Enjoyment.

Happy is the man that findeth wisdom.... Her ways are ways of
pleasantness, and in her paths are peace. (Prov. 3 : 13, 17.)




Wisdom a Source of Vexation, Grief, and Sorrow.

And I gave my heart to know wisdom.... I perceived that this also
is vexation of spirit. For in much wisdom is much grief, and he that
increaseth knowledge, increaseth sorrow. (Eccl. 1 : 17, 18.)




A Good Name a Blessing.

A good name is better than precious ointment. (Eccl. 7 : 1.)

A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches. (Prov. 22 : 1.)




A Good Name is a Curse.

Woe unto you when all men shall speak well of you. (Luke 6 : 26.)




Laughter Commended.

To everything there is a season, and a time.... A time to weep and
a time to laugh. (Eccl. 3 : 1, 4.)

Then I commended mirth, because a man hath no better thing under the
sun than to eat and to drink, and to be merry. (Eccl. 8 : 15.)

A merry heart doeth good, like a medicine. (Prov. 17 : 22.)




Laughter Condemned.

Woe unto you that laugh now. (Luke 6 : 25.)

Sorrow is better than laughter; for by the sadness of the countenance
the heart is made better. The heart of the wise is in the house of
mourning; but the heart of fools is in the house of mirth. (Eccl. 7 :
3, 4.)




The Rod of Correction a Remedy for Foolishness.

Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child, but the rod of correction
shall drive it far from him. (Prov. 22 : 15.)




There is No Remedy for Foolishness.

Though thou shouldst bray a fool in mortar, ... yet will not his
foolishness depart from him. (Prov. 27 : 22.)




Temptation to be Desired.

Count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations. (James 1 : 2.)




Temptation Not to be Desired.

Lead us not into temptation. (Mat. 6 : 13.)




Prophecy is Sure.

We have also a more sure word of prophecy, whereunto ye do well that
ye take heed, as unto a light that shineth in a dark place. (2 Peter
1 : 19.)




Prophecy is Not Sure.

At what instant I shall speak concerning a nation, and concerning
a kingdom, to pluck up, and to pull down, and to destroy it; if
that nation against whom I have pronounced, turn from their evil, I
will repent of the evil that I thought to do unto them. And at what
instant I shall speak concerning a nation and concerning a kingdom,
to build and to plant it; if it do evil in my sight, that it obey
not my voice, then I will repent of the good wherewith I said I would
benefit them. (Jer. 18 : 7-10.)

The prophets prophesy falsely, and the priests bear rule by their
means.... From the prophet even unto the priest every one dealeth
falsely. (Jer. 5 : 31, and 6 : 13.)




Man's Life was to be One Hundred and Twenty Years.

His days shall be a hundred and twenty years. (Gen. 6 : 3.)




Man's Life is but Seventy Years.

The days of our years are three score years and ten. (Ps. 90 : 10.)




Miracles a Proof of Divine Mission.

Now, when John had heard in the prison the works of Christ, he sent
two of his disciples, and said unto him, Art thou he that should come,
or do we look for another? Jesus answered and said unto them, Go and
show John again those things which ye do hear and see; the blind
receive their sight, and the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed,
and the deaf hear, the dead are raised. (Mat. 11 : 2-5.)

Rabbi, we know that thou art a teacher come from God; for no man can do
these miracles that thou doest, except God be with him. (John 3 : 2.)

And Israel saw that great work which the Lord did upon the Egyptians;
and the people feared the Lord and believed the Lord and his servant
Moses. (Ex. 14 : 31.)




Miracles Not a Proof of Divine Mission.

And Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants
and it became a serpent. Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and
the sorcerers. Now, the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like
manner with their enchantments, for they cast down every man his rod,
and they became serpents. (Ex. 7 : 10-12.)

If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth
thee a sign or a wonder, and the sign or the wonder come to pass
whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods which
thou hast not known, and let us serve them, thou shalt not hearken unto
the words of that prophet or that dreamer of dreams. (Deut. 13 : 1-3.)

If I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do our sons cast them
out? (Luke 11 : 19.)




Moses was a Very Meek Man.

Now, the man Moses was very meek, above all the men which were upon
the face of the earth. (Num. 12 : 3.)




Moses was a Very Cruel Man.

And Moses said unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive?... Now,
therefore, kill every male among the little ones, and kill every
woman that hath known man. (Num. 31 : 15, 17.)




Elijah Went up to Heaven.

And Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven. (2 Kings 2 : 11.)




None but Christ Ever Ascended into Heaven.

No man hath ascended up to heaven, but he that came down from heaven,
even the Son of Man. (John 3 : 13.)




All Scripture is Inspired.

All scripture is given by inspiration of God. (2 Tim. 3 : 16.)




Some Scripture is Not Inspired.

But I speak this by permission and not by commandment.... But to the
rest speak I, not the Lord. (1 Cor. 7 : 6, and 5 : 12.)

That which I speak, I speak it not after the Lord. (2 Cor. 11 : 17.)







THE DEVIL.


I have nothing new to offer on this old subject, and I therefore warn
the reader not to expect any wonderful revelations. The Devil is not
an object of recent discovery. He is as old as the hills. Everybody
seems to know him, and he seems to know everybody. It would therefore
be in vain for me to attempt to give any information respecting
this old friend. However, as there are some thoughts which persist
in bolting into my mind regarding old Nick, I have concluded to jot
them down for those who have a taste for devilish reading.

It was always a question that greatly perplexed me, when a boy, why
God should create the Devil. I never could see it in any other light
than that of an egregious blunder. Why should an infinitely good being
create an infinitely bad being? Why did not the Creator make all of
his creatures perfect? Why did he not save them from being lost? Why
did he form man to place him in the garden to be tempted and ruined
when it was in the Creator's power to prevent his fall? Why did he not
create him so good and so strong that it would be impossible for him
to do wrong? Why was the Serpent (the Devil) made so much stronger and
wiser than man? If Adam had only been made a great deal stronger, and
the Serpent less seductive, the human race might have had a glorious
and brilliant career. But as it was a powerful serpent-devil on the
one hand, and on the other, a weak-headed know-nothing man, is it
not clear that better results could not have been expected?

Why did not the author of the red man (Adam) tell him that he was
going to have a severe temptation?--that he was soon to meet his great
adversary? It is highly probable that Adam could have made a better
showing if he had only been advised of the situation in time. But as
it was he did not have a fair chance. It would have been no more than
justice to have told Adam and Eve all about the Serpent-devil which
was hid away somewhere in the garden like a snake in the grass. It
would have been only fair to have posted on all the fences and walls
about the garden, this sign, "Adam and Eve, Beware of Snakes!" This
would have given them a chance for their lives. Poor Adam and Eve! They
were not a bad lot, but were transplanted too early, and were nipped
in the bud by the great original Serpent, who was acting according
to his nature and circumstances, and therefore we cannot find it
in our hearts to be too severe on his Satanic Majesty. If Satan was
great, it was not won by his own powers, he had greatness thrust upon
him. Let us be just; let us give the Devil his due. I have no doubt
but he has grievances, if there were any court where he could offer
his complaints.

The Creator made both man and Serpent-devil, knowing just what would
and must come to pass, and he did it all for his own glory. He
also made hell for his own glory. Surely the Lord's ways are not
our ways. For no Modoc Indian would entertain such a design toward
his children, no matter how bad they might be, or how vicious his
own nature.

We cannot think of a creator without seeing that he as the author of
all things, is responsible for good and evil, for right and wrong,
for ignorance and knowledge, for truth and error. Man is therefore, no
more responsible for his nature than a steam engine is responsible for
its defects. The defects must be attributed to the maker in both cases.

Adam knew good and evil without eating of the tree of knowledge. He
had a brain, and his thoughts were imperfect; sometimes they were
relatively correct, and then again they were wholly wrong or in
error. This was knowing good and evil, therefore he knew good and evil
without eating of the prohibited fruit, just as surely as he had a
brain. The tree of knowledge is a very childish story. Knowledge does
not grow on trees, nor does much of it exist in heads which entertain
such fables as a divine revelation.

Man was created with a brain to do his thinking and knowing, and by
its very nature of knowing he must know good and evil, and yet he
is cursed for knowing good and evil. As well might the Creator give
the bird wings, toss it in the air and then damn it for flying. But
even supposing the story to be true, namely, that the fruit of the
tree made one to know good and evil, why should such desirable fruit
be forbidden? What would the world be without the knowledge of good
and evil? Man cannot know good without also knowing evil. They are
inseparable. God himself knows good and evil, and if it is good for
him to have such knowledge, then it surely must be good for you and
me. The love of knowledge is the fountain of life. Man must have
knowledge or his life is a mere cipher. All hail then to Mother Eve,
who first tasted of the tree of knowledge, who first quenched her
thirst at this fountain from which the whole race of thirsty souls
have delighted to drink. Mythology abounds in stories about the gods;
about their imperfections and weaknesses, but this account of the
Serpent-devil and the tree of knowledge is the silliest fable of
all, and has entailed indescribable misery upon the human race. The
prohibition of knowledge has left an inherited twist in human
nature. Even now in the afternoon of the nineteenth century mankind
does not know much--and it is largely due to this first commandment
not to partake of the fruit of the tree of knowledge. Has not the
church always prohibited knowledge? Has she not stood in the way of
every great reform? Knowledge is not important. Only believe. Believe
in the Bible, but believe it only as the priest explains it.

It seems that the Serpent-devil knew more about the nature of man,
and what would result from his eating the fruit of the tree of
knowledge than God did. Jehovah told Adam in plain terms, that if
he ate of the fruit of that tree he would die that very day. But
the Serpent-devil told Eve (in French I suppose) that she and her
"hubby" would do no such a thing, but on the contrary it would be
a great blessing to them, and that they would become as gods (there
were lots of gods in those days and many of them "no great shakes"),
knowing good and evil. It turned out just as the Serpent-devil had
told Mother Eve; they did not die. And when God saw what Adam and Eve
had done he called a conclave of gods, and after due deliberation
voted to drive them out of the garden penniless, to live upon the
cold charities of an unfriendly world. And this is the same God who
commands us to forgive and to love our enemies. That would not be
god-like, and therefore I hold the commandment invalid.

In this august assemblage of the celestial hosts, one of their number
assigns the reasons for expelling Adam and Eve from the garden in these
words: "Behold the man (and woman) has become as one of us to know
good and evil." (Gen. 3 : 22.) Here we see it is a surprise to the
gods that man had become as one of them, knowing good and evil. Yet
these gods are supposed to know all things from all eternity to all
eternity. Do the gods forget things as we poor mortals do?

The Serpent had told Eve just what would happen, and God told Adam
just that which did not happen. The Serpent said: "For God doth
know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened,
and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. Ye shall not surely
die." (Gen. 3 : 5, 4.) The Serpent gave it straight, and God made a
mistake to say the least. In all this story about the fall of man,
the Devil appears to be a better friend of man than his Creator.

The Serpent was in reality not the enemy, but the friend of man. He
spoke words of truth and encouragement to Adam at a time when he needed
good counsel. It is not to be forgotten that he spoke the truth. The
poisonous tongue of malice has called him the father of lies, but this
saying is a lie itself--and a bald-headed lie of sufficient antiquity
to be itself most appropriately called the father of lies. The Devil,
Lucifer, is the light-bearer, the truth revealer; but the world at
large has an impression that there is a screw loose somewhere, and
have unwittingly ascribed the evil to the Devil, when a very slight
study of his character and deeds will show that "the Devil is not
half as black as he is painted."

The next account we have of him is in the book of Job (not a Hebrew
writing), where he appears under the title of Satan. It is to be
borne in mind that he has many names. In the book of Genesis we left
him a serpent with a curse pronounced upon him: "Because thou hast
done this thou art cursed above all cattle [what kind of cattle is
a snake?] and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly thou
shalt go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life." (Gen. 3 :
14.) Prior to the great fall of Adam and Eve, when they fell upward
and became as the gods, it seems the Serpent had always hopped along
erect, on the tip end of his tail, but because he had divulged some
court secrets, he was condemned to crawl upon his belly the rest
of his natural life (which is, I should remark, uncommonly long);
but in the book of Job he says of himself that he has been "walking
up and down in the earth." Who told him to get up? Was he not cursed
to go on his belly for all time to come? How could he walk? A snake
has no legs. When, where, how, and by whom was this transformation
of a hideous serpent into a prince-like man, accomplished? I don't
know. Perhaps it is a sort of Santa Claus story, coming down to us
from the childhood of the race. All peoples have similar traditions
which spring from early myths. Our Devil story will have to get in
line and march in the procession of fables. There are many people,
and people of the very best kind, who do not have any Devil. He
has left them and gone on a permanent vacation. On the other hand,
there are folks who could not feel happy if they thought there were
no Devil. To all such, who may read this, I would ask a few questions
which if they will intelligently answer, I shall be greatly obliged.

Did the Serpent talk? How could he speak without having the
vocal organs necessary to human speech? Who taught him the use of
language? What language did he speak? Was it French? I merely suggest
the French, as Adam and Eve took French leave of the garden. Did the
Serpent reason like a man? How could he with such a small head and not
even a spoonful of brains, know so much more than Adam and Eve? Yea,
he even knew more than God himself--for God did not know, or else
he fibbed, that man would not die if he ate the forbidden fruit. He
did not seem to know that man would become as the gods by partaking
of this tree, but the Serpent knew all this and possibly much more;
but how could so much superior knowledge be crowded into so small a
head? Some of our congressmen with domes of unusual dimensions do not
know as much as this inexperienced Serpent did. How are we to account
for this? Let some devilishly wise man explain to a benighted world
why Satan has been so wickedly traduced.

In the book of Job we have a second account of the Devil: "Now there
was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the
Lord, and Satan came also among them. And the Lord said unto Satan,
Whence comest thou? Then Satan answered the Lord and said, From going
to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it. And the
Lord said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there
is none like him in the earth, a perfect and upright man, one that
feareth God and escheweth evil? Then Satan answered the Lord and said,
Doth Job fear God for naught? Hast not thou made a hedge about him,
and about his house, and about all that he hath on every side? Thou
hast blest the work of his hands and his substance is increased in
the land. But put forth thine hand now and touch all that he hath,
and he will curse thee to thy face. And the Lord said unto Satan,
Behold all that he hath is in thy power; only upon himself put not
forth thy hand. So Satan went from the presence of the Lord." (Job 1 :
6-12.) Then follows an account of the destruction of the cattle and
children of Job, and yet he would not curse God. Satan then suggested
that to afflict him in person would bring out his weakness and deeply
hidden wickedness. Job was tormented with boils, and three gratuitous
advisors, and did not curse God, but came very nearly giving his
counselors a cuss word or two. They exasperated him beyond measure.

Now while it must be admitted that the Devil does not show up to
as great advantage in this fable as he does in that relating to the
tree of knowledge, yet we should not jump to our conclusions. Let us
review this Job story.

We are surprised at the dignified manners of Satan. He walks in with
lordly airs among the sons of God. No one present said to him, "Get
out of here." He struts around in the gay company as one of them. We
hardly know how to understand such familiarity possible between the
sons of God and Satan. If, however, the sons of God in those days
were no better than the sons of God are in these, it is not in the
least surprising that Satan should conduct himself as well as the
best of them. But why did God permit him to do these cruel things to
Job? In a certain book by God, we are told to "resist the Devil and
he will flee from thee." This would have been splendid medicine for
the doctors who prescribed it. Satan did not come there so far as
we see to work any temptation. It was God who set up the temptation
before Satan. He began by asking Satan what he thought of Job. What
mattered it what his opinion of Job might be? Why should his opinion
be asked? Was it not showing respect to him? God should have said,
"Get behind me Satan."

Satan had seen many men who could not stand in the hour of trial,
and not knowing Job he took him for a man of that kind; God, however,
knew Job to be a "perfect" man and ought to have protected him from
all evil. Yet he did nothing of the kind, but on the contrary, clothed
Satan with power of destroying his cattle and children, and afflicting
him with tormenting boils. We see then that it is not Satan who is
responsible for the sufferings of the patient man, but God himself,
who first shows respect to Satan's presence and his opinions, then
gives him power by which he does a monstrous wrong to a good man
and his family. But if Satan's part is bad God's is worse. He is
the author of all of Job's miseries. If God had been just, he would
not have led off to his Satanic Majesty with such a temptation as to
ask him his opinion of Job. It was immaterial what his opinion was;
but it was all important that if there were a God in Israel that he
should protect and honor the "perfect" man, Job.

But aside from the barbarities of this myth, look at its childish
absurdities. How could the omniscient, whose eyes are in every place,
beholding the evil and the good, need to ask Satan where he came
from! Was not God, the omnipresent, everywhere on earth? If Satan had
been going up and down the country would he not of necessity have met
God again and again? Obviously these great opponents must have often
met. Again, it was useless for God to ask Satan what his opinion of
Job was, or would be after he tested him, as he knows all things past,
present, and to come, in heaven, earth and hell (I mean hades). It
is evident that Satan's opinion is not needed or cared for, because
after all the trials Job suffered were ended, there is not one word
given as to what Satan's opinion of Job was, and yet in the beginning
of the story this seems to be its sole object. After Job suffers a
long time from bodily sores and "miserable comforters" Satan vanishes
from the scene in a very obscure way, and God blesses Job with twice
as much as he had before. He had more sheep, more camels, more oxen,
and more asses. He became father of seven sons and three daughters,
the same number of sons and daughters that were slain by Satan,
instigated by God. Why were these ten innocent persons murdered? Had
they no rights that a just God was bound to respect? Shall not the
judge of all the earth do right? Certainly he ought to. But in this
case the judge pleads guilty of this crime. In reply to Satan God
says: "Although thou movedst me against him to destroy him without
cause." (Job 2 : 3.) Here is an unqualified confession of wronging
Job and his children without a show of justice; and even the cattle,
I imagine, would protest against the outrageous slaughter perpetrated
on them. If these asses were like Balaam's, I am sure they would
enter suit for damages.

"So the Lord blessed the latter end of Job more than his beginning,
for he had fourteen thousand sheep, and six thousand camels, and a
thousand yoke of oxen, and a thousand she asses. He had also seven sons
and three daughters." (Job 42 : 12, 13.) It is clear that the Lord
had nothing to do whatever with these blessings. Job had had sheep,
camels, oxen, asses, and children before, without any assistance from
the Lord; and if he secured a similar stock of cattle and a family
of children it was by his own management and husbandry.

But supposing them a gift from God as damages sustained by Job at
the hand of Satan through the instigation of God, yet they could
not assuage his grief for the loved ones ruthlessly torn from his
embrace. It is easy to see that this story is nothing more than
an oriental tale--a myth. It is wanting not only in fact, but it
teaches very bad morals. There is nothing ennobling in it. 1. God
had no moral right to permit Satan to come unrebuked into the company
of the sons of God. An earthly father teaches his children to avoid
"evil communications," but on this occasion the heavenly father did
not scorn the company of Satan, but treated him respectfully. 2. Again,
the infinite being would not need to ask the Devil what his opinion of
Job was, for he would know beforehand. 3. The infinitely good being
would not want the Devil's opinion--nor would he value it a straw,
if it were given before it was asked. 4. The infinitely just ruler
of the universe would not give the great adversary of man and God
such diabolical power over that "perfect and upright man" Job. Nor
would he have permitted the three "miserable comforters," reeling
mentally under the blind staggers of a blind theology, to have added
more torment to that imposed by his Satanic Majesty. Nor would he
have permitted him to murder the seven sons and three daughters, as a
mere matter of experiment in testing Job's staying powers. All this
is so horrible that the afterthought of more camels and asses, as a
compensation is an insufficient patch to cover the unqualified wrongs
done to the man of Uz. Even Job does not shine as conspicuously in
all this as he should. Job ought to have protested with all his might
and main against both God and Devil, that his individual rights were
invaded. He should have taken a change of venue, to have a hearing
before some other god, where there was a slight hope of securing more
justice. But he didn't and the consequence is we are all advised,
when suffering the outrageous wrongs of despotism, to "be patient
like Job." It has been a great evil to the human family that Job
was no "kicker;" it has opened wide the flood gates of tyranny, and
transfused the cowardly blood of sheep into the veins of men. Oh,
that Job had kicked and taken an appeal, what an inspiration it would
be to the fold of God now, to resist the shears of the fleecers! to
rebel against the rule of robbers!

Some questions to be answered by the man who pounds the Bible and
claims to understand the Greek scriptures:

1. Who were the sons of God?

2. How many were there present, and were there still more of them
elsewhere?

3. Where did they come from?

4. Were they any relation to the people of Nod?

5. Who were their mothers?

6. What were their occupations?

7. Where are they now?

8. Where did the Devil come from?

9. Did God create him or did he make himself?

10. If God made him then is he not responsible for all that old
Nick does?

11. If he is as terribly demoniacal as orthodox theology describes him,
"why in 'l don't God kill the Devil?"

12. If he cannot kill him does it not prove that the Devil is his
match; and if he can, but will not, does it not prove that he sustains
him and approves of his work?

13. In the light of modern theology is not the Devil almost always
successful? Does he not have a larger kingdom, a larger following
than God?

14. Why did the Creator inflict such a hellish punishment upon Adam
and Eve, and let the Serpent off so lightly?

15. Has the punishment inflicted upon the Devil lessened his power?

16. Have the curses which God has pronounced on the world made
it better?

17. Is there any place in the record, accounts of the Devil's stealing,
robbing, and murdering?

18. Are there not numerous stories in the Bible recounting the
robberies and murders perpetrated in the name and by the sanction
of God? Some times the people of God destroyed five thousand, ten
thousand, twenty thousand, fifty thousand, seventy thousand, and
in one instance six hundred and seventy thousand, as in the case
of Pharaoh and his hosts in the Red sea. Did Satan ever try to do
anything as hellish as this?

19. Is the Devil the father of lies? When did he tell a deliberate
falsehood? To Eve? Oh no, it was the other party who did that business.

20. Did he lie when he took Jesus up into an exceeding high mountain,
etc., and saith unto him, "All these will I give thee," etc.? (Mat. 4 :
8.) It is claimed that old Beelzebub lied on this occasion. It
would hit the bull's eye in the center if we were to say that the
writer of this story about Jesus being carried off bodily into an
exceeding high mountain, was the boy responsible for this lie. But
without resting the case there let us see how it opens out. It is
urged that "the earth is the Lord's and the fullness thereof;" but
it may be urged that the Devil is called "the prince of this world,"
implying that he has just claims both by conquest and possession;
and therefore he could have given at least a quitclaim deed.

The Devil is an expensive luxury of the church. It costs about
$1,000,000,000 annually for preaching against the Devil. Even if there
is less said derogatory to his Satanic Majesty now-adays, yet it costs
just as much, and more too, for drawing it mild, than it did formerly,
for describing the split hoof, horns, and spear-headed tail, hell,
etc. Notwithstanding the fact that the people want less Devil and
more bread and beef, yet they must have some Devil. Hence the church
clings to its Devil-idol with which to scare the people. To give up
the Devil is to break up house-keeping all around. If there be no
Devil then there is no hell; and if no hell, there is no salvation;
and if no salvation there is no need of preaching; and "no preach no
pay." How could a fat minister with a fat salary, look such a ghost
as that in the face? Yes, it would be impossible for the church to
survive without the Devil. The clergy have to fall back upon him in
times of revival to stir up the fears of uninformed people.

The Devil has had many hard names heaped upon him, for example: The
Tempter; the Adversary or Satan; Beelzebub; the Prince of Devils; the
Strong One; the Enemy, or the Hostile One; the Serpent; Lying Spirit;
Lucifer; Son of the Morning; Prince of Darkness; Prince of the Power
of the Air; the Accuser; Angel of the Bottomless Pit; Angel of Light;
Mammon; Belial; Legion; the Foul Spirit; the Unclean Spirit; the God
of this World; the Great Red Dragon; Abaddon; Apollyon, the Destroyer,
etc. Besides these sacred titles, he is equally well known by certain
house-hold names, as, Old Nick; Old Splitfoot; the Old Scratch; Old
Harry; Old Horny; the Old Boy; the Deuce; the Dickens; auld Clouty;
Nickie; Ben; his Satanic Majesty, etc. It must be confessed that
these names do not carry much sanctity with them, nor do they leave
us in love with the character they represent. But before we proceed
further, it is only simple justice (that is giving the Devil his due),
to call attention to the various names by which God has been known.

The early Hebrew literature speaks of gods, not God. We find the
following names ascribed to them: El; Elohim; El Shaddai; Shaddai;
Elvoh; Yahve, or Jah. The following is a personal photograph as nearly
as we can draw it, of the Jewish Jehovah as described in the Bible:
"There went up a smoke out of his nostrils, and fire out of his mouth
devoured: coals were kindled by it." (Ps. 18 : 8.) "Round about him
were dark waters and thick clouds of the skies." (Ps. 18 : 11.) "His
head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes
were as a flame of fire." (Rev. 1 : 14.) "And his feet like unto fine
brass, as if they burned in a furnace." (Rev. 1 : 15.) "He had horns
coming out of his hand." (Hab. 3 : 4.) "And burning coals went forth
at his feet." (Hab. 3 : 5.) "In the midst of the seven candle-sticks
one like unto the son of man, clothed with a garment down to the foot
and girt about the paps with a golden girdle." (Rev. 1 : 13.) "And
he had in his right hand seven stars; and out of his mouth went a
sharp two-edged sword." (Rev. 1 : 16.)

This God has violated all the moral laws he ever gave to man. He
approved of lying, robbing, adultery, murder, war, and all the great
crimes known to man.

Is it any wonder that Theodore Parker should say to the Calvinist who
was trying to convert him, "The difference between us is simple,--your
God is my Devil."

The reader has his choice--or he may say "good Lord good Devil,"
and float with the current. There is, however, no disguising the fact
that between God and the Devil, as described in the Bible, the Devil
sustains the better moral character of the two. He is not spotless
and clean, it is true, but he has infinitely less bloodshed to answer
for than Jehovah.

Where the Devil did he come from? I am reminded of this form of
expression by a little incident related of a Scotch preacher, who took
for his text, on one occasion, the following passage: "The Devil, as a
roaring lion, walketh about seeking whom he may devour." (1 Peter 5 :
8.) It must be borne in mind, in order to better understand the full
force and beauty of the preacher's division of the text into three
heads, that it was common in earlier times to repeat the pronoun in a
sentence, for example, John Smith, his book, Mary she has come home,
etc. In charming accord with this old style, the minister divided his
text into three parts. He said, "My brethren, we will first inquire
where the Devil he was walking to? and secondly, who the Devil he
wanted to devour? and thirdly, what the Devil he was roaring about?"

Having gratuitously thrown in this gem, we proceed to answer the
question, "Where the Devil, did he come from?"

It is evident that the earlier Hebrew literature is almost wholly
free from any traces of a personal Devil, and that later writings of
the same people show strong outline of such a personality of evil.

While it is true that Satan is a Hebrew word, it is equally true that
the word does not denote a being at all, but means anything adverse or
opposing. We may cite in illustration a few passages. Second Samuel
19 : 22: "David said, What have we to do with you, ye sons of Jeremiah,
that ye should this day be adversaries unto me?" First Kings 11 :
14: "And Jehovah stirred up an adversary unto Solomon, Hadad the
Adomite." First Kings 11 : 23: "And God stirred up another adversary,
Rezon, the son of Eliadah."

In these instances, the word rendered adversary or adversaries,
is Satan, and means nothing more than an opponent.

When the Jews were carried captives to Babylon, they came into
immediate contact with a people, the Persians, who believed in a good
being and a bad one. Ormazd was their good God, and Ahriman their
Devil. The latter was as clearly defined in the duality of Zoroastrian
theology, as the former. During their seventy years' captivity it
could not be otherwise, than that the enslaved people should imbibe
some of the customs and beliefs of their masters. If they went so far
as to change the characters of their language from the original Hebrew
letters to those of the Chaldas, it is easy to see that they would
of course, adopt this notion of an evil principle and personality,
so prevalent at that time in Chaldea. After the Babylonian exile the
doctrine of a Devil became a part of the Jewish belief, and the evil
spirit was termed Satan, as he was the foe or adversary of God. In
First Chronicles 21 : 1, there is a circumstance related in which
Satan or the Devil is the principal agent. The words are: "And Satan
stood up against Israel and provoked David to number Israel." Now the
book of Chronicles being written after the captivity, it was quite
natural that the writer should consider and designate the enemy of
God, the Devil or Satan. But the same event is mentioned in another
of the Jewish books, written before the captivity, and the temptation
of David is referred to entirely another being. Here the words are:


    "And again the anger of the Lord was kindled against Israel, and
    moved David against them, to say, 'Go number Israel and Judah,'
    Thus in the earlier books, the affair is attributed to the Lord,
    but in the books written after the Jewish connection with the
    Chaldeans and Persians, Satan is blamed for the same act. This,
    beyond doubt proves the source of the Christian superstition
    respecting the Devil." ("The Devil," by John Watts.)

    "With this dualistic system the Jews came in contact during their
    captivity at Babylon, and are supposed to have retained permanent
    traces of it in their subsequent theology. The conception of the
    Devil and of a lower kingdom of demons or devils is the evident
    illustration of this. (Ency. Brit. V. Devil.)

    "The reason why there was no Devil in the early books was because
    none was needed then. The gods considered themselves as being
    quite equal to any emergency that might arise in the way of
    wickedness."--M. D. Conway.


In other words, the Devil is a myth coming out of the terrible
darkness of remote ages. Every fear that the primitive man and men
of barbarous races have had, painted devils before their minds of
every description. The master mind has said:


            "'Tis the eye of child-hood
            That fears a painted Devil."


The thought that millions of people commonly well informed on general
matters, still believe in this barbarous myth, must shock and oppress
like an incubus every sensitive and well-informed mind. Such people can
smile pleasantly over the homely myth of Santa Claus, but the Devil
is altogether a different personage. An old lady was once told that
the Devil was dead. She sat silent for a moment, and then replied,
"Well, you may think so, but we hope for better things."

As the horrid doctrine of witchcraft under the light of advancing
knowledge has had to retire into the background of oblivion; as the
Puritan doctrine of infant damnation has been relegated to the limbo
of forgetfulness; as hell's fire has burned to ashes and the ashes
become cold, so too, is the doctrine of a personal Devil retreating
from the minds of all sensible people.







SOUL FARRAGO.

What is, and Where is the Soul?


Until the Greek philosophy taught the world how to use and abuse
abstract notions, immaterialism was not an attainable phase of
thought. (Prof. Bain, "Mind and Body," p. 143.)


    Thought necessarily supposes conditions. To think is to
    condition, and conditional limitation is the fundamental law of
    the possibility of thought. For, as the greyhound cannot outstrip
    his shadow, nor (by a more appropriate simile) the eagle out-soar
    the atmosphere in which he floats, and by which alone he may be
    supported; so the mind cannot transcend the sphere of limitation,
    within and through which exclusively the possibility of thought
    is realized. (Sir William Hamilton, "Philosophy" p. 456.)


In this paper an attempt is made to answer two very important
questions, namely: What is, and where is the soul? in such fashion
that everybody will be satisfied that he has a soul, and the exact
spot it occupies in his mundane tabernacle. Here are a number of
opinions on this subject, by the most learned men the world has ever
produced. In a multitude of counsel there is wisdom. The first witness
I shall put upon the stand is:

Pythagoras: (6th c. B. C.) The soul is number and a harmony. Taught
the doctrine of metempsychosis. His disciples held the soul to be
an aggregate of particles of great subtilty pervading the air in
constant agitation.

Heraclitus: (6th c. B. C.) The soul is a spark of the stellar essence:
"Scintilla stellaris essentia."

Pherecides: (6th c. B. C.) Souls existed from all eternity.

Anaximenes: (Ionic philosopher, 5th c. B. C.) God is air, air is a
life-giving principle to man. The soul is air.

Diogenes of Appollonia: (Greek natural philosopher, 5th c. B. C.) The
soul of the world and the soul of man is air.

Anaxagoras: (5th c. B. C.) The soul is an immortal, aerial spirit.

Socrates: (4th c. B. C.) The soul is corporeal and eternal.

Epicurus: (4th c. B. C.) The soul is a bodily substance, composed of
subtile particles, disseminated through the whole frame, and having
a great resemblance to spirit or breath.

Empedocles: (Sicilian philosopher and poet, 5th c. B. C.) Declared
himself to have been "a boy, a girl, a bush, a bird, a fish;" that
the soul inhabits every form of animal and plant.

Aristotle: (4th c. B. C.) Plants have souls without
consciousness. Animals have souls, but inseparable from body. The
human body is inseparable from mind, but the human mind is divided
into active and passive intellect. The active intellect is pure form,
detached from matter, and immortal.

Josephus: (1st c.) There were three sects among the Jews--the
Pharisees, Sadducees, and the Essenes. The Pharisees believed in
metempsychosis; the Sadducees believed that the soul perished with the
body; the Essenes held that the soul was immortal. The soul descended
in an aerial form into the body, from the highest region of the air,
whither they were carried back again by a violent attraction, and after
death those which had belonged to the good dwelled beyond the ocean
in a country where there was neither heat nor cold, nor wind nor rain.

Pliny: (2d c.) The body and the soul have, from the moment of death,
as little sensation as before birth.

Justin Martyr: (2d c.) It is heresy to say that the soul is taken up
into heaven, men rise with the same bodies.

Tatian: (2d c.) There are two spirits conjoined in the human body. A
material and an immaterial spirit.

Athenagoras: (2d c.) The soul is spiritual, but with a spirituality
subject to material tendencies.

Origen: (3d c.) The soul is neither spirit nor matter.

Augustine: (4th c.) The soul has neither length, breadth, nor
thickness. It acts on the body through the corporeal substances of
light and air, which substances are mingled through the denser parts
of the body. The commands of the soul are first communicated to this
subtile matter, and by it immediately conveyed to the heavier elements.

Tertullian: (Latin father, about 160.) The soul has the human form,
the same as its body, only it is delicate, clear, and ethereal. Unless
it were corporeal, how could it be effected by the body, be able to
suffer, or be nourished within the body?

St. Ambrose: (4th c.) We know nothing but what is material, excepting
only the ever venerable Trinity.

St. Hilary: (5th c.) There is nothing created which is not corporeal,
neither in heaven nor in earth, neither visible nor invisible;
all is formed of elements; and souls, whether they inhabit a body,
or are without a body, have always a corporeal substance.

Gregory Nazianzen: (4th c.) Soul, or spirit, is composed of two
properties--motion and diffusion.

Bishop Nemesius: (5th c.) The soul is an immaterial substance. It
is involved, as Plato taught, in eternal, self-produced motion,
from which the motion of the body is derived. The pre-existence of
the soul proves its supra-sensible character, and its immortality.

Faustus: (Bishop of Regium, in Gaul, A. D. 470.) All created things
are matter; the soul being composed of air, God alone is incorporeal.

Mamertus: (In reply to the bishop.) Man was made in the image of
God. Now, as there can be no likeness to God in matter, therefore
it must be found in the soul, therefore the soul is immaterial. The
soul is present in every part of the body as well as in the whole,
just as God is present in the whole universe, otherwise a part of
it would be lost when any portion of the body is cut off. The soul
is not contained in the body, but in reality contains it. Hence,
it must be immaterial, for no material substance can at once contain
the body and be within it as its animating principle.

Thomas Aquinas: (13th c.) The soul is the Actuality of body, as heat,
which is the source whence bodies are made hot, is not body, but a
sort of actuality of body. The soul of man is an independent substance.

Duns Scotus: (13th c. British philosopher.) The soul is a created
something, the basis of all finite existence, including corporeal
matter itself.

Albert Magnus: (13th c.) Held that the active intellect is a part of
the soul, and is immortal by virtue of its community with God.

Gassendi: (French philosopher, 17th c.) There is no evidence of the
spirituality of the soul.

Malebranche: (Priest and philosopher, 17th c.) We see all in God,
who is in fact our soul.

Locke: (17th c.) Matter may think, and God may communicate thought
to matter.

Paracelsus: (15th c.) Taught there were four souls--vegetal, sensitive,
rational, and spiritual. Campanella demonstrates this last by the
fact that carcasses bleed at the sight of the murderer.

Mansel: ("Philosophy of Consciousness," p. 327.) We are not authorized
to say that we know the soul to be simple, and that, therefore, it is
indestructible; but only that we do not know the soul to be compound,
and, therefore, that we cannot infer its mortality from the analogy
of bodily dissolution.

"Buck's Theo. Dic." defines soul: That vital, immaterial, active
substance, or principle in man, whereby he perceives, remembers,
reasons, and wills. It is rather to be described as to its operations
than to be defined as to its essence. Various, indeed, have been the
opinions of philosophers concerning its substance.

Parkhurst: (A distinguished Hebrew lexicographer.) As a noun, nephesh
hath been supposed to signify the spiritual part of man, or what we
commonly call the soul. I must, for myself, confess that I can find
no passage where it hath undoubtedly this meaning.

Hobbes: Spirit is synonymous with ghost--a mere phantom of the
imagination.

Locke: ("Understanding," p. 419.) We can no more know that there are
finite spirits really existing, by the idea we have of such things
in our minds, than by the ideas any one has of fairies, or centaurs;
he can come to know that things answering those ideas do really exist.

Voltaire: The Greeks distinguish three sorts of souls--Psyche,
signifying the sensitive soul--the soul of the senses; hence it was
that Love, the son of Aphrodite, had so much passion for Psyche,
and that she loved him so tenderly. Pneuma, the breath which gave
life and motion to the whole machine, and which we have rendered by
spiritus--spirit--a vague term which has received a thousand different
acceptations. And lastly, Nous, intelligence. Thus we possess three
souls, without having the slightest notion of any of them.... What
are we to think of a child with two heads, which is otherwise well
formed? Some say that it has two souls, because it is furnished with
two pineal glands, with two callous substances, with two sensoria
communia. Others answer, that there cannot be two souls with but one
breast and one navel.... The word soul is one of those which everyone
pronounces without understanding it. We understand those things of
which we have an idea, but we have no idea of soul--spirit; therefore,
we do not understand it.

John Calvin: The soul is an immortal essence, the nobler part of
man. It is a creation out of nothing, not an emanation; it is essence
without motion, not motion without essence. It is not properly bounded
by space, still it occupies the body as a habitation, animating its
parts and endowing its organs for their several functions.

Dugald Stewart: Although we have the strongest evidence that there
is a thinking and sentient principle within us, essentially distinct
from matter, yet we have no direct evidence of the possibility of
this principle exercising its various powers in a separate state from
the body. On the contrary, the union of the two, while it subsists,
is evidently of the most intimate nature.

Joseph Priestly: It being a rigid canon of the Newtonian logic not
to multiply causes without necessity, we should adhere to a single
substance until it be shown, which cannot be, that the properties
of mind are incompatible with the properties of matter. He was
opposed to protecting and perpetuating absurdity by dodging behind
mystery. That there is no difference between spiritual substance and
nothing at all. That the doctrine of a separate soul embarrasses the
whole system of Christianity.

McBeth: The times have been that when the brains were out the man
would die, and there an end.

Buchner: Experience and daily occupation teach us that the spirit
perishes with the material substratum--that man dies. ("Matter and
Force.")

Burmeister: That the soul of a deceased person does not re-appear
after death, is not contested by rational people. Spirits and ghosts
are only seen by diseased or superstitious individuals.

Vogt: Physiology decides definitely and categorically against
individual immortality, as against any special existence of the
soul. The soul does not enter the foetus like the evil spirit into
persons possessed, but is a product of the development of the brain,
just as muscular activity is a product of muscular development. So
soon as the substances composing the brain are aggregated in a similar
form, will they exhibit the same functions. We have seen that we
can destroy mental activity by injuring the brain. By observing
the development of the child we also arrive at the conviction that
the activity of the soul progresses in proportion as the brain is
gradually developed. The foetus manifests no mental activity, which
only shows itself after birth when the brain acquires the necessary
material condition. Mental activity changes with the period of life,
and ceases altogether at death.

Lecky: ("Rat. in Europe," p. 341, v. I.) Not one of the early fathers
entertained the same opinion as the majority of Christians do of
the present day, that the soul is perfectly simple, and entirely
destitute of all body, figure, form, and extension. On the contrary,
they all acknowledged it to contain something corporeal, although
of a different kind and nature from the bodies of this mortal
sphere.... Tertullian mentions a woman who had seen a soul, which she
described as "a transparent and lucid figure, in the perfect form of a
man." St. Anthony saw the soul of Ammon carried up to heaven. The soul
of a Libyan hermit named Marc was borne to heaven in a napkin. Angels
also were not unfrequently seen, and were universally believed to
have cohabited with the daughters of the antediluvians.... Sometimes
the soul was portrayed as a sexless child, rising out of the mouth
of the corpse.

John Meslier: ("Testimony of a Dying Priest.") The barbarians,
like all ignorant men, attribute to spirits all the effects of
which their inexperience prevents them from discovering the true
causes. Ask a barbarian what causes your watch to move, he will
answer, "A spirit." Ask our philosophers what moves the universe,
they will tell you, "It is a spirit." Ask a theologian what he means
by a spirit. He will answer that it is an unknown substance, which
is perfectly simple, which has nothing tangible, nothing in common
with matter. In good faith, is there any mortal who can form the
least idea of such a substance.

James F. Ferrier: (Institutes of Metaphysics.) In vain does the
Spiritualist found an argument for the existence of a separate
immaterial substance on the alleged incompatibility of the
intellectual and physical phenomena to co-inhere in the same
sub-stratum. Materiality may very well stand the brunt of that
unshotted broadside. This mild artifice can scarcely expect to be
treated as a serious observation. Such a hypothesis cannot be meant
to be in earnest. Who is to dictate to nature what phenomena, or
what qualities inhere in what substances; what effects may result
from what causes? Matter is already in the field as an acknowledged
entity--this both parties admit. Mind, considered as an independent
entity, is not so unmistakably in the field. Therefore as entities
are not to be multiplied without necessity, we are not entitled to
postulate a new cause, so long as it is possible to account for the
phenomena by a cause already in existence; which possibility has
never yet been disproved.

Draper: (John William.) Chemistry furnishes us with a striking example
of the doctrine of Diogenes of Apollonia, that the air is actually a
spiritual being; for, on the discovery of several of the gases by the
early experimenters, they were not only regarded as of a spiritual
nature, but actually received the name under which they pass to this
day, gheist or gas, from a belief that they were ghosts. ("Int. Dev.,"
p. 103, v. 1.)

W. R. Grove: ("Correlation and Conservation of Forces," p. 103.) The
ancients when they witnessed natural phenomenon, removed from ordinary
analogies, and unexplained by any mechanical action known to them,
referred it to a soul, a spiritual or preternatural power: thus amber
and the magnet were supposed by Thales to have a soul; the functions
of digestion, assimilation, etc., were supposed by Paracelsus to
be effected by a spirit (the Archaeus). Air and gases were also at
first deemed spiritual, but subsequently became invested with a more
material character, and the word gas, from geist, a ghost or spirit,
affords us an instance of the gradual transmission of a spiritual
into a physical conception.

Buchner: Now, in the same manner as the steam engine produces motion,
so does the organic complication of force-endowed materials produce in
the animal body a sum of effects, so interwoven as to become a unit,
and is then by us called spirit, soul, thought.

Taylor: Mr. Darwin saw two Malay women in Keeling Island, who had
a wooden spoon dressed in clothes like a doll. This spoon had been
carried to the grave of a dead man, and becoming inspired at full
moon, in fact lunatic, it danced about convulsively like a table
or a hat at a modern spirit-seance. ("Early History of Mankind,"
p. 139, v. 2.) Savages believe that their pots, kettles, pans, etc.,
have souls. His knives, tobacco-pipes, the winds, water, fire, storm,
etc., have souls.

Samuel Johnson: ("Oriental Religions," p. 543.) Various North-American
tribes believe that the soul of a dying person may be drawn into
the bosom of a sterile woman, or blown by the breath into that of
the nearest relative, and so come again to birth in the way that the
receiver desires.

Theodore Parker, John Wesley, Jeremy Taylor, Coleridge, Lamartine,
Agassiz, and hosts of other men well known to fame, taught that
animals as well as men, had immortal souls.

Brodie: (President of the Royal Society, 1858.) The mind of animals
is essentially the same as that of man. Every one familiar with the
dog will admit that that creature knows right from wrong, and is
conscious when he has committed a fault.

Du Bois-Reymond: With awe and wonder must the student of nature
regard that microscopic molecule of nervous substance which is the
seat of the laborious, constructive, orderly, loyal, dauntless soul
of the ant. It has developed itself to its present state through a
countless series of generations.

John Fiske: But the propriety of identifying soul and breath, which
really quits the body at its decease, has furnished the chief name
for the soul, not only to the Hebrew, the Sanskrit, and the classic
tongues; not only to German and English, where geist, and ghost,
according to Max Muller, have the meaning of "breath," and are akin
to such words as gas, gust, and geyser; but also to numerous barbaric
languages. ("Myths and Myth-Makers," p. 225.) The belief in wraiths has
survived into modern times, and now and then appears in that remnant
of primeval philosophy known as "Spiritualism," as for example, in
the case of the lady who "thought she saw her own father look in at
the church window at the moment he was dying at his own house." (Ib.,
p. 229.) The Kamtchadales expressly declare that all animals, even
flies and bugs, will live after death,--a belief, which, in our day,
has been indorsed on philosophical grounds by an eminent living
naturalist. (Ib., 230.) [Mr. Fiske refers to Agassiz.]

M. Figuier: Human souls are for the most part the surviving souls of
deceased animals; in general, the souls of precocious children like
Mozart come from nightingales, while the souls of great architects
have passed into them from beavers, and etc., etc. ("The To-morrow
of Death," p. 247.)

W. Lauder Lindsay: By no kind of scientific evidence can it be proved
that soul exists, whether in man or other animals.... Nor should it
be forgotten that, according to many writers, the word or term "soul"
is regarded as synonymous with "mind," in which case there can be no
question as to its possession by the higher animals. While the term
"soul" has also been applied--in figurative senses no doubt--even to
plants. ("Mind in the Lower Animals," v. 1, p. 101.) It obviously lies
with those who assert dogmatically that all men have immortal souls,
while no animals possess them, to reconcile with such a conviction the
provable fact that many animals are superior to many men, not only in
general intelligence, but also as regards moral sense and religious
feeling. (Ib.) Ideas of justice or right, feelings of decency or shame,
that combination or essence of moral qualities known as conscience,
are as certainly present in some animals as they appear to be absent
in countless numbers of men. (Ib., p. 103.)

Ernst Haeckel: The final result of this comparison is this: That
between the most highly developed animal souls, and the lowest
developed human souls there exists only a small quantitative, but
no qualitative difference, and this difference is much less than
the difference between the lowest and the highest human souls,
or than the difference between the lowest and the highest animal
souls. ("Hist. of Creation," v. 2, p. 362.) Some of the wildest tribes,
of men, in Southern Asia and Eastern Africa have no trace whatever of
the first foundations of all human civilization of family life, and
marriage. They live together, in herds, like apes, generally climbing
on trees and eating fruits; they do not know of fire, and use stones
and clubs as weapons, just like the higher apes. (Ib., p. 363.)

Descartes: (17 c.) Matter, whose essence is extension, is known by
the senses; mind, whose essence is thinking, can be known only by
self-consciousness. The thinking principle is immaterial.

Origen: The nature of the soul is such as to make her capable of
existing eternally, backward as well as forward, because her spiritual
essence, as such, makes it impossible that she should, either through
age or violence, be dissolved.

Rev. Joseph Baylee, D. D.: (Principal of St. Aidan's College,
Birkenhead, England.) Man is eternal. He was in existence before he
was born; sinned before he was born, and if he had never been born
would have suffered eternal damnation for that sin. (Dis. on God and
the Bible between Dr. Baylee and Mr. Bradlaugh.)

Draper: ("Conflict," p. 127.) Moreover, to many devout persons there
is something very revolting in the suggestion that the Almighty is a
servitor to the caprices and lusts of men, and that at a certain term
after its origin, it is necessary for him to create for the embryo
a soul.

Vedic Theology: The soul is a particle of that all-pervading principle,
the Universal Intellect, or Soul of the World, detached for a while
from its primitive source; and placed in connection with the bodily
frame, but destined, by an inevitably as rivers run back to be lost
in the ocean from whence they arose.

The Bible: As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away, so he that
goeth down to the grave shall come up no more. (Job 7 : 9.) They are
dead, they shall not live; they are deceased, they shall not rise;
therefore hast thou visited and destroyed them, and made all their
memory to perish. (Isa. 26 : 14.) For the living know that they
shall die, but the dead know not anything, neither have they any more
a reward, for the memory of them is forgotten. Whatsoever thy hand
findeth to do, do it with thy might, for there is no work, nor device,
nor knowledge, nor wisdom in the grave whither thou goest. (Eccl. 9 :
5, 10.) For that which befalleth the sons of men befalleth beasts,
even one thing befalleth them: as the one dieth, so dieth the other;
yea, they have all one breath; so that a man hath no pre-eminence
above a beast; for all is vanity. All go unto one place, all are of
the dust and all turn to dust again. Who knoweth the spirit of man
that goeth upward; and the spirit of the beast that goeth downward
to the earth? (Eccl. 3 : 19-22.) There (the grave) the wicked cease
from troubling; and there the weary be at rest. (Vide Job 3 : 11-22.)

Having thus successfully responded to the interrogatory, What is
the soul? that is to say, the constituent thereof, let us now very
briefly settle the locus in quo:

Plato: The soul is located in the brain.

Aristotle: The soul is located in the heart.

Heraclitus: The soul is located in the blood.

Epicurus: The soul is located in the chest.

Critios: The soul is located in the blood.

Sommering: The soul is located in the ventricles.

Kant: The soul is located in the water contained in the ventricles.

Plotinus: The body is located in the soul, and not the soul in
the body.

Ennemoser: The whole body is the seat of the soul.

Fischer: The soul is located in the nervous system.

Ficinus: The soul is located in the heart.

Descartes: The soul is located in the pineal gland.

Bontekoe: The soul is located in the corpus callosum.

Willis: The soul is located in the corpora striata.

Vieussens: The soul is located in the centrum ovale.

Boerhaave: The soul is located on the boundary line of the gray and
white substance.

Mayer: The soul is located in the medulla oblongata.

Camper: The soul is located in the pineal gland, nates and testes.

Dohoney: Scientifically speaking, man is a threefold being: body,
soul, and spirit. The home of the spirit is the cerebrum, while the
seat of the soul is the cerebellum. ("Man," p. 118.)

La Pieronie: The dwelling place of the soul is in the callous body.

Buchner: Some authors imagine that the soul, under certain
circumstances, leaves the brain for a short time and occupies another
part of the nervous system. The solar plexus, a concatenation of
sympathetic nerves, situated in the abdomen, was especially pointed
out as the favored spot. ("Force and Matter," p. 195.)

Prochaska: Assumed that the cerebrum and the cerebellum were the
seat of "soul sensations," and the sensorium commune the seat of
"body sensations."

Whytt: As the schoolmen supposed the Deity to exist in every ubi but
not in any place, which is to say in Latin that he exists everywhere,
but in English nowhere, so they imagined the soul of man not to occupy
space, but to exist in an indivisible point.

Prof. Erdmann: The theory that the soul has its seat in the brain,
must lead to the result that when the body is separated from the head,
the soul should continue to exist.

Fortlage: There are certain errors in the human mind. The error of
the seat of the soul in the brain is one of them.

McCulloch says, in his able work on the "Credibility of the
Scriptures": There is no word in the Hebrew language that signifies
either soul or spirit, in the technical sense in which we use the
terms, as implying something distinct from the body. ("Credibility
of Scriptures," p. 491, v. 2.)

Kitto, in his "Cyclopedia of Biblical Literature," renders Genesis
2 : 7, as follows: "And Jehovah God formed the man [Heb. the Adam] of
dust from the ground, and blew into his nostrils the breath of life:
and the man became a living animal.

Bishop Tilotson says: The immortality of the soul is rather supposed,
or taken for granted, than expressly revealed in the Bible.

The Egyptian doctrine of the soul is one of the most important, as
it is the most ancient, for this nation seems to have been the first
to declare that the soul was immortal. (Chambers' Encyclopedia.)


R. Peterson.





IMMORTALITY.

There is still another question. Why should God, a being of infinite
tenderness, leave the question of immortality in doubt? How is it
that there is nothing in the Old Testament on this subject? Why is
it that he who made all the constellations did not put in his heaven
the star of hope? How do you account for the fact that you do not
find in the Old Testament, from the first mistake in Genesis to the
last curse in Malachi, a funeral service? Is it not strange that some
one in the Old Testament did not stand by an open grave of father or
mother and say, "We shall meet again"? Was it because the divinely
inspired men did not know? You taunt me by saying that I know no more
of the immortality of the soul than Cicero knew. I admit it. I know
no more than the lowest savage, no more than a doctor of divinity,
that is to say, nothing.--Ingersoll, Ingersoll-Field Discussion.

Some urge that the soul is life. What is life? Is it not the word
by which we express the aggregate normal functional activity of
vegetable and animal organisms, necessarily differing in degree, if
not in kind, with each different organization? To talk of immortal
life, and yet to admit the decay and destruction of the organization,
is much the same as to talk of a square circle. You link together two
words which contradict each other. The solution of the soul problem
is not so difficult as many imagine. The greatest difficulty is, that
we have been trained to use certain words as "God," "matter," "mind,"
"spirit," "soul," "intelligence," and we have been further trained
to take these words as representatives of realities, which in fact,
they do not represent. We have to unlearn much of our school lore. We
have specially to carefully examine the meaning of each word we use. I
am told that the mind and the body are separate from one another. Are
the brightness and steel of the knife separate? Is not brightness the
quality attaching to a certain modification of existence--steel? Is
not intelligence a quality attaching to a certain modification of
existence--man? The word brightness has no meaning, except as relating
to some bright thing. The word intelligence, no meaning, except as
relating to some intelligent thing. I take some water and drop it
upon the steel, in due course the process of oxidation takes place,
and the brightness is gone. I drop into a man's brain a bullet; the
process of the destruction of life takes place, and his intelligence
is gone. By changing the state of the steel we destroy its brightness,
and by disorganizing the man destroy his intelligence. Is mind an
entity or result? an existence or a condition? Surely it is but the
result of organic activity, a phenomenon of animal life. ("Has Man
a Soul?" Charles Bradlaugh.)



The idea of immortality, like the great sea, has ebbed and flowed in
the human heart, beating its countless waves of hope and joy against
the shores of time, and was not born of an book, nor of any religion,
nor of any creed; it was born of human affection, and will continue
to ebb and flow beneath the clouds and mists of doubt and darkness
as long as love kisses the lips of death. It is the rainbow of hope
shining upon the tears of grief. We love, therefore we wish to live,
and the foundation of the idea of immortality is human affection
and human love, and I have a thousand times more confidence in the
affections of the human heart, in the deep and splendid feelings of
the human soul than I have in any book that ever was or ever can be
written by mortal man.--Ingersoll.




Is This Life the "Be-all and End-all?"

To answer that question, or to give my views on the subject as to
whether man lives after death or is extinguished as a living being by
death, would ordinarily involve a long preliminary discourse; but I
think I can give you my views, such as they are, in a few words. Life
is sensation, sensibility, the power of feeling. Without sensation
there is no life. We feel with our nerves; we see with our eyes; we
hear with our ears. Without nerves there would be no feeling, without
eyes no seeing, without ears no hearing. These senses, therefore,
of feeling, seeing, hearing, exist in combination with certain forms
of matter, and cannot exist without such combination. So the mind
exists in combination with the matter, brain. Without the brain there
can be no mental phenomena, no thinking, no perceiving. These things
are palpable; they are truths which may not be disputed. Therefore,
if death destroys our nerves, it destroys our power of feeling;
if it destroys our eyes, it destroys our power of seeing; if it
destroys our ears, it destroys our power of hearing; if it destroys
our brain, it destroys our power of thinking and perceiving. The man
lies down, feeling nothing, seeing nothing, knowing nothing; he is a
corpse. Separated from the brain, the mind cannot act, cannot think,
cannot conceive; therefore, if it exists at all, it is the same as
if it were dead. In that condition, the mind can no more think or
perceive than the dust into which the decomposed nerves have fallen
can feel. What follows then? That the man has come to an end, entirely;
he is extinguished.--Selected.



So you must equally bear with the comparatively small number of
scientists who, within the last three hundred years, have worked out
the hypothesis that the soul is not matter, substance, or entity,
at all, but simply the continuous action or process of the nervous
systems of animals, and especially of the brain of man, in answer to
their environment. In a word, the life, soul, spirit, mind, thought,
feeling, and consciousness are but varying tones of the music which
our nervous systems give out when the world plays upon them--much as
the piano answers to the touch of our hands. The music was not in,
nor the property of the piano, nor of the hand, but it arises and
exists only by reason of the playing-contact of the two. Thus the
life or soul is not a property of brain-matter, or of our nerves,
nor of the world or its impinging force; but when those world forces
by touch, heat, light, electricity and foods do reach so as to act
upon the nerves and brain, then comes their reaction, and we call
that reaction feeling, life, soul, thought, reason, etc., through all
of the varying music of consciousness, whether exhibited by a child,
a savage, a Newton or a Goethe.--Anon.




Materialism--Prof. Tyndall.

If Materialism is confounded, science is rendered dumb.... Materialism,
therefore, is not a thing to be mourned over, but to be honestly
considered; accepted if wholly true, rejected if false. ("Fragments of
Science," p. 221.) It ought to be known and avowed that the physical
philosopher, as such, must be a pure Materialist. His inquiries
deal with matter and force, and with them alone. (Ib., p. 72.) As
regards knowledge, physical science is polar. (Ib., p. 52.) It
is the advance of [this] knowledge that has given a materialistic
color to the philosophy of our age. (Ib., p. 222.) We may fear and
scorn Materialism; but he who knew all about it, and could apply his
knowledge, might become the preacher of a new gospel. (Ib., p. 221.)

Through our neglect of the monitions of a reasonable Materialism,
we sin and suffer daily. (Ib., p. 224.) The practical monitions are
plain enough which declare that on our dealings with matter depend
our weal or woe, physical and moral. (Ib., p. 222.) It is our duty
not to shirk--it ought rather to be our privilege to accept, the
established results of physical inquiries; for here, assuredly, our
ultimate weal depends upon our loyalty to truth. Is mind degraded by
this recognition of its dependence [on matter]? Assuredly not. Matter,
on the contrary, is raised to the level it ought to occupy, and from
which timid ignorance would remove it. (Ib., p. 221.)

Matter is not that empty capacity which philosophers and theologians
have pictured it, but the universal mother, who brings forth
all things as the fruit of her own womb. Nature is seen to do
all things spontaneously, without the meddling of the gods. (Ib.,
p. 193.) Matter I define as that mysterious thing by which all that is,
is accomplished. How it came to have the power which it possesses is a
question on which I never ventured an opinion. (Ib., p. 193.) I discern
in matter the promise and potency of all terrestrial life. (Ib.,
p. 251.)

Does life belong to what we call matter, or is it an independent
principle infused into matter at some suitable epoch? (Ib.,
p. 131.) There does not exist a barrier, possessing the strength
of a cobweb, in opposition to the hypothesis which ascribes the
appearance of life to that "potency of matter" which finds its
expression in natural evolution.... Divorced from matter, where is
life? (Ib., p. 192.) To man, as we know him, matter is necessary to
consciousness. (Ib., p. 192.) Every meal we eat, and every cup we
drink, illustrates the mysterious control of mind by matter. (Ib.,
p. 50.)

If these statements startle, it is because matter has been defined
and maligned by philosophers and theologians, who were ignorant
alike of its mystical and transcendental powers. (Ib., p. 51.) Two
courses, and two only, are possible: either let us open our doors
freely to the conception of creative acts, or, abandoning them let
us radically change our notions of matter. (Ib., p. 191.) Without
this total revolution of the notions now prevalent, the evolution
hypothesis must stand condemned. (Ib., p. 133.)

If we look at matter as defined by our scientific text-books, the
notion of conscious life coming out of it cannot be formed by the
mind. (Ib., p. 191.) Spirit and matter have ever been present to us in
the rudest contrast: the one as all noble, the other as all vile. But
is this correct? Upon the answer to this question, all depends. (Ib.,
p. 133.) #/

Physiology proves Materialism to be true, and the following testimony
to that fact by eminent scientific men is only a small part of what
might be quoted of similar tenor:

Bain tells us: The most careful and studied observations of
physiologists have shown beyond question, that the brain as a whole
is indispensible to thought, feeling, and volition.

Dr. Ferrier says: The brain is the organ of mind, and that mental
operations are possible only in and through it. This fact is so
well established that we may start from it as we should from any
ultimate fact.

Prof. Virchow, of Berlin, says: Every one must admit that without a
brain, nay, more, without a good and well developed brain, the human
mind has no existence.--Man has a mind and rational will only in as
much and in so far as he possesses a brain.

Huxley says: What we call the operations of the mind are functions of
the brain, and the materials of consciousness are products of cerebral
activity. Sensations are products of the inherent properties of the
thinking organ.



Tyndall says: We believe that every thought and every feeling has
its definite mechanical correlative in the nervous system; that it
is accompanied by a certain separation and remarshalling of the atoms
of the brain.



Dr. Maudsley says: I do not go beyond what facts warrant, when I say
that, when a thought occurs in the mind, there necessarily occurs
a correlative change in the gray matter of the brain. Without it,
the thought could not arise; with it, it can not fail to rise.


    What is matter! I take a handful of earth in my hands, and
    into that dust I put seeds, and arrows from the eternal quiver
    of the sun smite it, and the seeds grow and bud and blossom,
    and fill the air with perfume in my sight. Do you understand
    that? Do you understand how this dust and these seeds and that
    light and this moisture produced that bud and that flower and
    that perfume? Do you understand that any better than you do the
    production of thought? Do you understand that any better than
    you do a dream? Do you understand that any better than you do
    the thoughts of love that you see in the eyes of the one you
    adore? Can you explain it? Can you tell what matter is? Have
    you the slightest conception? Yet you talk about matter as
    though you were acquainted with its origin; as though you had
    compelled, with clenched hands, the very rocks to give up the
    secret of existence. Do you know what force is? Can you account
    for molecular action? Are you familiar with chemistry? Can you
    account for the loves and hatreds of the atoms? Is there not
    something in matter that forever eludes you? Can you tell what
    matter really is? Before you cry Materialism, you had better
    find what matter is. Can you tell of anything without a material
    basis? Is it possible to imagine the annihilation of a single
    atom? Is it possible for you to conceive of the creation of a
    single atom? Can you have a thought that is not suggested to you
    by what you call matter? Did any man or woman or child ever have
    a solitary thought, dream or conception, that was not suggested
    to them by something they had seen in nature?--Ingersoll.




The Origin of Belief in the Soul.

* * * I had waited at some distance, and as the day grew stronger,
saw that this new grave was not the only one upon that lonely height.

On my right was a mound on which lay the betel-box, the pipe, the
haversack, and "dah" (or chopper-knife) that in life had been his
who lay beneath. I turned to rest on the trunk of a fallen tree,
when I heard the sound of footsteps. The childless man and woman were
passing. I knew the man, and I spoke to him. He had often been my guide
in former visits to his village. He stopped. His wife passed on. I
asked, tenderly I hope, as to his child. What was the cause of death?

"Fever." Then he squatted down, drew out his pipe, filled and lit it.

"Whose grave is that?" I asked, pointing to the mound with the
betel-box and "dah."

"One of the men of my village," he replied; "he died some months ago."

"Why do you leave his betel-box, haversack, and 'dah' on the
grave? What use can it be to him?"

"It is our custom."

"But why?"

"His 'lah' (spirit) will require them."

"But you see his 'lah' has not taken them. They are still there,
and they are rotting away."

"Oh, no!" Very promptly. "What you see are only the forms of the
things. Their 'lahs' have gone away and are with the man's 'lah.'"

"Where?"

"In another world below this."

"And so people's 'lahs' after death go to another world and work as
in this?"

"Yes; and if they had no haversack, and no betel-box, and no 'dah'
how would they get on? How could they cut down forest and cultivate
rice for food if they had no 'dah'?"

He added after a pause:

"So our people say, but I don't know. I am ignorant. I am only a poor
jungle fowl."

"But," I persisted, "how do your people know that it is true--that
the betel-box, the haversack, the knife, and other things have 'lahs,'
or even that the man has a 'lah'?"

The Karen was silent for a while. Then he said--

"My child is dead--his body is buried there. It can not move and
go about; yet I know that in my sleep he will come to me. He will
speak, and I shall speak to him. It is not his body but his 'lah'
that will come. So also I lost an ax long ago. It fell in the forest
somewhere. I could not find it, but in my sleep I have seen its 'lah'
and have held it in my hand." He paused, and went on: "It must have a
'lah,' for iron and handle have rotted away long ago, yet I held them
last night in my hand."

"Then the 'lah' lives independently of the body?"

"Yes. Our people say so."

I was silent. Here among these savages I saw how the germs of belief
in a future life are laid, from what delusion they spring.

Then looking back to the far-off times, when the ancestors of our own
now civilized race were savages with minds as undeveloped as that of
the savage before me, I saw how from the mystery of dream-appearances
rose the belief in the dual nature of things. I saw how this belief,
extending first to all things animate and inanimate, came in the slow
evolution of man's intellect, by the elimination of the grosser and
cruder portion of his thought to hold at length only of living things.

No profound thought--no deep insight into human nature is needed to
trace along general lines its further development.

Man in his selfish egoism making himself the center of all nature,
has deemed that he alone is thus favored and raised above the rest
of the universe.

Moreover it is a belief that with all its uncertainties has an
intrinsic attractive beauty in the hope it gives to man, that love
and happiness will last beyond the grave.

Above all--fatalest of all, it is a belief that offers to the craft
of the priest, power over his fellow man.

Thus, flattering to man's self-love, useful as an engine of power,
affording an easy explanation of mysteries in life and death, this
belief in a soul really rising in "the mists and shadows of sleep,"
has come down to us as god-revealed from on high.--C. T. Bingham, in
"Progress," London, England.




"When a Man Dies what Becomes of his Soul?"

A friend of mine meeting me in the streets of Chicago one day,
without much ceremony propounded the above question; "Say, Brother
Bell," he began, "I would like to have you tell me what becomes of
a man's soul when he dies?" In reply I said, "Do you see that man
walking on the other side of the street?" "Yes," he said, "that is
old Johnson." I then called his attention to the peculiar movement
of the old gentleman. "See what a peculiar gait he has." He assented
that our friend's gait was peculiar. As we were contemplating him,
he stopped to look in a store window. When he halted I turned to my
questioner and asked, "Where has Mr. Johnson's gait gone since he
stopped walking?" He very candidly acknowledged that a man's gait
was not a thing, not an entity, but a mode of motion, and that when
the body ceased to move, there was no gait. I asked him if thinking
(the soul) was not a motion or activity of the brain, and that when
it ceased to act, if there was any soul or thinking left. I have a
very distinct remembrance that he talked a long time and said nothing.




Some Soul Questions.

1. Where does the soul come from?

2. Is the soul an entity or nonentity?

3. Of what is the soul composed?

4. When does the soul enter the body, before or after birth?

5. In what part of the body is the soul located?

6. If the soul is located in all parts of the body what becomes of
that part of the soul contained in an amputated part of a living body?

7. Is the soul an organization independent of the body?

8. Does the soul develop as the body develops?

9. Is the soul of an infant of the same size and weight as the soul
of an adult?

10. Is the soul of a negro of the same color as the soul of a
caucasian?

11. Is the soul of an idiot as well developed as the soul of an
intelligent person?

12. When does the soul leave the body, at death or at the resurrection
day?

13. If the soul leaves the body at death, where does it sojourn while
waiting for the resurrection morn?

14. If a living person was placed in an air-tight jar, and the jar
sealed hermetically, at death how would the soul make its exit?

15. After leaving the body what direction does the soul pursue to
reach its final destination?

16. What length of time does it require for the soul to reach its
final destination?

17. Where and at what distance from the earth is the soul land located?

18. Has the soul the physical organs indispensible to mental action
and consciousness?

19. If not, of what use would the soul be?

20. Is the soul sensible or insensible to pain?

21. Of what shape is the soul?

22. Of what color is the soul?

23. Does the soul retain its sex?

24. When and where are the souls made, or did they always exist?

25. We have five infallible witnesses to prove the existence of matter,
namely, hearing, seeing, tasting, smelling, and feeling. By these
five witnesses we prove the existence and the component parts of
matter. Can you by the aid of these five senses prove the existence
of souls?--W. C. Clow.







DESIGN ARGUMENT.


Nothing could have come by chance, it is said, and therefore it is
inferred that this universe must have been created by a God.

Let us view this famous argument for a moment. God is something or
nothing. To say he is nothing is to say there is no God. If he is
something, he is not merely a property or quality, but an existence
per se--an entity, a substance, whether material or immaterial is
unimportant. If he is a substance, a material, or spiritual being,
there must be order, harmony, and adaptation, or fitness, in his
divine nature, to enable him to perceive, reflect, design, and
execute his plans. If Deity does not reason, does not cogitate, but
perceives truth without the labor of investigation and contrivance,
he must still possess an adaptation or fitness thus to perceive,
as well as to execute his design.

To say God is without order, harmony, and adaptation, or fitness,
is to say he is a mere chaos--worse than that imaginary chaos that
theologians tell us would result if divine agency were withdrawn from
the universe. If a being without order, harmony, and adaptation,
or a divine chaos, can create an orderly universe then there is no
consistency in saying that unintelligent matter could not have produced
the objects that we behold. If order, harmony, and adaptation do
exist in the divine mind (or in the substance which produces thought,
power, and purpose in the divine mind) they must be eternal, for that
which constitutes the essential nature of a God must be the eternal
basis of his being. If the order, harmony, and adaptation in God are
co-existent with him, are eternal, they must be independent of design,
for that which never began to exist could not have been produced, and
does not therefore admit of design. If order, harmony, and adaptation
are independent of design in the divine mind, it is certain that order,
harmony, and adaptation exist, and are not evidence of a pre-existent,
designing intelligence.

If order, harmony, and adaptation exist, which were not produced by
design, which are therefore not evidence of design, it is unreasonable
and illogical to infer designing intelligence from the fact alone
that order, harmony, and adaptation exist in nature. Therefore
an intelligent Deity cannot be inferred from the order, harmony,
and adaptation in nature. If the order, harmony, and adaptation in
Deity, to produce his thoughts, and to execute his plans, are eternal,
why may not the formation of matter into worlds, and the evolutions
of the various forms of vegetable and animal life on this globe
be the result of the ceaseless action of self-existent matter in
accordance with an inherent eternal principle of adaptation? Is it
more reasonable to suppose the universe was created, or constructed
by a being in whom exists the most wonderful order and harmony,
and the most admirable adaptation to construct a universe (which
order, harmony, and adaptation could have had no designing cause),
than to suppose that the universe itself in its entirety is eternal,
and the self-producing cause of all the manifestations we behold?

Is a God uncaused, and who made everything from nothing, more easy
of belief than a universe uncaused and existing according to its own
inherent nature? Is it wonderful that matter should be self-existent;
that it should possess the power to form suns, planets, and construct
that beautiful ladder of life that reaches from the lowest forms
of the vegetable kingdom up to man? How much more wonderful that a
great being should exist, without any cause, who had no beginning,
and who is infinitely more admirable than the universe itself.

Again, the plan of a work is as much evidence of intelligence and
design as the work which embodies the plan. The plan of a steam
engine in the mind of Fitch--the plan of the locomotive in the
mind of Stephenson--was as much evidence of design as the piece of
machinery after its mechanical construction. If God be an omniscient
being--a being who knows everything; to whose knowledge no addition
can be made--his plans must be eternal--without beginning, and
therefore uncaused. If God's plans are not eternal; if from time to
time new plans originate in his mind, there must be an addition to
his knowledge, and if his knowledge admits of addition, it must be
finite. But if his plans had no beginning; if, like himself, they
are eternal, they must, like him, be independent of design. Now, the
plan of a thing, we have already seen, is as much evidence of design
as the object which embodies the plan. Since the plans of Deity are
no proof of design that produced them (for they are supposed to be
eternal), the plan of this universe, of course, was no evidence of
a designing intelligence that produced it. But since the plan of
the universe is as much evidence of design as the universe itself,
and since the former is no evidence of design, it follows that design
cannot be inferred from the existence of the universe.

The absurdity of the a posteriori argument of a God consists in
the assumption that what we call order and adaptation in nature are
evidence of design, when it is evident that whether there be a God or
not, order and adaptation must have existed from eternity, and are not
therefore necessarily proof of a designing cause. The reasoning of the
theologian is like that of the Hindoo in accounting for the position
of the earth. "Whatever exists must have some support," said he. The
earth exists, and is therefore supported. He imagined it resting on the
back of an elephant. The elephant needing some support, he supposed
rested on the back of a huge tortoise. He forgot that according to
his own premise that whatever exists must have some support, that
the tortoise should rest on something. The inconclusiveness of his
reasoning is apparent to a child. Whatever exists is supported. The
earth exists. Therefore, the earth is supported; it rests on an
elephant; the elephant rests on a tortoise; the tortoise exists,
but nothing is said about its support.

The theologian says order, harmony, and adaptation are evidence
of a designing intelligence that produced them. The earth and its
productions show order, harmony, and adaptation. Therefore, the earth
and its productions have been produced by an intelligent designer. Just
as the Hindoo stopped reasoning when he imagined the earth on an
elephant, and the elephant on a tortoise, so the theologian stops
reasoning when he says, God made the world. But as surely as from
the premise that whatever exists must have some support, follows the
conclusion that the tortoise rests on something, as rests on it the
elephant, does it follow from the proposition that order, harmony,
and adaptation are proof of an intelligent designer, that the order,
harmony, and adaptation in the Deity to produce the effects ascribed
to him are evidence of an intelligent designer who made him, as the
various parts of nature, adapted to one another, are evidence of an
intelligent designer that produced them. This reasoning leads to the
conclusion that there has been an infinite succession of creative and
created Gods, which is inconsistent with the idea of a First Cause,
the creator of the universe. Then why attempt to explain the mysteries
of the universe by imagining a God who produced everything but himself,
and why argue from the order and fitness in the world the existence
of a designer. It reminds me of the ostrich, that having buried its
head in the sand, so as to render invisible its pursuers, fancies
there is no further need of exertion to escape from the dangers and
difficulties which surround it.


    "Design represented as a search after final cause, until we come to
    a first cause, and then stop," says F. N. Newman, "is an argument I
    confess which in itself brings me no satisfaction." "The attempt,"
    says Buckle, "which Paley and others have made to solve this
    mystery by rising from the laws to the cause are evidently futile,
    because to the eye of reason the solution is as incomprehensible
    as the problem, and the arguments of the natural theologian,
    in so far as they are arguments, must depend on reason."


Design implies the use of means for the attainment of ends. Man
designs, plans, contrives and uses secondary agencies to accomplish his
purposes, because unable to attain his ends directly. But how absurd
to speak of contrivance and design in a being of infinite power and
knowledge. Man, to build steamships has to fell trees and hew them
into various shapes, get iron from the earth and smelt it in furnaces,
and work it into bolts, braces, nails, etc., hundreds of workmen,
carpenters, joiners, blacksmiths, cabinet-makers, painters, caulkers,
riggers, etc., labor for months before the vessel can be launched. If
man possessed the power to speak into existence a steamship, would he
contrive, plan and use means to construct it? On the contrary, would
it not come instantly into existence as a complete, perfect whole?

But the existence of a steamer, since it is only a means to an end,
would be inconsistent with unlimited power in man. If he were able
to effect his purposes why should he construct a vessel with which
to visit far off lands? Infinite power would enable him to cross the
ocean by the mere exercise of his will. It is evident at a glance
that the use of means is incompatible with infinite knowledge and
infinite power. This argument ... in proving too much proves nothing,
and demonstrates its own worthlessness, and therefore we cast it
aside. Design implies finiteness; man designs and has to calculate
and use means to accomplish his end. If he were all powerful would he
use that power to construct ships to cross the ocean, or armies to
win battles, when he could accomplish his end without, and by those
means demonstrate that he is infinite in power? An infinite being would
not have to employ means to complete his works; he would not have to
doubt and cogitate before he accomplished his design; that would be
the method of man. It is absurd to suppose that a God did all those
things. We supposed God infinite in everything, in his power, in his
love and kindness. He has power to do everything. And yet the world is
so constructed that at every step we take we crush to death creatures
as minutely and curiously formed as ourselves. They kill one another in
numerous struggles, and life has been such a series of bloody battles,
resulting in destruction of life, that the Waterloos and Solferinos of
history are nothing in comparison. Where is the design in the volcano
that belches forth its fiery billows and buries in ruins a Pompeii
and a Herculaneum? Where is the design in the tornado that sends a
fleet with its precious freight of humanity beneath the remorseless
waves? Where is the design in the suffering and torture that thousands
feel this very moment in the chambers of sickness, and in the hospitals
full of diseases? Where is the evidence of a great being who has the
power to make men happy, and yet allows the world to go on in all its
misery--such misery as it makes one's heart ache to see, and which we,
imperfect creatures as we are, would gladly stop if we could?

And where is the design in the thousands of facts which science
has brought to light, showing that there are organs and parts that
serve no purpose at all, but on the contrary, are injurious to their
possessors? Why do some animals, like the dugong, have tusks that
never cut through the gums? Why has the guinea pig teeth that are shed
before it is born? Science tells us these rudimentary structures are
the remnants of a former state, in which these parts were of service;
but theology, which requires us to believe that a God made all these
animals as we now see them, cannot possibly reconcile these facts
with infinite wisdom and goodness.

Adaptation in organisms instead of having been produced by a Deity,
we hold is largely the result of natural selection. Adaptation must
exist as the adjustment of objects to their environments. If a flock
of sheep be exposed to the weather of a severe climate, those of
them having the thinnest wool, affording the least protection from
the cold, will perish. Those with the thickest wool and hardiest
nature will survive every year, and by the law of heredity, transmit
their favorable variations. By this process those best adapted to the
climate live, and the others perish. Thus in the struggle for life we
have the "survival of the fittest," without any design whatever. But
the theologian comes along and looking at the sheep, says: "See how
God has adapted these sheep to the climate." He forgets the thousands
that have shivered and perished in winter's cold as the condition
of this adaptation. So animals change the color of their coverings
in accordance with their environments. The bears among the icebergs
of the North are white, because in the struggle for life every light
variation has been favorable to the animal--has facilitated its escape
from the hunter and its preying upon the living things upon which it
subsists. Those with darker coverings have gradually become extinct,
leaving in undisputed possession of the snow banks and icebergs
this species, which in color resembles the general aspect of its
surroundings. Look at the rabbits. Some change their color every year;
some are brown in the summer and white like the snow in winter. Those
with this tendency to change their color during the year, having
the most favorable variation, have persisted, and this tendency,
by heredity, has been accumulated, until it has become a part of the
nature of the animal.

These are but illustrations of a principle discovered by Darwin and
Wallace, which explains largely how, not only color and thickness
of coverings, but speed, strength and suppleness of body, keenness
of sight and hearing, and all other parts and powers of organism
have been developed in adaptation to their environment, without any
special design whatever.

It is said we have no evidence of the eternal existence of the
universe, because we have no personal observation of it. But is there
any personal observation to prove the existence of an eternal God? Yet
it is believed in by our opponents. We believe the universe always
has existed in the past, because we see no trace of a beginning; we
believe it will always exist in the future, because we see no prospect
or possibility of an end. Worlds have their formation and dissolution;
but the substance is neither augmented nor diminished. Matter
is indestructible and eternal. We are not, therefore, in need of
a creator.


B. F. Underwood.




Do the natural affairs of this world show a designer? Is there
a conscious intelligence at work guiding all the affairs of this
world? We see no evidence of a wise and benevolent design in the
creation of wild, ravenous birds and beasts of prey. We fail to see
anything like a kind providence in earthquakes, volcanoes, floods,
tidal-waves, storms at sea, drouth, famine, and pestilence. Is there
a supreme intelligence which causes monstrosities, sends epidemics,
horrid diseases, plants parasites upon the human body? Are lice,
tape-worms, bed-bugs, fleas, flies, grasshoppers, and mosquitoes
"blessings in disguise?" Are abject poverty and misery divine
blessings? Is ignorance a gracious boon in mercy sent? Pain and misery
are not exceptional features of man's life on earth, but they are chief
characteristics of it. Are some unconscious of their degradation? Shall
we infer therefrom that ignorance is bliss? If this unconsciousness
of degradation on the part of some shall be considered as evidence
of a benevolent designer, then what shall we say in the case of those
who are conscious of their degradation?

"If," says Haeckel, "we contemplate the common life and mutual
relations between plants and animals (man included) we shall find
everywhere and at all times, the very opposite of that kindly and
peaceful social life which the goodness of the creator ought to
have prepared for his creatures: we shall rather find everywhere a
pitiless, most embittered struggle of all against all." Large fish
eat small ones, large birds devour the smaller, and the ferocious
beasts of prey live upon the weaker and less fleet animals. In this
struggle for existence there is one perpetual battle; the smaller,
weaker and less fleet are captured and devoured by the stronger,
and man destroys and eats any of them at his pleasure.

Is there a display of intelligence and benevolent design in creating
man with strength and wisdom to slaughter his prey at will? Then
where is the benevolence of design in creating the animals to be
thus slaughtered?

The universe, we shall find, does not exhibit evidence of a conscious
intelligent design. Says Shelley: "We must prove design before we
can infer a designer."


    Mr. Talmage insists that it takes no especial brain to reason out
    a "design" in nature, and in a moment afterward says: "When the
    world slew Jesus, it showed what it would do with the eternal
    God if once it could get its hands upon him." Why should a God
    of infinite wisdom create people who would gladly murder their
    creator? Was there any particular "design" in that? Does the
    existence of such people conclusively prove the existence of a
    good designer? ("Ingersoll's Interviews," p. 46.)




Providence.

Religious people see Providence in everything. Strange it is, too, that
the most marked displays of Providence are seen in shipwrecks, railroad
collisions, or in all devastating fires, floods, and plagues. In such
appalling calamities as lead most sensible men to say with AEneas,
"If there be gods, they certainly take no interest in the affairs
of men," the Christian sees proof of a good guardian, a saving God,
where nothing but destruction and ruin mark his pathway. There is
a strange fatuity manifested by believers in this doctrine. Not long
since a young man died very suddenly in Boston. There was a post-mortem
examination by regular physicians, and a coroner's jury, who mutually
deliberated over the body as to the cause of its death. The doctors
found the young man's stomach somewhat irritated. On close inspection
the contents of the stomach were found to be a mixture of bread and
butter, mince pie and coffee, ham and eggs, buckwheat cakes, oyster
stew, plum pudding, pound cake, corned beef, ice cream, more mince pie,
and baked beans.

The jury gave the case most grave and deliberate consideration, and
in accordance therewith returned the verdict: "Came to his death by a
mysterious dispensation of the afflictive hand of Providence." Just
so! Anything, however evil, unjust or foolish may be attributed to
Providence; yet he remains both wise and good.

Why, if this world is created and controlled by infinite wisdom
and benevolence, are not all things beautiful? One of man's noblest
endeavors is to beautify. But we see many flowers and plants which
are not beautiful.

Many parts of the earth are inhospitable and forbidding. What beauties
on the other hand lie buried at the bottom of the ocean, its flora,
shells, and corals! But no human eye ever sees them. Wherein is the
evidence of design? Where is the evidence of design in the horrid
monsters which once filled the oceans? Where is the design in creating
such monstrosities as we see among animals?

Did the designer intend that parasites should infest the human
body? The creator made the parasites (lice) and their proper
dwelling-place seems to be the human body. The human body gives them
their proper food. They are so constituted as to reproduce themselves
rapidly and thus persist in feeding upon man.

The question is immediately raised: "Were the lice made for man, or
man for the lice?" When did it ever occur to a sane mind that bed-bugs
and mosquitoes and fleas were created with a benevolent design?

These facts are irreconcileable with the notion of a supreme and
beneficent Providence.

Where is the evidence of benevolent design in earthquakes, floods,
volcanoes, drouth, famine, and ten thousand ills which flesh is heir
to? Where is the moral purpose? Where is the benevolence in peopling
the earth with millions of human beings who live lives of poverty
and misery?

But it is argued that we cannot see it all now, but by and by it will
be made plain to us, that is, when we get into the other world. This
is begging the question. The Christian says creation shows a creator,
who first created the universe and now presides over it. But when
we bring the facts of this world, its abounding evils and human
miseries, to show the absence of any benevolent superintendence,
he promises to make good his argument in the next world. This is
asking a fellow to wait too long. Again, it is argued by the Christian
that God ordained pain to work out good; but how comes it that this
ordination of working good out of evil does not take place? Sometimes
one man is made better by it, and another is brutalized by it. How
does this come to pass if pain was ordained to work good? Has the
plan of the designer failed? "The evils of this world are ordained
for the purpose of developing our souls; only by pain and suffering
can we be prepared for heaven." Little children who die, according
to this dogma, can never be developed.


    Are not two sparrows sold for a farthing? and one of them shall
    not fall to the ground without your Father? (Mat. 10 : 29.)


But sparrows do fall to the ground nevertheless. And if some do not
fall to the ground that wicked bird the sparrow-hawk, devours them
sometimes before they have an opportunity to fall. It is the same
wise and kind Providence who makes the sparrow and the sparrow-hawk,
but perhaps the poor sparrow does not recognize the wisdom and mercy
of having a destroyer. But our good Christian friends will have it
that all things come to pass by the direct control of an all-wise
and all-good Providence. The Chicago fire, the Boston fire, and
others are all dispensations of Providence, if we may believe the
ministers, and they are the only ones who pretend to have positive
information of the facts. The bursting of a mill-dam, or a tidal-wave,
or anything and everything else that carries the besom of destruction
to thousands is to them a well-known intervention of the hand of
a wise and merciful Providence. It is the same, with good fortune;
if we as a people have great prosperity, large harvests and abundance
of trade, it is because of this "All-wise Providence." He brings the
evil and the good, miseries and joys, sins and salvation.

How do we know there is a kind Providence watching over this
world? "Oh!" says our Christian friend, "we see this manifested in
the kindly adaptations of nature to man's conditions, everything
seems to have been made for man's comfort." But, this general
adaptation of man to nature and of nature to man, proves nothing of
a conscious intelligence ruling over the universe. The maggot in the
cheese might look around him and say, if he could talk: "All this
cheese was made for me, because it's perfectly adapted to my wants
and conditions." Man and maggot are adapted to their surroundings,
because their surroundings have made them what they are.

After attempting to prove the existence of a special Providence,
and failing, the Christian then craw-fishes into absurd talk of
a mysterious Providence, a dark dispensation of Providence, an
inscrutable Providence, an inexplicable Providence. And when driven
from this refuge, he at last exclaims: "Well, if it all seems dark and
hidden from our understanding here, it will all be made clear when we
pass over to the other side." Yes, but you admit by this statement
that you know now positively nothing of a conscious intelligence
ruling the universe, why not say so?

The fundamental idea of a special Providence, is that he prevents
accidents; but in spite of special Providence, accidents do occur. And
even these mishaps, which show that no such thing as Providence exists,
are claimed by the superstitious as proof of a mysterious Providence.


    Francis Bacon says: "We shall do well to bear in mind the ancient
    story of one who in Pagan times was shown a temple with a picture
    of all the persons who had been saved from shipwreck, after paying
    their vows. When asked whether he did acknowledge the power of
    the gods, "Aye," he answered, "but where are they painted who
    were drowned after their vows?" (Jevon's "Principles of Science,"
    part 2, p. 5.)

    We learn from the little care which nature takes of single
    individuals. Thousands of them are sacrificed without hesitation
    or repentance in the plenty of nature. Even with regard to man
    we make the same experience. Not one half of the human race reach
    the second year of their age, but die almost without having known
    that they ever lived. We learn this very thing also from the
    misfortunes and mishaps of all men, the good as well as the bad,
    which cannot well be made to agree with the special preservation or
    co-operation of the creator. (Feuerbach's "Essence of Religion.")

    But with the conception of a supreme beneficence this gratuitous
    infliction of misery, in common with other terrestrial creatures
    capable of feeling, is also absolutely incompatible.--Spencer.

    In short, there can be no hypothesis of a "moral government"
    of the world which does not implicitly assert an "immoral
    government." (Fisk's "Cosmic Philosophy," vol. 2, p. 407.)

    But the believer in the inspiration of the Bible is compelled to
    declare that there was a time when slavery was right--when men
    could buy, and women could sell, their babes. He is compelled to
    insist that there was a time when Polygamy was the highest form of
    virtue; when wars of extermination were waged with the sword of
    mercy; when religious toleration was a crime, and when death was
    the just penalty for having expressed an honest thought. He must
    maintain that Jehovah is just as bad now as he was four thousand
    years ago, or that he was just as good then as he is now, but that
    human conditions have so changed that slavery, polygamy, religious
    persecutions, and wars of conquest are now perfectly devilish. Once
    they were right--once they were commanded by God himself; now, they
    are prohibited. There has been such a change in the conditions of
    man that, at the present time, the Devil is in favor of slavery,
    polygamy, religious persecution, and wars of conquest. That is to
    say, the Devil entertains the same opinion to-day that Jehovah held
    four thousand years ago, but in the meantime Jehovah has remained
    exactly the same--changeless and incapable of change.... A very
    curious thing about these commandments is that their supposed
    author violated nearly every one. From Sinai, according to the
    account, he said: "Thou shalt not kill," and yet he ordered the
    murder of millions; "Thou shalt not commit adultery," and yet
    he gave captured maidens to gratify the lust of captors; "Thou
    shalt not steal," and yet he gave to Jewish marauders the flocks
    and herds of others; "Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house,
    nor his wife," and yet he allowed his chosen people to destroy the
    homes of neighbors and to steal their wives; "Honor thy father
    and thy mother," and yet this same God had thousands of fathers
    butchered, and with the sword of war killed children yet unborn;
    "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor," and
    yet he sent abroad "lying spirits" to deceive his own prophets,
    and in a hundred ways paid tribute to deceit. So far as we know,
    Jehovah kept only one of these commandments--he worshipped no
    other God. ("Ingersoll's Reply to Black.")

    It is said of Christ that he was infinitely kind and generous,
    infinitely merciful because when on earth he cured the sick,
    the lame, and the blind. Has he not as much power now as he had
    then? If he has and is the God of all worlds, why does he not
    now give back to the widow her son? Why does he withhold light
    from the blind, and why does one who had the power miraculously
    to feed thousands allow millions to die for want of food? Where
    is he now? ("Ingersoll's Interviews.")




First Cause.

Assuming then, the existence of a First Cause, let us inquire for
a moment into its nature. The First Cause must be infinite. For if
we regard it as finite, we regard it as bounded or limited, and are
thus compelled to think of a region beyond its limits, which region
is uncaused. And if we admit this, we virtually abandon the doctrine
of causation altogether. We, therefore, have no alternative but to
regard the First Cause an infinite.

We are no less irresistibly compelled to regard the First Cause as
independent. For if it be dependent, that on which it depends must
be the First Cause. The First Cause can therefore have no necessary
relation to any other form of being; since if the presence of any other
form of existence is necessary to its completeness, it is partially
dependent upon such other form of existence, and cannot be the First
Cause. Thus the First Cause, besides being infinite, must be complete
in itself, existing independently of all relations,--that is, it must
be absolute.

To such conclusions, following the most refined metaphysical
philosophy of the day, are we easily led. By the very limitations
of our faculties, we are compelled to think of a First Cause of
all phenomena; and we are compelled to think of it as both infinite
and absolute.

Nevertheless, it will not be difficult to show that such a
conclusion is utterly illusive; and that in joining together, the
three conceptions of Cause, of Infinite, and of Absolute, we have
woven for ourselves a net-work of contradictions, more formidable,
more disheartening than any that we have yet been required to
contemplate. For, in the first place, that which is a cause cannot
at the same time be absolute. For the definition of the Absolute
is that which exists out of all relations; whereas a cause not
only sustains some definite relation to its effect, but it exists
as a cause only by virtue of such relation. Suppress the effect,
and the cause has ceased to be a cause. The phrase "absolute cause,"
therefore, which is equivalent to "non-relative cause," is like the
phrase "circular triangle." The two words stand for conceptions which
cannot be made to unite. "We attempt," says Mr. Mansel, "to escape from
this apparent contradiction by introducing the idea of succession in
time. The Absolute exists first by itself, and afterwards becomes a
cause. But here, we are checkmated by the third conception, that of
the Infinite. How can the Infinite become that which it was not from
the first? If causation is a possible mode of existence, that which
exists without causing is not infinite; that which becomes a cause
has passed beyond its former limits.

"But supposing all these obstacles overcome, so that we might frame
a valid conception of a cause which is also absolute and infinite:
have we then explained the origin of the universe? Have we advanced
one step toward explaining how the Absolute can be the source of
the Relative, or how the Infinite can give rise to the Finite?" To
continue with Mr. Mansel, "if the condition of causal activity is
a higher state than that of quiescence, the Absolute ... has passed
from a condition of comparative imperfection to one of comparative
perfection; and therefore was not originally perfect. If the state of
activity is an inferior state to that of quiesence, the Absolute in
becoming a cause has lost its original perfection. There remains only
the supposition that the two states are equal, and the act of creation
one of complete indifference. But this supposition annihilates the
unity of the Absolute." (John Fiske, "Cosmic Philosophy.")







THE SUNDAY QUESTION.


It is related that once upon a time, a number of grave and reverend
rabbins earnestly disputed among themselves, whether it was lawful or
not to eat an egg that was laid upon the Sabbath day. In the minds of
some of these grave and wise masters it was held to be a prohibited
egg, but in the stomachs of others of their number such eggs were
held as too good to be despised.

In the Blue Laws of Connecticut by Rev. Sam Peters, we have Puritan
scruples put in rhyme:


"Upon the Sabbath day they'll no physick take,
Lest it should worke, and so the Sabbath breake."


There have always been great disputes over this subject which
we call in general terms the "Sunday Question." Why do so many
misunderstandings arise upon this matter? Simply because people
do not understand the question. Millions of devout worshippers use
the terms Sunday and Sabbath as if they were synonymous. Millions
of superstitious persons cherish obligations to maintain better
conduct on Sunday than on any other day in the week. They cannot
understand that it is fit and proper to do on Sunday anything that
it is fit and proper to do on any other day. The tendency to perform
the duties of life correctly on Sunday leaves room and disposition
not to perform them so well on the other six days of the week. Such
people live cream lives on Sunday and skim-milk lives all the rest
of the week. It won't do; because it tends to demoralize rather
than establish the noble sentiments of morality and manhood. If we
would know how to observe Sunday we must know something more about
it than we have unconsciously learned from the nursery stories of
our childhood. Let us begin with the names of




The Days of the Week.


    We trace these names to our Saxon ancestors. By them the seven
    days of the week were called Son-daeg, Moon-daeg, Tuis-daeg,
    Woden's-daeg, Thurres-daeg or Thor's-day, Friga's-daeg, and
    Seterne's-daeg. These were the names of ancient deities. As
    seven planets and seven metals were at that time known--the sun,
    the moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn being the
    planets of astrology--a due allotment was made, gold was held
    sacred to the sun, silver to the moon, iron to Mars, etc. Even
    the portions of time were in a like manner dedicated; the seven
    days of the week were respectively given to the seven planets of
    astrology. The names imposed on these days, and the order in which
    they occur, are obviously connected with the Ptolemaic hypothesis
    of astronomy, each of the planets having an hour assigned to it in
    its order of occurrence, and the planet ruling first the hour of
    each day giving its name to that day. Thus arranged, the week is a
    remarkable instance of the longevity of an institution adapted to
    the wants of man. It has survived through many changes of empire
    and has forced itself on the ecclesiastical system of Europe,
    which, unable to change its idolatrous aspect, has encouraged the
    vulgar error that it owes its authenticity to the holy scriptures;
    an error too plainly betrayed by the Pagan names that the days
    bear, and also by their order of occurrence. ("Intellectual
    Development of Europe," by John W. Draper, vol. 1, p. 403.)


It is remarkable that every day of the week is by different nations
devoted to the public celebration of religious services:--Sunday
by the Christians, Monday by the Greeks, Tuesday by the Persians,
Wednesday by the Assyrians, Thursday by the Egyptians, Friday by the
Turks, Saturday by the Jews.


    From a passage in Genesis, in which the first reference to a
    Sabbath occurs, the inference has been drawn (an inference not
    warranted by the text) that the first parents of the human
    race were taught by God himself to divide time into weeks,
    and to set apart a portion as a day of rest, and for religious
    purposes. If so, it would of course follow that this institution,
    or some traces of it, would be found among all nations; and
    the impression, therefore, on the mind of a very large class
    of persons, is a very natural one, that however much a Sabbath
    may have fallen into disuse, or be now disregarded, the week of
    seven days has been kept by all generations of mankind from the
    days of creation, and continues to be observed in every part of
    the world. ("Westminster Review," October 1850, p. 134.)


It is, however, true that observance of one day in seven as a day of
rest, recreation, and pleasure obtains in many countries. How then
did it come about if it was not revealed to man, that we keep in a
special manner




One Day in Seven?

The observance of a seventh part of the week is no more a revelation
than the multiplication table is. It was natural for man to measure
the spaces of time. The revolution of the earth, or from sun to sun
was a day, and from new moon to new moon was a month of twenty-eight
days. It was a most natural thing to have feasts at the full of the
moon and at new moon; between these times were the "horned moon,"
and this marked another division of time. It was easy to divide the
full moon into four periods, each of seven days. Hence originated the
observance of one day in seven. After the moon time had been divided
into four parts each of seven days and the days specifically named,
then the old phraseology of "new moon days" was dropped as it was no
longer needed.

There are two different reasons given for observing the Sabbath:


    For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea and all
    that in them is, and rested the seventh day; wherefore the Lord
    blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it. (Exodus 20 : 11.)

    And remember that thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt,
    and that the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a
    mighty hand and by a stretched-out arm; therefore the Lord thy
    God commanded thee to keep the Sabbath day. (Deuteronomy 5 : 15.)


Here are two distinct and contradictory accounts given of the origin of
the Sabbath. According to the first, God instituted the Sabbath on the
seventh day of time, immediately after his six days of creation. But
if we are to believe the writer of Deuteronomy the Sabbath was set
up as a memorial day of the Jews' escape from Egyptian bondage; an
occurrence that took place something like two thousand five hundred
years after the year one, of creation. Both of these statements cannot
be correct, as one excludes the other. And in view of the fact that
man naturally learned to divide time into days, moons, and quarter
moons we are strongly inclined to think that both of these ancient
accounts are mythical.


"Remember the Sabbath day to keep it holy."


The word holy has lost its original signification. The Hebrew word
kadosh means "to set apart." Parkhurst renders it, "to separate,
to set apart from its common and ordinary to some higher use or
purpose." It is used in this sense in Genesis 4 : "And God divided
[i.e. separated] the light from the darkness."

The vessels of the sanctuary were to be "Holy unto the Lord;" that
is, they were to be kept strictly separate from other vessels, for
the sanctuary.

The saba or Sabbath was a day of rest, and the command to keep it
holy did not mean that it should be observed with solemnity, or
kept by offering sacrifices or in the performance of other religious
ceremonies. Other days were working days, but the Sabbath was to be
a day of rest.

"The word holy," says a modern writer on the Sabbath, "has now become
so associated in our minds with Puritanical ideas of self-mortification
and with modern religious forms of worship, that we are naturally
misled by it from the meaning of the original. Many pious persons
suppose that the command to keep the Sabbath day holy was equivalent
to an injunction to attend a parish church, hear two or more sermons
in the course of the Sunday and during the rest of the day to keep
in-doors and read the Bible. The Jews, however, did not do this, for
the Bible was not written, and sermons in its exposition (which would
have wanted texts) could not well be preached. Nor does it appear
from any passage in the books of Moses, that religious admonitions
or discourses of any kind formed a part of the tabernacle service."

The Jewish Sabbath was emphatically a day of rest. Work, therefore,
was strictly prohibited; for "Whosoever doeth any work in the Sabbath
day, he shall surely be put to death." (Exodus 31 : 15.)

This law was not so literal as subsequent interpreters have made
it. We have an account of only one person being put to death for this
crime. It is recorded in Numbers, 15 : 32-36 that "while the children
of Israel were in the wilderness they found a man that gathered sticks
upon the Sabbath day."


    And they that found him gathering sticks brought him unto Moses
    and Aaron, and unto all the congregation.

    And they put him in ward, because it was not declared what should
    be done to him.

    And the Lord said unto Moses, The man shall be surely put to death;
    all the congregation shall stone him with stones without the camp.

    And all the congregation brought him without the camp, and stoned
    him with stones, and he died; as the Lord commanded Moses.


This was the only case in all the Hebrew writings, of stoning a man
for gathering sticks on the Sabbath. But this single instance has
engendered an infinite amount of bitter persecution in the hearts of
the over-righteous, who keep the Sabbath holy and try also to make
their neighbors observe it in a like manner.

Sir Humphrey Davy relates in his "Salmonia," page 1,345, that he
"was walking on Arthur's Seat with some of the most distinguished
professors of Edinburgh attached to the geological opinions of the
late Dr. Hutton, a discussion took place upon the phenomena presented
by the rocks under our feet, and to exemplify a principle, Professor
Playfair broke some stones, in which I assisted the venerable and
amiable philosopher.

"We had hardly examined the fragments, when a man from the crowd,
who had been assisting at field-preaching, came up and warned us off,
saying, 'Ye think ye are only stane-breakers; but I ken ye are Sabbath
breakers, and ye deserve to be staned with your ain stanes.'"

Accidents which take place on Sunday are looked upon by some people as
"Judgments of God."


    In Scotland on January 16th, 1603 the citizens were dreadfully
    alarmed by an earthquake, on account of which a day of fasting
    and humiliation was appointed by the magistrates and clergy. The
    particular sin for which this scourge was thought to be sent,
    was the custom of salmon-fishing on Sunday.

    But this rigid feature of the Jewish Sabbath was of a negative
    character, as the day was observed as a day of feasting and joy--a
    day something like our Thanksgiving.

    A variety of minor regulations referring to bodily indulgences
    on that day, abundantly prove, if further proof were needed,
    its recognized character as a "feast-day" in the natural and
    general sense of the term, in Judaism. It was to be honored by
    the wearing of finer garments, by three special meals of the best
    cheer the house could afford; and it was considered a particularly
    meritorious thing on the part of the master of the house to busy
    himself personally as much as possible with the furnishing of
    the viands, nay, the fetching of the very wood for the cooking,
    so as to do as much honor to the "bride-sabbath" as in him lay.

    Fasting, mourning, mortification of all and every kind, even
    special supplicatory prayers are strictly prohibited. (Chamber's
    Encyclopedia.)


If Sunday takes the place of the Sabbath, then the New Testament
would clearly reveal the fact; but it does nothing of the kind. If
the new religion was designed to take the place of the old, then we
should expect to find Jesus plainly teaching that after his death
Sunday should be observed in place of and as the Sabbath. But far
from this, we find him repudiating the Jewish Sabbath, and saying
nothing at all about a new day of ceremonies and worship.

We give a number of instances where Jesus intentionally repudiates
and violates the common usages respecting the Sabbath:


    The impotent man answered him, Sir, I have no man, when the
    water is troubled to put me into the pool; but while I am coming,
    another steppeth down before me.

    Jesus saith unto him, Rise, take up thy bed, and walk.

    And immediately the man was made whole, and took up his bed and
    walked: and on the same day was the Sabbath.

    The Jews therefore said unto him that was cured, It is the Sabbath
    day: it is not lawful for thee to carry thy bed.

    And therefore did the Jews persecute Jesus, and sought to slay him,
    because he had done these things on the Sabbath day. (John 5 :
    7, 8, 9, 10 and 16.)


The Jewish law regarding the Sabbath was strict. It was not lawful
to carry burdens on that day.


    Thus saith the Lord, Take heed to yourselves, and bear no
    burden on the Sabbath day, nor bring it in by the gates of
    Jerusalem. (Jeremiah 17 : 21.)

    And it came to pass that he went through the corn fields on the
    Sabbath day; and his disciples began as they went to pluck the
    ears of corn.

    And the Pharisees said unto him, Behold, why do they on the
    Sabbath day that which is not lawful? And he said unto them,
    Have ye never read what David did, when he had need, and was a
    hungered, he and they that were with him?

    How he went into the house of God in the days of Abiathar the high
    priest, and did eat the shew-bread, which is not lawful to eat,
    but for the priests, and gave also to them that were with him?

    And he said unto them, The Sabbath was made for man and not man
    for the Sabbath. (Mark 2 : 23-27.)


Jesus had repeated conflicts with the Jews on this question. He would
not honor the Jewish Sabbath, and consequently the Jews made war upon
him, threatening to take his life.


    And the scribes and Pharisees watched him, whether he would heal
    on the Sabbath day; that they might find an accusation against
    him. But he knew their thoughts, and said to the man which had
    the withered hand, Rise up, and stand forth in the midst. And he
    arose and stood forth.

    Then said Jesus unto them, I will ask you one thing: Is it lawful
    on the Sabbath days to do good or to do evil? to save life or to
    destroy it?

    And looking round about upon them all, he said unto the man,
    Stretch forth thy hand. And he did so; and his hand was restored
    whole as the other. (Luke 6 : 7-11.)

    And they were filled with madness; and communed one with another
    what they might do to Jesus. (Luke 6 : 11.)


We read in Luke 13 : 11-14, that "there was a woman which had a spirit
of infirmity eighteen years, and was bowed together, and could in no
wise lift up herself."


    And when Jesus saw her, he called her to him, and said unto her,
    Woman, thou art loosed from thine infirmity.

    And he laid his hands upon her; and immediately she was made
    straight, and glorified God.

    And the ruler of the synagogue answered with indignation, because
    that Jesus had healed on the Sabbath day, and said unto the people,
    There are six days in which man ought to work; in them therefore
    come and be healed, and not on the Sabbath day.


With the commandment before his eyes, saying: "Take heed to yourselves
and bear no burdens on the Sabbath day as I commanded your fathers,"
(Jeremiah 18 : 21), Jesus deliberately bade the cripple take up his
bed and walk, on the Sabbath day.

It is remarkable that those people who love to sabbatize so much,
and to make others do so too, do not see that while Jesus violated
intentionally the Jewish Sabbath, that he never gave his disciples the
slightest hint that they should observe Sunday in any manner whatever.

Paul, the founder of the Christian church, rejects the Sabbath.


    Let no man, therefore, judge you in meat, or in drink, or in
    respect of any holy day, or of the new moon, or of the Sabbath
    days. (Colossians 2 : 16.)

    One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth every
    day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind.

    He that regardeth the day regardeth it unto the Lord; and he that
    regardeth not the day, to the Lord he doth not regard it. (Romans
    14 : 5, 6.)

    But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God,
    how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto
    ye desire again to be in bondage? Ye observe days and months and
    times and years. (Galatians 4 : 9, 10.)


Bear in mind, reader, that there is not so much as a dot in the New
Testament in favor of substituting Saturday for the Jewish Sabbath,
or for observing it as a Sabbath day. Jesus and Paul both repudiate
it. The history of the church is against the use of Sunday as the
Sabbath.

St. Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem, in the year 345, says: "Turn thou
not out of the way into Samaritanism or Judaism, for Jesus Christ
hath redeemed thee; henceforth reject all observance of Sabbaths,
and call not meats, which are really matters of indifference, common
or unclean."

St. Jerome, in the year 392, says: "On the Lord's day they went to
church, and returning from church they would apply themselves to their
allotted works and make garments for themselves and others. The day
is not a day of fasting, but a day of joy; the church has always
considered it a day of joy, and none but heretics have thought
otherwise."

Sir William Danville, in his "Six Texts," p. 241, says: "Centuries
of the Christian era passed away before the Sunday was observed by
the Christian church as a Sabbath. History does not furnish us with
a single proof or indication that it was at any time so observed
previous to the sabbatical edict of Constantine in A. D. 321.




The Edict of Constantine.

In the code of Justinian lib. 3, title 12, sec. 2 and 3, we find the
first legal edict regulating the Sabbath:


    Let all the judges and town people, and the occupation of all
    trades, rest on the venerable day of the sun; but let those who
    are situated in the country, freely and at full liberty attend
    to the business of agriculture, because it often happens that no
    other day is so fit for sowing corn and planting vines; lest the
    critical moment being let slip, men should lose the commodities
    granted by Heaven.


By a multitude of religious teachers of the present day, this decree
of Constantine is recognized as the foundation of all "Sabbath"
or "Lord's day" legislation; as the first recognition by the "body
politic" of the usages or institutions of Christianity. But nothing
can be more easily shown than that this decree was not made in the
interest of Christianity; that it did not respect the Sabbath or
Lord's day; and that it was not issued by a Christian ruler.

The reader will notice that the decree was partial; that it related
only to certain classes, leaving other classes to still pursue their
usual avocations; and that it was respecting "the venerable day of the
sun." Now we appeal with confidence to every student and reader of the
Bible, that in all the scriptures there is no such a day or institution
known as "the venerable day of the sun." And we affirm that, in this
decree, Constantine not only did not mention any Christian institution,
but he had no reference to any Christian institution.

On this point let such a reputable writer as Dr. Schaff testify:


    He enjoined the civil observance of Sunday, though not as
    dies Domini [Lord's day], but as dies solis [day of the sun],
    in conformity to his worship of Apollo, and in company with
    an ordinance for the regular consulting of the haruspex
    (321). ("History of the Christian Church," vol. 2.)


The edict of the sun's day was issued March 7; that for consulting
the haruspex was issued the day following, March 8. This edict
of March 8 concerned the inspection of the entrails of beasts as
a means of foretelling future events. It was a heathen practice,
and the decree was a heathen edict, made by a heathen ruler. This of
itself is sufficient to show in what light we must regard his edict
for honoring "the venerable day of the sun."

Dr. Schaff says that Constantine issued his sun's day decree "in
conformity to his worship of Apollo." Who was Apollo, and what relation
did his worship bear to reverencing "the day of the sun?" Webster says:
"A deity among the Greeks and Romans, and worshiped under the name
of Phoebus, the sun."


Noted Men who have Rejected the Observance of Sunday as the Sabbath.


    For if there was no need of circumcision before Abraham, or of
    the observance of Sabbaths, feasts, and sacrifices, before Moses,
    no more need is there of them now, after that, according to the
    will of God, Jesus Christ, the Son of God, has been born without
    sin.--Justin Martyr.

    They (the patriarchs) did not therefore regard circumcision
    nor observe the Sabbath, neither do we; neither do we abstain
    from certain foods, nor regard other injunctions which Moses
    subsequently delivered to be observed in types and symbols, because
    such things as these do not belong to Christians.--Eusebius.

    As regards the Sabbath or Sunday, there is no necessity for
    keeping it; but if we do, it ought not to be on account of Moses's
    commandment, but because nature teaches us from time to time to
    take a day of rest.... If anywhere the day is made holy for the
    mere day's sake, then I order you to work on it, to dance on it,
    to do anything that will reprove this encroachment on Christian
    spirit and liberty.--Martin Luther.

    The law of the Sabbath being thus repealed, that no particular
    day of worship has been appointed in its place is evident.--Milton.

    They who think that by the authority of the church, the observance
    of the Lord's day was appointed instead of the Sabbath, as if
    necessary, are greatly deceived.--Melancthon.

    And truly we see what such a doctrine has profited; for those who
    adopt it far exceed the Jews in a gross, carnal, and superstitious
    observance of the Sabbath.--John Calvin.

    These things refute those who suppose that the first day of the
    week (that is, the Lord's day) was substituted in place of the
    Sabbath, for no mention is made of such a thing by Christ or
    his Apostles.--Grotius.

    It will be plainly seen that Jesus did decidedly and avowedly
    violate the Sabbath. The dogma of the assembly of divines at
    Westminster, that the observance of the Sabbath is a part of the
    moral law, is to me utterly unintelligible.--Archbishop Whately.

    As for the Sabbath, we be lords over the Sabbath, and may yet
    change it into Monday, or into any other day as we see need,
    or make every tenth day a holy day only, if we see cause why. We
    may make two every week, if it were expedient, and not one enough
    to teach the people. Neither was there any cause to change it
    from Saturday than to put difference between us and the Jews,
    and lest we should become servants unto the day, after their
    superstition. Neither need we any holy day at all if the people
    might be taught without it.--William Tyndall.

    The effect of which consideration is, that the Lord's day did
    not succeed in the place of the Sabbath, but the Sabbath was
    wholly abrogated, and the Lord's day was merely an ecclesiastical
    institution.--Jeremy Taylor.

    The festival of Sunday, like all other festivals, was always
    a human ordinance, and it was far from the intention of the
    Apostles to establish a divine command in this respect; far from
    them and the early Apostolic church to transfer the laws of the
    Sabbath to Sunday. Perhaps at the end of the second century a false
    application of this kind had begun to take place, for men appear by
    that time to have considered laboring on Sunday as a sin.--Neander.

    Dr. McNight says: The whole law of Moses being abrogated by Christ,
    Christians are under no obligation to observe any of the Jewish
    holidays--not even the Sabbath. (Com. on Epistles, Col.)




Sabbath Engenders Cruelty.

The history of the Sabbatarians proves them to be both ignorant and
cruel. We have only to make a few quotations from standard authors
to prove the charge.


    At the same time that James shocked in so violent a manner,
    the religious principles of his Scottish subjects, he acted in
    opposition to those of his English. He had observed, in his
    progress through England, that a Judaical observance of the
    Sunday, chiefly by means of the Puritans, was every day gaining
    ground throughout the kingdom; and that the people under color
    of religion, were contrary to former practice, debarred such
    sports and recreations as contributed both to their health and
    amusement. Festivals which in other nations and ages are partly
    dedicated to public worship, partly to mirth and society, were
    here totally appropriated to the offices of religion and served to
    nourish those sullen and gloomy contemplations, to which the people
    were of themselves so unfortunately subject. The king imagined
    that it would be easy to infuse cheerfulness into the dark spirit
    of devotion. He issued a proclamation to allow and encourage,
    after divine service, all kinds of lawful games and exercises;
    and by his authority he endeavored to give sanction to a practice
    which his subjects regarded as the utmost instance of profaneness
    and impiety. ("Hume's History of England," vol. 4, p. 447.)


Hume, speaking of the Puritans, remarks:


    They [the house of commons] also enacted laws for the strict
    observance of Sunday which the Puritans affected to call
    the Sabbath, and which, they sanctified by most melancholy
    indolence. (Vol. 5, p. 10.)

    Besides this, it is important to remark that the Puritans were
    more fanatical than superstitious. They were so ignorant of the
    real principles of government, as to direct penal laws against
    private vices. ("Buckle's History of Civilization in England,"
    vol. 1, p. 261.)


The same spirit is rampant now in our prohibition laws, Sunday laws,
profane swearing laws, etc. Repressing vices does not extinguish them
but causes them to become more deep-seated and wide-spread. Moral
natures can be made more moral only by the use of moral means.




The Puritans.


    Not dancers go to heaven, but mourners; not laughers but weepers;
    whose tune is Lachrymae, whose music sighs for sin; who know
    no other cinquepace but this to heaven, to go mourning all the
    day long for their iniquities; to mourn in secret like doves,
    to chatter like cranes for their own and others' sins. Fastings,
    prayers, mourning, tears, tribulations, martyrdom were the only
    sounds that led all the saints to heaven. ("Bayne's Chief Actors
    in the Puritan Revolution," p. 112.)


Presbyterianism in Scotland was the twin of English Puritanism;
Presbyterianism prohibited all sorts of pleasure as being sinful and
of the Devil.

The following extracts are copied from Buckle's History of Civilization
in England, volume 2, page 304:


    Smiling, provided it stopped short of laughter, might occasionally
    be allowed; still, being a carnal pastime it was a sin to smile
    on Sunday. It was wrong to take pleasure in beautiful scenery;
    for a pious man had no concern with such matters which were
    beneath him, and which should be left to the unconverted.

The unregenerate might delight in these vanities, but they who were
properly instructed saw nature as she really was, and knew that she,
for about five thousand years, had been constantly on the move, her
vigor was well nigh spent, and her pristine energy had departed. To
the eye of ignorance she still seemed fair and fresh; the fact,
however, was that she was worn out and decrepit; she was suffering
from extreme old age; her frame no longer elastic, was leaning on
one side, and she soon would perish.

Owing to the sin of man all things were getting worse, and nature
was degenerating so fast that already the lilies were losing their
whiteness and the roses their smell.

On this account, it was improper to care for beauty of any kind;
or to speak more accurately, there was no real beauty. The world
afforded nothing worth looking at save and except the Scotch Kirk,
which was incomparably the most beautiful thing under heaven. To look
at that was a lawful enjoyment but every other pleasure was sinful. To
write poetry, for instance, was a grievous offense, and worthy of
special condemnation. To listen to music was equally wrong; for men
had no right to disport themselves in such idle recreation. Hence the
clergy forbade music to be introduced even during the festivities of
a marriage.

Dancing was so extremely sinful that an edict expressly prohibiting
it was enacted by the General Assembly, and read in every church
in Edinburgh.

It was a sin for any Scotch town to hold a market either on Saturday
or Monday, because both days were near Sunday. It was a sin to go from
one town to another on Sunday, however pressing the business might
be. It was a sin to visit your friend on Sunday; it was likewise
sinful either to have your garden watered or your beard shaved.

No one, on Sunday, should pay attention to his health or think of his
body at all. On that day horse exercise was sinful; so was walking
in the fields or in the meadows, or in the streets, or enjoying the
fine weather by sitting at the door of your own house. To go to sleep
on Sunday before the duties of the day were over was also sinful and
deserved church censure. Bathing, being pleasant as well as wholesome,
was a particularly grievous offense; and no man could be allowed to
swim on Sunday.

It mattered not what man liked; the mere fact of his liking it made
it sinful. Whatever was natural was wrong. The clergy deprived the
people of their holidays, their amusements, their shows, their games,
and their sports; they repressed every appearance of joy, they forbade
all merriment, they stopped all festivities, they choked up every
avenue by which pleasure could enter, and spread over the country an
universal gloom.

On Sunday, in particular, he must never think of benefitting others;
and the Scotch clergy did not hesitate to teach the people that on
that day it was sinful to serve a vessel in distress, and that it was
a proof of religion to let ship and crew perish. They might go; none
but their wives and children would suffer, and that was nothing in
comparison with breaking the Sabbath. So, too, did the clergy teach,
that on no occasion must food or shelter be given to a starving man,
unless his opinions were orthodox.




Sunday Should be Regarded as a day of Rest and Recreation.

But every one should be protected in his individual liberty of choosing
how he shall rest and enjoy himself. My neighbors certainly have no
right to say how I shall conduct myself on Sunday, nor would they
have if they were elected to the state or national legislature. My
right to freedom of conscience is inalienable. It is true that I
may be robbed of my liberty by those in power. The Sunday laws are
the spoliation of the weak by the strong. A most remarkable trait of
this nation is that it is constituted more than any other people that
the sun ever shone upon of law makers and law breakers. It forebodes
national decay. The people who indulge in this spirit are lacking in
moral sentiment, and the current history of the politics and religion
of this country furnish a lamentable proof of the fact.




Unconstitutionality of Sunday Laws.

There is no provision in the constitution requiring the citizens
of the United States to observe Sunday in a religious manner; but
there are on the contrary, distinct and unqualified guarantees made
to secure the religious liberty of every one. Sunday is a day of
rest in the eyes of the Constitution but not a day of religious
worship. Constitutionally it is every one's privilege to spend
Sunday as he chooses. He may, if he wishes, go to Sunday-school,
class-meeting, preaching, prayer-meeting, and preaching again, and
thus employ all his time on Sunday in religious exercises; or if he
prefers, he need go only once to service and fall asleep as soon as
it begins. Others who desire it may visit the parks, green fields,
ride upon the cool waters or visit the libraries, museums, picture
galleries, zoological gardens and such other places of amusement
and instruction as they see fit. It is the right of every American
citizen to decide in what way he should pursue his own happiness.

We read in Article 6 of the Constitution, that "no religious test
shall be required as a qualification to any office or public trust
under the United States." This foundation principle was supplemented
by a provision in the first amendment, which says: "Congress shall
make no laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof."

What could be clearer than this, that the framers of the Constitution
intended to exclude all religious questions from the charter of
liberty? The Constitution recognizes the beliefs of neither Jew nor
Gentile--neither Christian nor Infidel.

The one special object of the framers of the Constitution was to
establish a free government, and especially did they aim to secure
to the people their individual rights, and no right was so greatly
in demand by the people as the right of a free conscience; the right
to exercise their own judgment upon questions of religion.


    "We, the people of the United Slates, in order to form a more
    perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,
    provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and
    secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity,
    do ordain and establish this Constitution of the United States
    of America."


The Declaration of Independence shows us that this question of
liberty was that which the framers of the Constitution were seeking
to establish: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with
certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty and
the pursuit of happiness."

With these words of the Declaration of Independence before us and
the provision in Article 6 of the Constitution, namely, thus, "no
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any public
trust under the United States," and the further guarantee in the first
amendment, that "congress shall make no law respecting an establishment
of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;"--it is as clear
as a sunbeam that all laws seeking to enforce a religious observance
of Sunday are unconstitutional, and should not be executed; and where
attempts are made to bind religious observance of the day upon Liberal
people they should resist it as an intolerable despotism.

The different states of the Union have numerous Sunday laws, which
in most cases are a dead letter. Take for instance Massachusetts. In
its history seventy-five cases have been decided mostly in favor of
a rigid enforcement of its Sunday laws. But both laws and decisions
are powerless in controlling the people to observe Sunday as Sabbath.

The present laws of Massachusetts prohibit games, sports, concerts,
plays, work, travel, idling, fishing, hunting, buying and selling,
but no one feels bound to obey them. Occasionally some new society
springs up calling itself "The Society of Law and Order," and goes
to work to set the world right. The first thing to be done is to
enforce the Sunday laws, preventing barbers from shaving, milkmen from
distributing milk, newsdealers from selling papers, flower girls from
selling flowers, cigar stores from selling cigars, croquet players
from enjoying on their own premises an hour's exercise and amusement,
steamboats from carrying excursions from the city, ball players from
practicing their games, the angler from taking a few trout, and many
others from finding rest and recreation in other ways. But these good
people who think that the world is out of joint and they are called
to set it right, find it a greater task than they had bargained for,
and so they soon tire, and the old world wags along as it did before
the "Law and Order" society came into existence.

Sunday laws are a solemn farce, and a burning shame. They are a
warfare upon the rights of man, in the interest of ancient traditions
and modern despotism.


    As for travel on the Lord's day, lo! how the people go their
    journeys, take their pleasure rides, rattle over the streets with
    their horse-cars, thunder through the villages past churches with
    their locomotives, and plow the bogs and coastways with their
    yachts and excursion steamers. Who questions the right? In the
    line of sport and diversion, how common such things as boating
    and fishing and hunting and ball playing and roving over pastures,
    through woods, picking berries and gathering nuts, and attending
    many a public entertainment to which an admittance fee is charged
    and taken for purposes of gain, but whose character, however
    sacred in name, is as secular as a banjo concert or a play
    of the drama. No complaint. As regards traffic, do not livery
    stable keepers let their horses as freely on Sundays as on week
    days? Do not druggists sell as freely what they possess, whether
    cigars or whisky, hairbrushes or perfumery? Do not hotels ply
    their business as freely, always at the tobacco stand and often
    at the bar? Do not newsboys run as loose with their shouts of
    "Herald and Gazette?" While if you sail down of a Lord's day to
    Martha's Vineyard, where "religion is the chief concern," shall you
    not see cigar stores, fruit stores, toy stores, souvenir stores,
    etc., undisguisedly open for business, and pedlars hawking canes
    and gim-cracks unchallenged by any deacon or dignitary? When,
    therefore, the legislature (of Massachusetts) enacted as late
    as 1863 that whoever does any manner of work or business on the
    Lord's day shall be punished by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars,
    instead of a fine not exceeding ten dollars, the former penalty, it
    would seem that the intention must have been to provide a penalty
    commensurate with the gravest breaches of the statute. What are
    these, if they be not the running of passenger and freight railway
    trains, whose mercenary noise makes havoc of all Sunday calm and
    quiet; the repairing of railway tracks and bridges, the gangs
    of workmen oft so large and belligerent enough to take a city;
    the repairing of machinery in shops and mills; the racket of the
    press turning out Sunday editions of newspapers secular as politics
    and earthly as a quack medicine advertisement? These truly are
    open and most gross violations of the law, but against them what
    murmur has been heard taking the form of prosecution? Nay, the
    breaches of the law that are prosecuted and have been are for the
    most part the petty breaches, while the more flagrant offenders,
    as a rule, have offended with impunity and still so offend.

    Considering, therefore, the sturdiness with which the people of
    the commonwealth resist the law's repeal, and the indifference
    with which they treat its violations, it must be confessed that
    Artemus Ward's sarcasm, as applied to "prohibition," applies
    here with peculiar force--in favor of the law, but against its
    enforcement. ("The Sunday Law of Massachusetts," by a member of
    the Massachusetts bar, p. 29.)


Puck, in its history of the United States, says: "The Puritans
instituted many beautiful customs, and they had some very remarkable
laws. They provided strict penalties against Sabbath breaking. On
Sunday, they decreed that every able-bodied man, woman, and child
in the country should go to church three times a day. They forbade
reading anything except the Bible, forbade walking in the fields, and
generally shut down on amusements. Then they called it the Lord's day,
and thus strove to make the Lord unpopular."




Ben. Franklin on Connecticut Sundays.

The following is an extract from a letter written by Dr. Franklin to
Jared Ingersoll of New Haven. The original is in the possession of
the New Haven Colony Historical Society:


    Philadelphia, Dec. 11, 1762.


    I should be glad to know what it is that distinguishes Connecticut
    Religion from common Religion:--communicate, if you please, some of
    these particulars that you think will amuse me as a virtuoso. When
    I travelled in Flanders I thought of your excessively strict
    observation of Sunday; and that a man could hardly travel on
    that day among you upon this lawful occasion, without Hazard of
    Punishment, while where I was every one travelled, if he pleased,
    or diverted himself in any other way; and in the afternoon both
    high and low went to the Play or to the Opera, where there was
    plenty of Singing, Fiddling and Dancing. I looked round for
    God's Judgments, but saw no signs of them. The Cities were well
    built and full of Inhabitants, the Markets filled with plenty,
    the People well favored and well clothed; the Fields well tilled;
    the Cattle fat and strong; the Fences, Houses and Windows all in
    Repair; and no Old Tenor anywhere in the Country:--which would
    almost make one suspect that the Deity is not so angry at that
    offence as a New England Justice.


    B. Franklin.


If you have any inalienable rights your freedom of conscience must
be one of the most fundamental. That is, it is for you to say how
you will deport yourself on matters of religion. It is nothing
less than despotism for your neighbor to step up to you and say:
"Brother Jones, I want to see you at church to-day, and if you are
not there I will see to it that there is a law passed which will make
you attend church." This is what the Puritans actually did. They did
it all for the glory of God, but our modern Puritans, the orthodox,
seek to stop milk wagons from delivering milk on Sunday morning,
flower girls from selling flowers on the streets of New York, all
because of the welfare and purity of society. In several cities in
Texas the sale of cigars on Sunday is a violation of the law.

But where do these members of the state and national legislatures get
their power from? Do they have any except that which is delegated to
them by the people? They do not get the power from the people to usurp
their inalienable rights. But here is a legislature passing laws upon
the religious observance of Sunday, who have never been instructed
to secure the enactment of such laws. And even if ninety-nine out of
a hundred should so instruct their representative, the law could not
be binding upon the one hundredth person who did not so instruct his
(mis)representative in congress. He can be made to obey by their
brute force. And this is what legislation amounts to generally. The
people are not represented by the law makers, but their interests
and rights are invaded one after another until the poor people are
subjugated. Among the rights of man perhaps there is none which is
more generally recognized abstractly, and more frequently violated
practically, than his right to freedom of conscience, or, in other
words, his religious liberty. How does this come about? One of the
principal reasons for this anomaly is that most people think that
we ought to obey without question the will of the majority. They
seem to think that an enactment by congress settles the question,
whatever it may be.

Here is the secret of the Sunday legislation. The church is a spiritual
despotism always seeking to materialize. It is in the nature of power
of all kinds to seek for more power. As a spiritual despotism the
church is not a success. The nineteenth century has said to this mental
and moral Lazarus, "Take up thy bed and walk." But it has no place
to walk to, and hence it refuses to obey the voice of humanity. It
is slowly, however, undergoing the transformation of a dissolving view.




A Common Sense View of the Sunday Question.

Jesus said that the Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the
Sabbath. Now, at first sight, this seems a true and wise saying,
but upon reflection we are forced to modify our estimate of it. In
the first place there is no evidence that the Sabbath was ever made
at all. It is the result of many things. The causes assigned for
the institution of this day are conflicting. One reason assigned is
because the Lord rested on the seventh day and was refreshed. It is
a very empty noddle that can believe that statement. Such a childish
view of creation would remind us of some one who had carried a heavy
load up six flights of stairs, and then sat down puffing and blowing
until he was rested and refreshed. Fancy an omnipotent being tired,
hungry, and sleepy. A common sense view of the creation story leads
us to reject it all as a myth.

Another reason assigned for the origin of the Sabbath is that it was
instituted in commemoration of God's deliverance of the Hebrews out of
Egypt. But this is a flat contradiction of the previous reason given
for observing the Sabbath. This contradiction is enough to invalidate
the evidence of both these testimonies; but that is not all--the first
story about God Almighty being tired after a week's hard work, and
his resting and being refreshed on the seventh day, is so evidently
a myth as to need no argument. It is on a par with all stories about
the man in the moon, and the bit of legend recounting the escape of
the Hebrews from Egypt is full of contradictions and impossibilities
which renders the story absolutely useless as a piece of evidence.

No one knows when or where the observance of the seventh day as a day
of rest and recreation began. It doubtless had small beginnings in
different countries and different times, and has been subject to the
law of evolution. The Sabbath was not a man-made product, but grew
in character and importance as time rolled on. Therefore it is not
true to say the Sabbath was made for man. All the making we see in
history is what the priests have done in this direction. While it is
not true that the priests originated the Sabbath, yet it is true so
far as we can trace the existence of the priesthood that we find them
continually making the day a day for themselves. Sunday is priests'
day. Everybody must go to church to listen to an ignorant man talk,
scold, misrepresent, and abuse everyone who does not believe as
he does. And this is called Divine Service. When the priest rests
temporarily from his labors upon the sinner and the skeptic, he trains
his guns upon some of those who profess as strongly as himself to be
true blue Christians. Take the extremes; the Salvation Army saint and
a fashionable member of the fashionable Episcopal church. The latter
looks down upon the former and calls them "trash, rubbish," and other
classical names, while the soldier of the temporal army returns the
compliment by styling his brethren of the Episcopal persuasion as
"the Devil's dudes." Behold! how these Christians love--to go for
one another.

We have seen that there is no history for the institution of the
Sabbath. We have learned also that to keep this day holy did not mean
to attend preaching or prayer-meetings, or special religious services
of any kind.

We have discovered that the Jewish Sabbath was not incorporated into
the early Christian church. We have seen also that Jesus repudiated
the Jewish Sabbath. That Paul, the founder of the church, also rejects
the Sabbath; and that the early fathers did not observe it. That
the great men of the middle ages repudiated it. It was left for the
Puritans and Scotch Presbyterians to bewilder the undeveloped mind
and poison the susceptible hearts of the people, by teaching the
gloomy doctrines of Puritanism and Presbyterianism. Puritanism and
Presbyterianism die hard. They still live. Their spirit is hostile to
freedom. Talk to them of liberty and you will readily wake the remark,
"Oh yes, we believe in liberty, but not in license." Now what does
license mean with such people? Why it means that you shall conform
to their religious notions and practices.

Especially must you remember the Sabbath to keep it holy; that is,
you are at liberty to do just as you please, if you please to do as
pleases them.

Protestants all agree upon the right of free conscience, the right
to believe as one chooses (which however he never can do, because he
must believe according to evidence).

It is the great boast of Protestantism that the individual has a free
will (another error), and that he must search the scriptures, and
decide for himself. They say every man has an open Bible put before
him, and he must make up his own mind on the "truth of God." When he
has made up his mind, and seeks to enter a church which is full of
liberty, what do the officers of the church say to him? Do they tell
him that his conscience is free and the Bible is an open book for him
to read and interpret as he can? Oh, no! There is no free conscience,
or open Bible business when one is getting into a church. On such
occasions the candidate is taken by the proper officers into an ante
room, and placed upon a Procrustean bed usually called a creed, and
if he is the proper length, all right, but if not he must either be
stretched or sawed off to the proper dimensions. And these are the
people who have such a holy horror of license.

A friend of mine went once to buy a pup. The price was five dollars;
but as there were three pups in the basket my friend said he would
give five dollars for one if he could have his choice. "Oh yes, you
can have your choice," said the owner, "if ye'll choose this pup"
[pointing to the most inferior one in the basket]. So it is with
the church; you can have all the liberty in the world to believe,
if you believe the doctrines of this or that sect. You can have your
own choice, if you choose to obey the priesthood. You can have all
the liberty to think as freely as you can on all subjects, if you
will never mention your thoughts. Here is what M. Guizot, an eminent
Christian writer has to say about the liberty granted by the church:


    When the question of political securities came into debate
    between power and liberty; when any step was taken to establish a
    system of permanent institutions, which might effectually protect
    liberty from the invasions of power in general; the church always
    ranged herself on the side of despotism. ("Guizot's History of
    Civilization," p. 130.)


With some people almost every act, if it be not strictly religious,
is a desecration of the Lord's day. It is a solemn day, and for one
to smile is a desecration of the holy day, while laughing is gross
wickedness. To entertain one's friends on Sunday or to enjoy music,
is carnal and therefore a desecration of the Lord's day. To love
flowers is evidence of depravity; to admire the beauties of nature,
as a golden sunset, or a summer's sunrise, are palpable evidences of
being a "man of sin." To do anything but attend church, look solemn,
mourn and pray, weep and read the Bible, is of the Devil.

What a spectacle that man presents to the world who is struggling
for perfection through religious beliefs and exercises. He never gets
exactly there, but confidently and complacently thinks himself there
or thereabouts. His next great work is to call upon others in life's
highway to follow in his footsteps. He gets some followers who join
with him in thanking God that they are not as other men are. Their
self-righteousness becomes intense, and they become filled with the
spirit of the Lord and preach believe (as we do) or be damned. Then
begins persecution and torture. It is always your "dead-in-earnest"
man that gets up persecutions. He is trying to gain perfection, and the
natural ripe fruit of religious perfection is bigotry, intolerance,
and despotism. Beware, oh! reader, of him who is seeking perfection,
for you are nothing better than a worm under his heel, and if he
does not crush you, it is because he is better than his God. God will
crush you in the next world for not agonizing for perfection in this.




Everybody's Sunday.

I quote the following from "The Sabbath Question," a very able pamphlet
by my esteemed friend, Alfred E. Giles:


    We prize Sunday as a Sabbath or rest day. But it is a physiological
    fact that the cessation from action that refreshes or rests
    some persons on that day, does not so operate on everybody. We
    would that Sunday should be a joy, a delight to all the people;
    that every man, woman, and child should anticipate its approach
    with pleasure. On that day, if on no other, let the edifices of
    the church be open free to all who love its praises, prayers, and
    instructions. Let the tables and alcoves of the public library be
    accessible to such persons as feel that they can find suitable
    mental and spiritual food. If the social science association,
    now active in promoting good fellowship and liberal feeling,
    desire to, let it also add its proportion of good things to
    the feast of the day. Let the art museums, halls of science,
    academies of music, public parks, and galleries of paintings
    disclose their treasures on Sundays freely to visitors. Let all
    persons be unmolested on that day to seek the enjoyment and kind of
    rest they may respectively need, they alone being judges thereof,
    always provided that no one shall infringe on the equal liberty
    of any other person.


                    "Rest is not quitting
                      The busy career--
                    Rest is the fitting
                      Of self to its sphere;
                    'Tis loving and serving
                      The highest and best--
                    'Tis onward, unswerving,
                      And that is true rest."







WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?


Very many regard it as an entity, a thing, rather than a process. It
can no more be called a thing or an entity, than life, growth, or
thinking, but like these, it is a process. "Dr. Whately speaks of it
as if it were a 'thing' which could be handed about from one nation
to another, or hidden away in some dark corner." (Fiske's "Cosmic
Philosophy," vol. 2, p. 175.) In general terms we may define it as a
progressive movement of the individual and of society. Its results
are the highest attainments, the acquisition of the best things,
as wealth, culture, and morality. But these "best things" must be
shared liberally by the laboring classes or the civilization cannot
long survive. Every civilization of the past has been false in this
respect. The pyramids of Egypt have a record of kings possessing
millions of slaves. Greece produced a civilization inspired by a
love of the beautiful, and has consequently contributed more toward
the civilization of mankind than any other people. But no nation has
conspicuously sought to secure to its people the rights of liberty and
justice. And until the time comes when the people get these rights,
there can be no true civilization. Humanity must become the supreme
purpose of life. The augean stables of legislation must be renovated
for the presence of better men who shall take the places of the corrupt
demagogues who now fill our highest offices of public trust. The very
fact that a dozen of our United States senators represent $160,000,000
speaks volumes of itself. Many of these men have secured the most
if not all their great wealth since they have been the custodians of
the people's public interests.

A true civilization has never yet appeared in the world. Much that
is written in proof of our boasted civilization is twaddle. We
are living in many respects as barbarians lived thousands of years
ago. But to return to our definitions. It should be borne in mind that
civilization is not an end, but a means to higher ends; the results
are not therefore fixed and final, as they in turn become causes of
other results. If we regard civilization as a refined and cultured
state of society, we shall find that it means more than this--that it
is rather the activity of mind which leads to higher refinements, to
investigation, invention, discovery, and that it constantly inspires
man with desires for still nobler achievements. Civilization is the
onward and upward movement of the human race. This fermentation of
humanity is the product of many factors, and has been effected by all
sorts of human activities. War, commerce, agriculture, inventions,
crusades, discoveries, literature, art, religion, skepticism,
government, languages, science, manufactures, climate, soil, food,
and many other things have assisted in developing the mind and
heart of man, and in improving his physical condition. In the present
century, science has worked wonders by way of discovery and invention,
increasing the intellectual activities, thereby widening the knowledge
of men and augmenting the sum of human happiness.

We should not overlook the fact that the world's advancement has been
vastly more in the line of intellectual improvement and material
prosperity than in the development of man's moral nature. Our
civilization is much like our dress, it abounds in shoddy and
tinsel. There is much in the dome of modern civilization that glares
in the sunlight, while its foundations, which are out of sight, are
rotten. Our great cities show us that the rich are becoming richer
and the poor poorer. Where will this end? Can a splendid civilization
be established on such a basis?

Distinguished men have entertained widely different notions of the
causes of human progress. One writer thinks that government possesses
the secret power of progress; another claims all advancement for
Christianity, and others that morality is the cause, while yet others
attribute the magic power to the forces of nature. Mr. Buckle maintains
that man's progress is due to his physical environment. And a moment's
reflection will show us that there is much truth in his claim. We
know that it is utterly impossible to establish a grand civilization
in the tropics or in the polar regions. Suppose we should send all
the ministers in the country, all the gold and silver in the United
States treasury and millions of our best citizens to Greenland, could
they build up a splendid civilization there? Not at all. Nature is too
inhospitable. Society flourishes only in a temperate climate. If it
were the church that created civilization then we should see similar
results in different latitudes and among different races. But the
facts are opposed to this claim. Wherever there is a high civilization
there is good soil and temperate climate. As an illustration of this
fact I may refer the reader to the Abyssinians, who have had the
Bible in their possession about twice as long as the Anglo-Saxons;
and yet they are all a race of barbarians still.


    Christianity was introduced in that country about A.D. 330.

    The people still remain rude and barbarous.

    Bruce relates how he saw the people cut steaks from living cattle
    and eat them raw. (Ency. Brit.)


Mr. Buckle claims that the favorable environment produces progress in
the race, and that as man progresses he gains more control over nature
and utilizes her forces. He makes the desert to blossom, he overcomes
diseases, as plague, leprosy, and prevents famine, and because of
his increased knowledge wars are becoming less frequent and less
barbarous. From these facts he claims that the advance of civilization
is characterized by a diminishing influence of physical laws, and an
increasing influence of mental laws. In proof of his position that
climate, soil, and food are the determining influences of progress,
he refers us to the climate of Asia and Africa as compared with the
climate of Europe and America, pointing out the latter as having
vast mineral resources and great facilities of travel over highways,
rivers, and lakes. The temperate climate is in every way therefore
most favorable to the highest civilization.

In the tropics man does not have to exhaust himself in obtaining his
food, as it grows spontaneously and in abundance, but the burning
sun takes out of him his energy and enterprise; while on the other
hand the inhabitant of Greenland has to fight for life against the
severe cold. His efforts and manner of life are exhausting, and tend
to dwarf him physically, morally, and mentally. However much man may
do in overcoming nature, these two hindrances of extreme heat and
excessive cold remain insuperable barriers in his way.

War has been a civilizing power, although it has been fearful
expensive of blood, treasure, and public morals. The American
revolution of 1776 secured the independence of this country. The
French revolution of 1789, transformed the whole of Europe. The recent
great rebellion in this country emancipated the slave, and has made a
more perfect union of the North and South. The crusades were a great
revolutionary movement in Europe, beginning in 1096, and lasting about
two hundred years. In fact there was no such a thing as Europe before
this great epoch. The different countries which constitute Europe,
had, prior to the crusades, almost no intercourse with one another,
and consequently each was comparatively ignorant of the manners
and customs of the others. The uprising of millions of men, women,
and children, as warriors of Christ, who set out from time to time,
from England, France, Germany, and Spain to rescue the Holy Land from
the Infidel, the Mohammedan, brought wonderful experiences to the
few thousand who survived to tell their stories. The pathways over
which these deluded people thronged were whitened with the bleached
bones of those who had fallen victims of disease, exposure, hunger,
and the sword. What a monstrous blind sacrifice this was, offered up
on the altar of ignorance! Of course it could do the world no good to
rescue the Holy Land. If God wanted that land rescued he could do it
himself. And that he did not do so is self-evident that he did not
want it rescued, besides, he would not allow even his own peculiar
people to rescue it. The church is still offering its sacrifices of
public weal, of blood, and treasure in trying to rescue, abroad, the
Pagan from his Paganism, and at home, the Infidel from his Infidelity,
while God could do it himself if he so desired, but he does not,
neither does he permit his own "peculiar" people to do it.

The crusaders had no commission from heaven for this business--they
were not the agents of God, but only pretenders--and the church
of to-day has no more right to pretend to save the world than the
crusaders had to deliver the holy sepulchre from the so-called
Pagans. The one and the others are alike impostors upon a credulous
world. The crusades did nothing in the matter of rescuing the Holy
Land. In this respect they were failures. The God of hosts did not
lead them on to certain victory. But if they did not secure what they
aimed at, they found something infinitely better--a wider knowledge
of the world.

The intercourse between these different peoples which was occasioned
by the marching of armies through their lands, gave new ideas to all;
broke up the feudal system, and serfdom, secured the supremacy of a
common law over the independent jurisdiction of the chiefs who claimed
the right of private wars. In a word, it was the origin of Europe,
the first great awakening of the intellect of the masses.

Not only were the old manners and customs changed, but there was
stimulated in society an increased mental activity; and the narrow
routine in which it had been accustomed to move was destroyed. Society
began its new transformations into governments and nations, which
says Guizot, is the characteristic of modern civilization.




Industrial Influences.

    The causes which mostly disturbed or accelerated the normal
    progress of society in antiquity were the appearance of great
    men. In modern times the appearance of great inventions. Printing
    has secured the intellectual achievements of the past, and
    furnished a sure guarantee of future progress. Gunpowder
    and military machinery have rendered the triumph of
    barbarians impossible. Steam has united nations in the closest
    bonds. Innumerable mechanical contrivances have given a decisive
    preponderance to that industrial element which has colored all the
    developments of our civilization. The leading characteristics of
    modern societies are in consequence marked out much more by the
    triumphs of inventive skill than by the sustained energy of moral
    causes. ("Lecky's History of European Morals," vol. 1, p. 126.)


It is not necessary to point in what way the printing press, art,
commerce, and science, have promoted the progress of the race. It is so
apparent to every intelligent reader that these have been the stepping
stones over which we have passed from barbarism to civilization,
that amplification is unnecessary.

The splendid results of science are everywhere so manifest that
we hardly need refer to them. What transformations the world has
undergone through the uses of the steam engine, the spinning jenny,
telegraph, ocean cable, railroads, sewing machines, photography,
spectrum analysis, and thousands of other useful inventions. We see
advancement achieved in free government, free schools, free libraries,
free trade, labor reform, prison reform, and reform in the treatment
of lunatics, paupers and criminals, and reform seeking to adjust the
wrongs perpetrated upon women.

Besides all these improvements there is every indication in the spirit
of to-day that we are soon to witness greater improvements, if not
radical changes in government; changes affecting capital and labor.




Skepticism.

Skepticism played a prominent part in the eighteenth century. Doubt
instead of faith, possessed the minds of many of the most
distinguished men of thought, such as Voltaire, Hume, Diderot,
Rousseau, D'Holbach, Gibbon, and others. Some of the more prominent
skeptics rejected Christianity on the common ground of incredibility
of the scriptures. But as they had no form of belief or knowledge to
substitute in place of the dogmas they rejected, it was not difficult
for the clergy with specious explanations to cover up the doubts and
disbeliefs which the skeptics raised. Something more was needed to
break the spell of superstition and arouse the minds of men to thought
and action. In the first part of the present century the philosophy
of Evolution began to find place in the minds of most profound
thinkers. Science has done what skepticism failed to accomplish;
it has given knowledge instead of faith. It has cultivated intense
intellectual habits in modern society and given mankind a sure test
of truth, in its method of verification, by means of experiment,
observation and deduction.




Science.

Science is inexorably hostile to supernaturalism--cannot recognize a
particle of it. It knows nothing of a super-nature; with science all
is nature, and nature is all. From pre-historic times the race has
been under the control of ignorance and superstition, the parents of
fear and cruelty; but now that science begins to dispel ignorance
and superstition, we find courage, kindness, and other humanities
taking their places. And we should say just here that Infidelity is
no longer synonymous with mere disbelief; it means more than this. It
stands for all that reason approves. Freethought is the first fruits
of skepticism, and this means honest inquiry on all subjects, old
and new. It means independence and manhood in private as well as
public life--the right of everyone to think and express his thought
regardless of creeds and customs, the right to live his own life
in the enjoyment of the broadest possible liberty compatible with
the liberty of others. Freethinkers are the prophets of this age,
proclaiming justice as the right of all, and predicting a day of wrath
to those who trample upon the rights of a long-suffering people. In
the light of science, priestcraft must fade away like snow under the
increasing heat of the sun.




Metaphysical Method.

The church made no progress in science and art for a thousand
years. The energies of the mind had no outlet except in a few channels
which were not fruitful. The scholars of the middle ages exerted
great mental force upon empty questions, as "quiddities," "entities,"
"occult virtues," "efficient causes," "realism and nominalism," and the
"essence of things." Were any of these problems ever solved? What
corresponding benefit has resulted from these long and zealous
discussions? What general conclusions have been reached? What first
principles have been established by them?

The speculative philosophy created violent agitation in the church;
but from its very nature it offered no positive truth, no verifiable
facts to take the place of theology. The metaphysical method was
fruitless, because its supporters sought to explain every problem by
the process of thought alone.


    Tennemann has fairly stated the good and bad of scholastic
    philosophy. It gave rise to a great display of address, subtlety,
    sagacity in the explanations and distinction of abstract ideas,
    but at the same time to many trifling and minute speculations,
    to a contempt of positive knowledge and too much unnecessary
    refinement. (Hallam, "Middle Ages," vol. 1, p. 33.)


For centuries the church maintained metaphysical discussions about the
nature of Christ, one party arguing that he was of the same substance
(homoousion) as the Father, and an another as strongly argued that he
was of like substance (homoiusion) as the Father. These controversies
were attended with bloody conflicts. If one party were in possession
of the revealed will of God, it was quite natural that all other
parties should listen to them. If they would not they incurred the
wrath of God, and if God was angry his people ought to imitate him;
if God was going to damn heretics in the next world, his saints,
who are his agents here, ought to damn them in this.







RECAPITULATION.

No writer of distinction has been able, publicly, to show that
Christianity has been a powerful factor for good in the civilization
of the world. The definitions of civilization necessarily exclude
superstition. We have seen that civilization is not an "entity" but
a progressive movement produced by favorable conditions, for example,
temperate climate, good soil, abundance of lakes, rivers, and mineral
resources. Human activities upon a large scale have evolved still
higher and better conditions for parts of the race. We have shown
how war, commerce, agriculture, inventions, crusades, discoveries,
literature, art, skepticism, government, languages, science, and
philosophy have added to the sum of human well-being in one way
and another.

The revival of learning did not spring from the church, but from
Pagan literature, and Mohammedan schools. And it requires no great
research to learn that the church has never been favorably inclined
toward true learning, that is, toward science. It has insisted upon
teaching an ignorant world the unknown and unknowable. "Carnal reason"
and "blasphemous science" were never pet lessons for its subjects. It
chose rather the motto, "Ignorance is the mother of devotion."




Some things Christianity has Not Done.

It has professed to offer the world a revelation of the will of
God. And what has this book, the Bible, revealed? What information
does it give man of the nature of this earth, of geology, geography,
or of the millions of stars seen and unseen; of agriculture? Is
it not true that he who invented the plow was a greater man than
Moses? What does the Bible teach about government, agriculture,
mining, inventions, discoveries, arts, printing, morals, liberty,
and all other branches of useful learning? It contains no instructions
upon the most important and useful subjects. And of itself, the Bible
makes no claim to be an inspired revelation from God. The church,
with all its assumptions and presumptions, is not the teacher of the
world, as it has nothing but superstition to teach.




The Conflict between Christianity and Civilization.

Christianity is conservative, and, like the bourbon, never gets a new
idea or forgets an old one, and it is in its very nature, therefore,
non-progressive. The advancement of humanity has been achieved
not by and through Christianity, but in conflict with and triumph
over it. Christianity itself has been subject to modification and
progress from forces without, rather than virtues within itself. The
savage doctrine "believe or be damned," is no longer a popular pulpit
theme. Eternal torment has ceased to torment or terrify the living,
election and reprobation are no longer a commodity greatly in demand,
and the divine right of kings is rapidly fading out of mind. Infant
damnation is not mentioned--babes do not go to hell in these days--they
all crowd into Abraham's capacious bosom. The Devil is not so black
as he used to be--it was reported lately that he is dead. Taking it
all in all, there has been a great improvement in the doctrines of
the church. It should never be forgotten, however, that it professes
to save the world, while the truth is just the opposite, that is,
the world saves the church. Common sense has taught the church the
foolishness and wickedness of these absurd and cruel doctrines,
and has saved it from immediate decay by forcing it to give them
up. The church makes progress because it must, not because it seeks
to do so. The sanity of man is saving him from the insanity of
religion. The world moves and Christianity, though it hangs back,
must nevertheless move with it. The progressive element is in man,
and when he is outside of the church he advances in knowledge and
morality; but within its walls he is sure to be conservative and
non-progressive. For why should he seek to make any progress? Has he
not the revealed will of God--a complete guide to duty here and to
destiny hereafter? Surely he needs no books to supersede the Bible
or other virtues than those awakened by the grace of God.




The Bible Sanctions Great Crimes.

We come now to look at the crimes perpetrated by the people of God,
to show how the Bible and Christianity lie as insuperable obstructions
in the pathway of progress.




Wars of Extermination.


    And when thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, and
    it shall be, if it make the answer of peace, and open unto thee,
    then it shall be, that all the people that is found therein shall
    be tributaries unto thee and shall serve thee. And if it will
    make no peace with thee, but will make war against thee (that is,
    by defending their wives and children) then thou shalt besiege it.

    And when the Lord God hath delivered it into thine hands, thou
    shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the sword; but the
    women and the little ones, and the cattle, and all that is in the
    city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take unto thyself,
    and thou shalt eat of the spoil of thine enemies, which the Lord
    thy God hath given thee. Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities
    which are very far off from thee, which are not of the cities of
    these nations. But of the cities of these people, which the Lord
    thy God doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive
    nothing that breatheth. (Deut. 20 : 10-17.)

    So Joshua smote all the country of the hills, and of the south,
    and of the vale, and of the springs and all their kings; he left
    none remaining, but utterly destroyed all that breathed as the
    Lord God of Israel had commanded. (Joshua 10 : 40.)

    Thus saith the Lord of hosts, I remember that which Amelek did
    to Israel (some three hundred years previous), how he laid wait
    for him in the way when he came up from Egypt. Now go and smite
    Amelek, and utterly destroy all that they have and spare them not,
    but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep,
    camel and ass. (1 Sam. 15 : 2, 3.)

    Now, therefore, kill every male among the little ones, and kill
    every woman that hath known man by lying with him.

    But all the women children that have not known a man by lying
    with him, keep alive for yourselves. (Numbers 31 : 17, 18.)


To believe these bloody massacres to have been done by the express
command of the supreme ruler of the universe, made man brutal and
despotic. And it is for this very reason that we have had so many wars
among Christian nations. The Old Testament is a record of cruelty
and blood; and if we fall back in time on this side of the cross of
Christ, we shall find the same spirit, and the same bloody deeds
perpetrated upon all those who were not numbered as the peculiar
people of God. Constantine established Christianity in the Roman
empire by the sword; and his holy successors have maintained it by
the same power ever since.




Polygamy.

Although Christians now condemn polygamy, they uphold a Bible that
not only approves it, but also shows distinctly that God instituted it.

Solomon had seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines, and was
not condemned for his polygamy or concubinage, but was condemned for
going after other Gods:


    And the Lord was angry with Solomon because his heart was turned
    away from the Lord. (1 Kings 11 : 9.)


There is nowhere any condemnation of Solomon for his polygamy to be
found in the Bible. On the contrary, he is extolled to the highest
degree. God is represented as saying: "I have found David, a man after
mine own heart." (Acts 13 : 22.) "Yet among many nations was there no
king like unto him (Solomon) who was beloved of God." (Neh. 13 : 26.)

David, although he was a man after God's own heart, was not so highly
esteemed as Solomon who was blest with a thousand wives. David did not
have quite as many wives, and consequently did not achieve the royal
grandeur of his son Solomon. The Lord gave David a number of wives:
"And Abigail hasted and arose, and rode upon an ass with five damsels
of her's that went with her; and she went after the messengers of
David and became his wife. David also took Ahinoam, of Jezreel,
and they were also, both of them, his wives. (1 Sam. 25 : 42, 43.)


    And David took him more wives out of Jerusalem. (2 Sam. 5 : 13.)

    And I gave thee (David) thy master's house and thy master's wives
    into thy bosom. (2 Sam. 12 : 8.)


The Christian apologist says that "the Lord endured them to practice
polygamy in consequence of the hardness of their hearts." But it is
explicitly shown in the above passage that the Lord gave David a number
of wives. "I gave thee thy master's wives into thy bosom," certainly
exonerates David, and throws the responsibility on Jehovah. David
is not censured for his polygamy, but is uniformly spoken of with
approval except in one instance. In counseling Solomon Jehovah said:
"And if thou wilt walk in my ways to keep my statutes and commandments
as thy father David did walk, then I will lengthen thy days." (1
Kings 3 : 14.)


    Because David did that which was right in the eyes of the Lord
    and turned not aside from anything that he commanded him all the
    days of his life, save only in the matter of Uriah the Hittite. (1
    Kings 15 : 5.)


The truth is that nearly all the patriarchs and prophets were
polygamists. They had not the faintest idea of true marriage, but
took women according to their caprice, and kept them as long as they
were pleased with them and cast them off when tired of them. It is a
remarkable fact that we do not often read of any marriage ceremony
when these men after God's own heart took them wives. A man in
these days who "takes up" with a woman without marriage is called a
free-lover. Were the patriarchs who took a number of women as wives
without a marriage ceremony free-lovers? Just now the Christians
cannot endure polygamy among the Mormons. They indorse it as a
Bible institution, good enough for Abraham, Isaac, and all the rest,
but out of fashion just now. The worst of it all is, the Christian
sends missionaries and Bibles to the heathens and afterward reports
wonderful success in converting them from their Paganism and polygamy
through the means of preaching, praying, and missionary work; but
when he thinks of the Mormon he forgets what wonders the missionary
has done abroad in converting the polygamists, and insists that our
Congress send Winchester rifles to Utah rather than missionaries. The
Holy Ghost is of no account there. The gospel of peace must now as
ever resort to the divine efficacy of bullets rather than Bibles,
to secure a victory for truth, justice, and love. Christianity shows
the same brutal instincts of war in its treatment of the Mormons that
Constantine exhibited in establishing the church by the sword.




The Subjection of Woman.

The Bible nowhere teaches the equality of man and woman, but from
Genesis to Revelation it treats her as man's inferior. The mythology
of the ancient Hebrew story of the Garden of Eden has proved to be a
veritable curse to her. "And thy desire shall be to thy husband, and
he shall rule over thee" (Gen. 3 : 16), has been the poisoned chalice
put to her lips for over two thousand years. Paul the founder of the
church, insists upon the subjection of woman. "Likewise ye wives be
in subjection to your own husbands." (1 Peter 3 : 1.)


    Wives submit yourselves to your own husbands. (Col. 3 : 18.)

    As the church is subject unto Christ, so let the wives be to
    their own husbands in everything. (Eph. 5 : 24.)


The church has uniformly maintained this doctrine, and demanded
in the marriage ceremony that she promise to love, honor, and obey
her husband.


    For the man is not of the woman, but the woman of the man. Neither
    was the man created for the woman but the woman (was created)
    for the man. (1 Cor. 11 : 8, 9.)




Divorce.

Woman is unjustly treated in the matter of divorce, in both the Old
and the New Testament. In the Old Testament the husband had the power
to divorce his wife if she failed to please him, while the wife could
not divorce her husband for any cause.


    When a man hath taken a wife and marries her, and it come to pass
    that she find no favor in his eye, then let him write her a bill
    of divorcement, and give it into her hand and send her out of
    his house. (Deut. 24 : 1.)

    When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies and the Lord
    thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken
    them captives and seest among the captives a beautiful woman,
    and hast a desire unto her that thou wouldst have her to be thy
    wife, then thou shalt bring her home to thine house, she shall
    shave her head and pare her nails and she shall put the raiment
    of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house
    and bewail her father and mother a full month, and after that
    thou shalt go in unto her and be her husband, and she shall
    be thy wife. And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her,
    then thou shalt let her go whither she will, but thou shalt not
    sell her at all for money; thou shalt not make merchandise of
    her because thou hast humbled her. (Deut. 21 : 10-14.)


Jesus says, "Whosoever putteth away his wife, and marrieth another,
committeth adultery; and whosoever marrieth her that is put away from
her husband, committeth adultery." (Luke 16 : 18.)

In this case there is a lack of qualification as to whether the man
be innocent or not; and there is no allowance made in case the man
who married her who was put away should be ignorant of her being a
divorced woman.

Again, "But I say unto you, that whosoever shall put away his
wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit
adultery, and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced, committeth
adultery." (Mat. 5 : 32.)

Here we find not a word about the fornication of the husband. In
short, there is no equality of rights and duties taught in these
passages. Jesus, in the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke teaches
that it is adultery to marry a divorced woman. No matter what the
crime of the husband has been, a wife is not allowed to put him away
and marry another. If he is a fornicator, and his wife is divorced
from him and remarries, she commits adultery. This is only a slight
modification of the divorce law--that old law according to which the
husband had only to write his wife a bill of divorcement and send her
off; but it was not lawful for the wife to write a bill and send the
husband away. All Christian nations have repudiated the teachings of
both the Old and the New Testament on the question of divorce.

Marriage is now rapidly losing its sacramental character. If matches
are made in heaven, it is evident that the work is poorly done, and
for all practical purposes they might as well be made on earth; and
the general opinion is inclined so strongly in that direction that
greater attention is now given to the laws of life, which instruct
us how to make happy earthly matches, leaving the matches of heaven
to be formed when we get there.

The Jews practiced the sale of their daughters:


    And if any man shall sell his daughter to be a maid-servant,
    she shall not go out as the man-servants do. If she pleases not
    her master who hath betrothed her to himself. (Ex. 21 : 7.)


Jacob purchased Leah and Rachel, by serving Laban their father seven
years for each of them. He agreed to serve seven years for Rachel, and
after he had fulfilled his obligation, Laban deceived him by palming
off Leah in the dark upon him as Rachel. But though so deeply wronged
Jacob did not despair, but served another seven years for her whom
he loved. See Genesis twenty-ninth chapter.

In the purchase of wives there was usually no ceremony, more than the
witnessing of the sale. We read of David and Solomon taking wives,
but no mention is made of any marriage ceremony.

A jealous husband could torture his wife, by having her poisoned. See
Numbers 5 : 11-31. There was no such law for a jealous wife. There
was no law of even-handed justice for a greatly wronged and outraged
wife. The laws were made for the benefit of man, not for the protection
of woman. Why? Because they were made by man.




The New Testament as well as the Old, Holds Woman in Servile Bondage.

Jesus and Paul were celibates, and their teachings and practice in
regard to woman, have done her incalculable wrong.


    The man is not of the woman, but the woman is of the man. Neither
    was the man created for the woman; but the woman (was created)
    for the man. (1 Cor. 11 : 8, 9.)


Paul gets this idea from the mythical story of creation in Genesis.

In that childish story God is represented as making woman as "an
help meet," for Adam. Indeed her creation does not seem to have been
intended at all, but the Creator seeing that it was not good for man
to be alone, "caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept;
and he took out one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead:
And the rib which the Lord God had taken from the man, made he a
woman, and brought her unto the man." (Gen. 2 : 21, 22.) Woman was an
afterthought to the Lords of creation then, and she is an afterthought
to the lords of creation now.

In that ancient myth woman was doomed to perpetual servitude because
she was of an investigating turn of mind, and sought to know good
and evil. The sentence was, "Thy desire shall be to thy husband,
and he shall rule over thee." (Gen. 3 : 16.)

Neither Jesus nor Paul proclaimed the dignity of marriage, or discerned
the necessity of enlarging the sphere of woman. Jesus shared the
common sentiments of his age, and looked upon the marriage relation
as incompatible with the establishment of the kingdom of heaven. He
deemed it necessary to call his disciples away from their families,
and even to advise the men to make eunuchs of themselves if they were
able to do so. (Mat. 19 : 12.) In his teachings on the question of
divorce, he is far from perceiving the even-handed justice which
the case demands. He says (Mark 10 : 11, 12) that if either the
husband or the wife put away one the other and marry again, commits
adultery. All second marriages would therefore be unlawful according
to this teaching. In Matthew (5 : 32) he permits the husband to put
away the wife for the crime of fornication, but makes no provision for
the wife to put away the husband for the same offense. His disciples
received an unfavorable impression of marriage, and after listening
to him on this subject, they suggested: "If the case of the man be so
with his wife, it is not good to marry." (Mat. 19 : 10.) How could
these plain people have misunderstood him upon a subject with so
little chance for misapprehension?

Paul's teachings were adverse to the marital relations: "Art thou
loosed from a wife? seek not a wife." (1 Cor. 7 : 27.)

"It is better to marry than to burn." (1 Cor. 7 : 9.) What an idea
of marriage! He does not have the least conception of love, or of the
higher and refining joys of the conjugal relation. But permits him who
cannot keep himself from beastliness to marry. In this his judgment is
remarkably short-sighted, for he does not regard the sacrifice which
the woman must make who marries the beast. He looks upon woman as a
mere safety-valve for men's passions,--her rights are not considered:
she has no rights. He will permit man to marry, but young widows he
denounces as heaping up damnation to themselves in marrying: "But the
younger widows refuse, for when they have begun to wax wanton against
Christ, they will marry having damnation, because they cast off their
first faith." (1 Tim. 5 : 11, 12.) To marry was to wax wanton against
Christ, which was nothing less than damnation! But old widows who
were above sixty years of age could join the church if they had "been
the wife of one man" and "had washed the saints' feet." (1 Tim. 5 :
9, 10.) I wonder what he thought of rejecting all young widowers,
and accepting none under sixty years of age, and only those of them
who had washed their grandmother's feet?

Paul not only advocates celibacy which is an evil to woman, but
where the marriage relation exists he insists upon the subjection of
woman to her husband: "Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your
own husbands;" (1 Peter 3 : 1.) "Obedient to their own husbands;"
(Titus 2 : 5.) "Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection;"
(1 Tim. 2 : 11.) "Therefore as the church is subject unto Christ so let
the wives be (subject) to their own husbands in everything." (Eph.
5 : 24.)

The reasons given for woman's subjection are, "The man is not
of the woman, but the woman is of the man. Neither was the
man created for the woman, but the woman (was created) for the
man." (1 Cor. 11 : 8, 9.) "Let the woman learn in silence with
all subjection." Wherefore? Because "Adam was first formed, then
Eve." "And Adam was not deceived but the woman being deceived was
in the transgression." (1 Tim. 2 : 11-14.) Woman has always been the
guilty cause of man's great misfortune. Adam was not to blame but Eve
was the guilty one. Lot was innocent but his daughters were fearfully
wicked. Joseph did not tempt anyone, but his master's wife tempted
him. Job, dear man, was all patience, but his wife flew into a rage,
and tried to have him curse God and die. Solomon, the pure-hearted and
single-minded man of seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines
was inspired to say, "One man among a thousand have I found, but a
woman among all these have I not found." (Eccl. 7 : 28.)

And to this day the Christian marriage ceremony demands of woman that
she promise to love, honor, and obey her husband.




The Bible Sanctions Slavery.

What driveling idiots we mortals have been to suppose for a moment
that a good being, a heavenly father, would let one part of his family
hold the other in slavery!


    Moreover of the children of the strangers, that do sojourn,
    of them shall ye buy, and of their families that are with you,
    which they begat in your land, and they shall be your possession.

    And ye shall take as an inheritance for your children after you, to
    inherit them for a possession; they shall be your bondmen forever,
    but over your brethren, the children of Israel, ye shall not rule
    one over another with rigor. (Lev. 25 : 45, 46.)

    If thou buy a Hebrew servant, six years he shall serve, and in the
    seventh he shall go out free for nothing. If he came in by himself
    he shall go out by himself; if he were married, then his wife shall
    go out with him; if his master has given him a wife, and she has
    borne him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall be
    her master's and he shall go out by himself. (Ex. 21 : 2-4.)




The New Testament Sanctions Slavery.


    Servants, obey in all things your master according to the flesh;
    not with eye-service, as men pleasers, but in singleness of heart,
    fearing God. (Col. 3 : 22.)

    Servants, be subject to your masters with all fear, not only to
    the good and gentle, but also to the froward. (1 Peter 2 : 18.)


In addition to these positive indorsements of slaveholding, it should
be remembered that Jesus never condemned it, and it was not difficult,
therefore, for the church also to indorse and support it.




The American Church was the Bulwark of American Slavery.

The slave system in this country always received the support of
the church. In the early history of the country it was occasionally
condemned by some of the bravest ministers, but as the nation grew
powerful, so also did this sum of all villainies. Not only the
ministers of the slave states, but ministers of the free states lent
their support to this despotism. The Rev. N. Bangs, D.D., of New
York, said:


    It appears evident that however much the apostles might have
    deprecated slavery as it then existed throughout the Roman empire,
    he did not feel it his duty as an embassador of Christ, to disturb
    those relations which subsisted between master and servants,
    by denouncing slavery as such a mortal sin that they could not
    be the servants of Christ in such a relation.


Rev. E. D. Simms, professor in Randolph-Macon college, a Methodist
institution, affirmed that, "Those extracts from Holy writ
unequivocally assert the right of property in slaves."

The Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D.D., late president of the (Methodist) Wesleyan
university, in Connecticut: "The relation of master and slave may
and does in many cases, exist under such circumstances as free the
master from the just charge of immorality."

Rev. Moses Stuart, of Andover, insisted that, "the precepts of the
New Testament respecting the demeanor of slaves and their masters,
beyond all question, recognized the existence of slavery."

The Rev. Dr. Taylor, of Yale college, said: "I have no doubt that if
Jesus Christ was now on earth, he would, under certain circumstances,
become a slaveholder."

The "Independent" makes an admission. Speaking of the degradation
of the Southern negroes, it says: "For this Protestant Christianity
solely is to blame. It allowed slavery. It was slow to see its
enormity. In the South it supported slavery with all its power. It
let the negroes live in ignorance of the word of God. It raised no
voice against unchristian laws forbidding slaves to be taught to read,
and forbidding marriage."

We could give hundreds of just such quotations from ministers who
upheld slavery as a divine institution. And these were the blind
leaders of the blind until leaders and people were precipitated into
the life and death struggle of the nation. If the preachers had been
honest and brave we would never have had to pass through the terrible
ordeal of the great rebellion.

The northern churches were almost all in sympathy with the "divine
institution." Their ministers did not dare to condemn the system
lest they should be deposed for their abolitionism. The writer was
pastor of a Methodist church in Brooklyn in 1859, and was dismissed
from his pastorate on account of his anti-slavery preaching. After
President Lincoln's emancipation proclamation the synods and general
conferences arrayed themselves against the system, but not before.




The Reformation.

It is a common belief in Protestant countries that Protestantism
has been the cause of all modern enlightenment, "overlooking," says
Mr. Buckle, "the important fact that until enlightenment had begun,
there was no Protestantism required. Enlightenment was the cause of
Protestantism. Many causes had been at work to bring up the public
mind to a higher intelligence and a braver love of independence."


    The reformation broke out at least twenty times before Luther,
    and was put down. Arnold, of Brescia was put down; Fra Dolcino was
    put down; the Albigenses were put down; the Vaudois were put down;
    the Lollards were put down; the Hussites were put down.--Mill,
    on Liberty.


The reformation was therefore the result of previous enlightenment,
a demand for larger liberty. It was the protest of reason against
authority. Liberalism is the full protest against all forms of
superstition and despotism. We have greatly over-estimated the work of
the reformation. It did not greatly change the humanities of society,
as the Protestants so fondly imagine. Protestants were found to be
the persecutors when they had the power, just as the Romanists had
been; circumstances, however, modified and restrained them from such
atrocities as the latter had perpetrated.


    Persecution for religious heterodoxy, in all its degrees, was in
    the sixteenth century, the principle as well as the practice of
    every church. (Hallam, "Middle Ages," vol. 2, p. 48.)




Christianity Teaches Immorality.

The doctrine of the atonement has been the dry rot in our
civilization. It has led millions to believe that they could escape the
consequences of violated laws of nature. Millions of people believe
to-day that they can go through life in utter disregard of all that
is right and good, and at the last moment when they come to shuffle
off this mortal coil, all they will then need to do will be simply to
call upon Jesus and receive his approbation and permission to enter
the shining courts above. "Jesus died and paid it all," relieves
the votary from the demands of morality, and, "the Devil tempted me
and I sinned," exonerates him from all guilt. This sort of teaching
has filled our prisons with those who fully believe it--and they are
behind the bars because they have lived according to their belief. The
malignant and mendacious cry that Freethought leads the truthseeker
always downward to a bad life is refuted by the fact that those who
fill the prisons of our country are not Infidels, but believers in the
divine revelation who have lived up to the advantages offered by the
"gathering them in" doctrine of atonement.

The murderers who are hanged on Friday in the different states almost
every week, nearly all Christians, are prepared to go to heaven and
there join in the company and songs of innocent children and pure
maids and matrons who, by their presence, make heaven worthy the
name; but these fiends, if they should happen to be pardoned by the
governor, there could not be found a reputable Christian who would
want to take one of them home to live in his family of noble wife and
lovely children, for a single day. And yet he is fit for heaven, fit
for the company of angels and the purified of earth. The dying words
of a good religious man were, "I am no Infidel," and that man's name
is John D. Lee, of Utah, who, in cold blood, murdered innocent men,
women, and children, and after eluding justice for twenty years or more
was arrested, tried, found guilty and shot to death, with the words
on his lips, "I am no Infidel." But his confession was unnecessary,
as Freethinkers do not die that way, and the reason they do not die
in that manner is because they do not believe in the great bankrupt
act--the atonement. They have no savior, and hence have to save
themselves. They have no titles to mansions in the skies but have some
claims on earth which they prefer to stay with as long as they can.

The doctrine of the atonement is very immoral and no one can begin
to estimate the wickedness it has fostered in society, by leading
people to believe they can pass through life committing all sorts of
crimes and at last, when they find themselves about to die, can call
upon Jesus and find eternal life "by believing on his name."


"Long as the lamp holds out to burn
The vilest sinner may return."


"This couplet has helped many a one to die easy." Oh, yes, it has,
but it has encouraged too many to live easy--to live entirely too
easy--so easy that they did not need to gain intelligence, to practice
morality and pay their honest debts.


"Between the saddle and the ground
Was mercy asked and pardon found."


A salvation so extemporaneously performed, I fear could not endure;
it resembles too closely the winter revivals whose fruits have all
disappeared before the summer's harvest is over.


               "Nothing, either great or small,
                Nothing, sinner, no!
                Jesus did, did it all
                Long, long ago.
                Weary, working, burdened one,
                Wherefore toil you so?
                Cease your doing, all was done
                Long, long ago.
                Till to Jesus' work you cling
                By a simple faith,
                Doing is a deadly thing,
                Doing ends in death.
                Cast your deadly doing down,
                Down at Jesus' feet,
                Rise in him, in him alone,
                Gloriously complete."


Where are those who have risen in him gloriously complete? Show us
just one.




Prayer is Immoral.

It is immoral because it seeks to accomplish certain ends without
using the proper means, or it tries to do what reason teaches us
cannot be done. When some years ago we had yellow fever at Memphis
the praying people all over this country united in supplicating
the unknown to remove the plague; but notwithstanding their united
petitions to a throne of grace and to "a prayer-answering God," they
utterly failed. The yellow fever remained until the angel of frost
came and touched the air with its white wings of health.

Fred Douglass said he prayed for freedom twenty years, but received
no answer until he prayed with his legs.

"Give us this day our daily bread," is a childish superstition. What
millions of poor women have starved to death with this prayer on
their lips. Jesus made a prayer in the garden of Gethsemane which was
not answered. Now if the son of God may pray and receive no answer,
what can the common rank and file sinner expect?

When the native African sees an eclipse, he fancies some huge monster
is attempting to devour the sun, or the moon, as the case may be. He
resorts to his tom-tom, by which he hopes to frighten away the fearful
monster. After the eclipse has passed away he turns to his skeptical
brethren and says, "I told you so," just as his more civilized brother
who prays for rain, and after it comes, no matter whether it is a
day or a month afterward, turns upon his incredulous friends, and
asks them triumphantly, "Didn't I tell you so?"

The tom-tom business in Africa and Christian prayers for rain, are
on a dead level with each other.


    Sinner.--Is God infinite in his wisdom?

    Parson.--He is.

    Sinner.--Does he at all times know just what ought to be done?

    Parson.--He does.

    Sinner.--Does he always do just what ought to be done?

    Parson.--He does.

    Sinner.--Why do you pray to him?

    Parson.--Because he is unchangeable. ("Ingersoll's Interviews,"
    p. 83.)


Prayer is simply supplication to God. God is a mystery; a mystery so
profound that nothing is known of him, save that he is a mystery. Even
his existence cannot be demonstrated. His non-existence is equally
undemonstrable, because no man has a definite conception of him to
use as a starting point for investigation. Some claim that he is
a person, others that he is omnipresent. Both of these cannot be;
for personality and omnipresence are incompatible. Prayer is based
on the supposition of his personality. It implies necessarily a
person in a certain place, and possessed of certain attributes. He
must be omnipotent, omniscient, unchangeable, and all-good. Nothing
less than this will come up to the conception of what a God should
be. Christians tell us God possesses all these attributes. We accept
their statement because it is impossible to prove the contrary. On
this basis, then let us examine prayer.

God is said to be all goodness. Goodness is the performance of
duty. Perfect goodness is the performance of all duty, and of nothing
beyond. It is also the performance of all duty without reluctance or
hesitation. Prayer is an insult to this quality of God's character. It
implies that his goodness is not perfect. Every blessing for which
man can ask, it is the duty of God either to grant or to withhold. In
either case, prayer implies the possibility of imperfection. To ask God
to grant a blessing which it is his duty to grant, is to assume that
he will not do his duty without being urged. Such an assumption is
downright insolence. To ask for a blessing which it is God's duty to
withhold, is to assume that he can be persuaded to commit sin. This,
too, can only be regarded as an insult. In both cases prayer is
useless, because God is not likely to grant a blessing asked in the
same breath an insult is given.

We are told that God is pleased with prayer, because it shows our faith
in his goodness. It rather shows our lack of faith. To be continually
asking for blessings, implies a doubt whether we shall get them if we
do ask. He who never prays shows the most faith, for he takes it for
granted that God is good, and if he is good, he will provide for his
children unasked. The child has faith that his father will provide
for him, but he never asks him to do so. Such conduct would prove
him unworthy of his father's care. So with prayer; the praying man
is the true skeptic, and the Infidel is the true believer.

Prayer makes God a changeable being. It implies that he will grant any
favor we ask, whether he had previously designed to do so or not. If
we were privy to his designs, and knew what blessings he intended to
bestow, we could ask only for such as he had intended to give us. In
the absence of this knowledge we pray blindly for blessings which it
may be, he has determined to withhold. This necessarily implies that
he may change his designs. If the object pleaded for is a good one,
such a change would be perfectly proper in an earthly monarch. In
God it would be fanciful in the extreme. It would place his will at
the disposal of a million fallible human beings. It would overthrow
the harmony of his government, and replace it by the most reckless
chance. Our reception of a blessing would depend no longer on God's
goodness; it would depend on whether some other person of greater
persuasive power, was or was not asking an opposite blessing at the
same time. God would be in constant indecision, and we should be in
constant doubt. Prayer, then, is based on the changeableness of an
unchangeable being, and therefore valueless.

Prayer, in theory, is based on the supposition of God's personality;
prayer, in practice, assumes that God is omnipotent. It supposes
that he can be in all places at all times. People are praying at
all hours of the day and in all quarters of the globe. To hear them
all God must be at such places at such times. To do this he must
cease to be a personal being, he must cease to be God. He will then
have no intelligence, no volition, for these depend on a personal
organization. Prayer, therefore, logically annihilates the being to
whom it is addressed.

Prayer implies doubt of the wisdom of God. To pray is to ask for a
certain blessing. We assume that such a blessing is best for us, and
inform God of the fact. After insulting his goodness by asking for a
blessing, we insult his intelligence by specifying what that blessing
shall be. Prayers are rarely or never asked for general blessings
alone. A person who asks for a blessing and leaves the choice of that
blessing wholly to God, is liable to be considered a lunatic by all
true believers. Yet to do otherwise is to deny God's omniscience. It
assumes that God does not know what our wants are. If God is a rational
being, he can only treat such an assumption with contempt. Prayer has
been tried for two thousand years and with no result. No prayer has
ever been directly or indirectly answered by God. On the contrary,
he apparently delighted in mocking those who call upon him. When the
Ville du Havre went down, over two hundred ministers were praying
for their lives, but in vain. Two girls who trusted not in prayers,
but in swimming-belts, alone were saved. ("Logic of Prayer," Charles
Stevenson.)

Some years ago when the yellow fever raged at Memphis, Tennessee, the
pious people of this country prayed most devoutly to have the plague
swept away. These prayers were repeated, were offered up by the most
faithful in the Christian ranks, but all in vain. They had read in
their Bible that the prayers of the righteous availeth much. They
had been taught to believe that "all things whatsoever ye shall ask
in prayer, believing, ye shall receive." (Mat. 21 : 22.) There is no
one thing that Jesus taught more explicitly than this; the prayers
of those who truly believe shall be answered. He said:


    Therefore I say unto you, What things so ever ye desire when ye
    pray, believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them. (Mark
    21 : 24.)


But we see that prayers are not answered. And besides, those prayers
which it is claimed are answered carry no proof of the fact with them.

Did not millions of Christians pray for the restoration of President
Garfield? How utterly delusive it is to palm off as truth the following
promise upon credulous minds:


    Again I say unto you that if two of you shall agree on earth as
    touching anything ye shall ask, it shall be done for them of my
    Father, which is in heaven. (Mat. 18 : 19.)


Jesus himself offered a prayer that was not answered. In the garden
of Gethsemane he prayed:


    O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me;
    nevertheless, not as I will, but as thou wilt. (Mat. 26 : 39.)

    There is no evidence that God has ever interfered in the affairs of
    men. The hand of earth is stretched uselessly toward heaven. From
    the clouds there comes no help. In vain the shipwrecked cry to
    God. In vain the imprisoned ask for liberty and light--the world
    moves on, and the heavens are deaf and dumb and blind. The frost
    freezes, the fire burns, slander smites, the wrong triumphs, the
    good suffer, and prayer dies upon the lips of faith. ("Ingersoll's
    Interviews," p. 49.)


"Ask and it shall be given thee" is an erroneous and immoral
teaching. It is false. It is not true that people get what they
pray for. We hear pious persons praying, "Give us this day our daily
bread," but none of them expect to get their bread in that way. What
an irresistible smile would wrinkle the faces of the devout if a poor
widow should pray: "Give us this day our daily coal," and another of
the praying circle should ask, "Give us this day our daily potatoes,"
and another should beg, "Give us this day our daily beefsteak."

While no one expects to get his daily supplies in answer to prayer,
yet millions of pious souls are scandalized if you doubt the efficacy
of prayer. They will admit that they have to work for their "daily
bread," "but after all God gives it to us just the same." He gives
it to the sinner who does not pray in the same manner, that is,
if he labors he earns his own bread.

In vain the seamstress in her sickness and poverty, prays, "Give
us this day our daily bread." She dies with these her last words on
her lips.

In vain the noble souls who have been thrown into prison for daring
to tell and defend the truth, have fervently appealed to the judge
of all the earth for freedom.

In vain the martyr looked to heaven for deliverance.




Faith in Prayer.

"I will close this letter with a little incident, the story of which
may not be so startling, but it is true. It is a story of child
faith. Johnny Quinlan, of Evanston, has the most wonderful confidence
in the efficacy of prayer, but he thinks that prayer does not succeed
unless it is accompanied with considerable physical strength. He
believes that adult prayer is a good thing, but doubts the efficacy
of juvenile prayer.

"He has wanted a Jersey cow for a good while, and tried prayer, but
it didn't seem to get to the central office. Last week he went to a
neighbor who is a Christian and believer in the efficacy of prayer,
also the owner of a Jersey cow.

"'Do you believe that prayer will bring me a yaller Jersey cow?' said
Johnny.

"'Why, yes, of course. Prayer will remove mountains. It will do
anything.'

"'Well, then, suppose you give me the cow you've got and pray for
another one.'" (Bill Nye.)




A Specimen Prayer.

"O Lord, our Heavenly Father, thou who dwellest in heaven [flattery]
Thou art the creator and preserver of all things; [flattery] we thank
Thee that we live and move and have our being; [Imagine a response of,
'You are quite welcome, I am sure,'] that we are neither dead nor
damned--for hadst Thou visited one sin in a thousand, we should be
beyond the reach of hope and mercy. [He's not just, or He would have
done it.] Thousands of our fellow mortals, as good by nature as we,
and far better by practice, are now trying the unalterable laws of
an unending eternity. [Not a very good comment on His justice.] Yet
we have [by His partiality] still another opportunity to make our
calling and election sure. We come before Thee, O Lord, to ask the
forgiveness of our sins. [Must have indulgence.] O Lord, look in mercy
on us and remember us in thy love. O we pray Thee that Thou wouldst
prosper Thy cause. [He hadn't thought of that for sometime before.] O
send more laborers into the harvest, for the harvest is great and
the laborers are few, [another piece of information.] O Lord, hasten
the time when all shall know Thee from the least unto the greatest
[We are satisfied that you are not diligent enough in this matter,
and we want you to hurry up.] O Lord, check the progress of evil [You
ought to know enough to do it without being told,] and promote the
cause of truth, [which you would do, if you were as much interested
in the matter as we are.] O Lord, hear our prayer [Do pay attention
and don't forget in an hour, like a stupid dolt, what we have been
telling you,] and answer our petitions. And in the end, when we are
called to die, save us [which on account of our unworthiness, you may
not do, or on account of your forgetfulness you may neglect, and leave
us the subject of one of the devil's infernal jokes,] and the praise,
and the honor, and the glory, we will ascribe through endless ages to
Thee. [A great consideration, which will certainly be some inducement
to you to save,--only just think what an advantage such an arrangement
will be to you.] All of which we ask for Jesus' sake, Amen."


(Newspaper Clipping.)




The Boston Man's Prayer.

"Oh God, if there be a God, save my soul if I have a soul, from hell
if there is a hell, Amen, if it is necessary."




Prayer an Echo.

                'From the earliest dawn of Nature's birth,
                Since sorrow and sin first darkened the earth;
                From sun to sun, from pole to pole,
                Where'er the waves of Humanity roll,
                The breezy robe this planet wears
                Has quivered and echoed with countless prayers.
                Each hour a million knees are bent,
                A million prayers to heaven are sent;
                There's not a summer beam but sees
                Some humble suppliant on his knees;
                There's not a breeze that murmurs by
                But wafts some faithful prayer on high;
                There's not a woe afflicts our race
                But someone bears to the Throne of Grace;
                And for every temptation our souls may meet
                We ask for grace at the Mercy Seat.
                * * * * * * * * * * * *
                The beams smile on, and heaven serene
                Still bends, as though no prayers had been;
                And the breezes moan, as still they wave,
                When man is powerless, heaven cannot save."

                                                    --Charles Stevenson.




Other Worldliness.

It seems to some people selfish for one to attempt to live in the
personal enjoyment of this world, but to lend all one's energies
toward gaining heaven is to them just right. Caring for one's health
and family is selfishness, but struggling to save one's soul is the
noblest work of life.

The truth is Christian doctrines are purely selfish. When man does
certain duties, as they are called, because he wants to get to heaven,
his conduct is intensely selfish. The gospel constantly invites the
followers of Jesus to act, from the consideration that "great is your
reward in heaven." Very many Christians say that if it were not for
the hope of future reward, they would not try to do right. In other
words they confess that they do not act from moral motives. They are
moved by the selfish motives of other worldliness. To act morally we
must do right because it is right and for no other consideration. When
we look beyond the act to see how much we are going to make out of it,
then our conduct is not moral. He who is going through the performance
of duties because he wants to get to heaven, has yet to learn the
meaning of morality.




Christianity is Intolerant.

Revelation does not admit of two sides to religious questions. There
is only one side, say the Moodys and Talmages, and that side is
God's side. We have no right to question Holy Writ. We must accept
it. "Believe or be damned," does not admit of the latitude of free
thought, or the right of reason to question the authority of the Bible.

"Reason is 'carnal,' says the Christian idolator, and you cannot rely
upon it--only trust in Jesus and you are saved."

The following historical facts prove beyond question that intolerance
is the very soul of Christianity:

"When any step was taken to establish a system of permanent
institutions, which might effectually protect liberty from the
invasions of power in general, the church always ranged herself on
the side of despotism." (Guizot's "History of Civilization in Europe,"
p. 154.)

"Persecution for religious heterodoxy, in all its degrees, was in
the sixteenth century, the principle as well as the practice of every
church." (Hallam's "Middle Ages," vol. 2, p. 48.)

When Queen Mary, the first queen of England, had burned Latimer,
Ridley and others, and her ministers had chided her for it, she replied
that she did not think God could be angry with her for burning the
heretics a few hours in this world, for their heresy, since he was
going to burn them eternally in the next world for the same thing.

Here you have the unadulterated article. It is nothing, if not
intolerant, and in every age and country, with sword and hand,
has commanded the trembling people to believe or be damned. And
the Christian who does not do his utmost toward having heretics and
infidels burned at the stake, is trying to be better than his God.




Hell, Hades, Gehenna, Sheol.

How many mortals have been frightened out of their senses by the
false alarm of fire in the next world. Preachers have pictured
to mothers their children who died without the sacraments of the
church being administered to them, as rolling on the fiery billows of
hell. Parents have been demented by such descriptions, and have gone
to lunatic asylums, or to their graves in consequence. Millions thus
frightened have joined the church, and confessed belief in the creed,
although they may not have known the meaning of a single article of
it. But once having avowed their adherence to the church have lived
lives of hypocrisy ever afterward because they had not the honor
and the courage to break away from their bondage. What stories the
pulpit has related of Infidels being struck dead for profanity and
blasphemy. These holy pulpit alarmists will have much to answer for
if there is any such thing as a judgment day or a God in Israel.

It is plain that Jesus taught the doctrine of future, if not endless
punishment. It was endless punishment to those who committed the
unpardonable sin: "And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of
man, it shall be forgiven him; but whosoever speaketh against the
Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world,
neither in the world to come." (Mat. 12 : 32.)

Other passages may be cited to show that Jesus taught the horrible
doctrine of eternal torment, and all efforts on the part of modern
commentators to explain away hell are in vain. "And these shall
go away into everlasting punishment, but the righteous into life
eternal." (Mat. 25 : 46.)

If these words do not teach the doctrine of endless torment, it would
be a hard matter to express it in the vernacular.




Pictures of Hell.

John Bunyan describes this interesting locality, and its inhabitants
thus: "All the devils in hell will be with thee howling and roaring,
screeching and yelling in such a manner that, thou wilt be at thy wits
end, and be ready to run stark mad from anguish and torment. * * * Here
thou must lie and fry, and scorch, and broil, and burn forevermore."

The father of New England theology, Jonathan Edwards, portrays his
own imagination after this fashion:

"The saints in glory will be far more sensible, how dreadful the wrath
of God is, and will better understand how terrible the sufferings
of the damned are, yet this will be no occasion of grief to them,
but rejoicings. They will not be sorry for the damned: it will cause
no uneasiness or dissatisfaction to them, but on the contrary when
they see this sight, it will occasion rejoicing, and excite them to
joyful praises."

Dr. Emmons reveals his own "true inwardness" by giving it the following
description:

"The happiness of the elect in heaven will in part consist of watching
the torment of the damned in hell. Among these it may be their
own children, parents, husbands, wives and friends on earth. One
part of the business of the blest is to celebrate the doctrine of
reprobation. While the decree of reprobation is eternally executing
on the vessels of wrath, the smoke of their torment will be eternally
ascending in view of the vessels of mercy who instead of taking the
part of those miserable objects will sing, Amen, hallelujah: praise
the Lord."

Again, he says: "When they (the saints) see how great the misery is
from which God hath saved them and how great a difference he hath
made between their state and the state of others who were by nature,
and perhaps by practice no more sinful and ill deserving than they,
it will give them more a sense of the wonderfulness of God's grace
to them in making them so to differ. The sight of hell-torments will
exalt the happiness of the saints forever."


"Where saints and angels from their blest abode,
Chanting loud hallelujahs to their God.
Look down on sinners in the realm of woe
And draw fresh pleasures from the scenes below."


The Rev. Thomas Button, describes the bottomless character of his
fancies thus:

"The godly wife shall applaud the justice of the judge in the
condemnation of her ungodly husband. The godly husband shall say,
Amen! to the damnation of her who lay in his bosom. The godly parent
shall say hallelujah! at the passing of the sentence upon the ungodly
child. And the godly child, shall from his heart, approve the damnation
of his wicked parents who begot him, and the mother who bore him."

Thomas Vincent, a reverend, raves after this fashion: "This will
fill them, the saints, with astonishing admiration and joy, when
they see some of their near relatives going to hell; their fathers,
their mothers, their children, their husbands, their wives, their
human friends, and companions while they themselves are saved. * * *
Those affections they now have for relatives out of Christ will cease,
and they will not have the least trouble to see them sentenced to
hell and thrust into the fiery furnace."


            My thoughts on awful subjects roll,
              Damnation and the dead;
            What horrors seize the guilty soul
              Upon a dying bed.

            Where endless crowds of sinners lie,
              And darkness makes their chains;
            Tortured with keen despair they cry,
              Yet wait for fiercer pains.

            Then swift and dreadful she descends
              Down to the fiery coast
            Amongst abominable fiends,
              Herself a frighted ghost.

            Adore and tremble, for your God
              Is a consuming fire;
            His jealous eyes with wrath inflame,
              And raise his vengeance higher.
            Almighty vengeance, how it burns!
              Vast magazines of plagues and storms
            Lie treasured for his foes.


These grisly rhymes full of horrors are found in one of Watt's hymn
books written in England in the early part of the last century,
but they are omitted from all modern hymn books.

Tertullian finds great joy in the idea of seeing his enemies in hell.

"What shall be the magnitude of that scene! How shall I laugh! How
shall I rejoice! How shall I triumph when I behold so many and such
illustrious kings, who were said to have mounted into heaven, groaning
with Jupiter their god, in the lowest darkness of hell." (Quoted by
Lecky, "Rationalism in Europe," vol. 1, p. 329.)

"One great objection to the Old Testament is the cruelty said to
have been commanded by God, but all the cruelties recounted in the
Old Testament ceased with death. The vengeance of Jehovah stopped at
the portal of the tomb. He never threatened to avenge himself upon
the dead; and not one word, from the first mistake in Genesis to the
last curse of Malachi, contains the slightest intimation that God
will punish in another world. It was reserved for the New Testament
to make known the frightful doctrine of eternal pain. It was the
teacher of universal benevolence who rent the veil between time and
eternity, and fixed the horrified gaze of man on the lurid gulfs of
hell. Within the breast of non-resistance was coiled the worm that
never dies." (Ingersoll's Reply to Black.)

"Is it necessary that heaven should borrow its light from the glare
of hell? Infinite punishment is infinite cruelty, endless injustice,
immortal meanness. To worship an eternal gaoler hardens, debases,
and pollutes the soul. While there is one sad and breaking heart in
the universe, no perfectly good being can be perfectly happy. Against
the heartlessness of this doctrine every grand and generous soul
should enter its solemn protest. I want no part in any heaven where
the saved, the ransomed, and the redeemed drown with merry shout the
cries and sobs of hell--in which happiness forgets misery--where the
tears of the lost increase laughter and deepen the dimples of joy. The
idea of hell was born of ignorance, brutality, fear, cowardice, and
revenge. This idea tends to show that our remote ancestors were the
lowest beasts. Only from dens, lairs, and caves--only from mouths
filled with cruel fangs--only from hearts of fear and hatred--only
from the conscience of hunger and lust--only from the lowest and
most debased, could come this most cruel, heartless, and absurd of
all dogmas." (Ingersoll's Reply to Black.)

"A religion that teaches a mother that she can be happy in heaven,
with her children in hell--in everlasting torment--strikes at the
very roots of family affection. It makes the human heart stone. Love
that means no more than that, is not love at all. No heart that has
ever loved can see the object of its affection in pain, and itself
be happy. The thing is impossible. Any religion that can make that
possible is more to be dreaded than war or famine or pestilence or
death. It would eat out all that is great and beautiful and good in
this life. It would make life a mockery and love a curse." (Helen
H. Gardener's "Men, Women, and Gods.")

"They divided the world into saints and sinners, and all the saints
were going to heaven, and all the sinners yonder. Now, then, you
stand in the presence of a great disaster. A house is on fire,
and there is seen at a window the frightened face of a woman with
a babe in her arms, appealing for help; humanity cries out, "Will
some one go to the rescue?" They do not ask for a Methodist, Baptist,
or a Catholic; they ask for a man. All at once there starts from the
crowd one that nobody ever suspected of being a saint; one may be,
with a bad reputation; but he goes up the ladder and is lost in the
smoke and flame; and a moment after he emerges, and the great circles
of flames hiss around him; in a moment more he has reached the window;
in another moment, with the woman and child in his arms, he reaches
the ground and gives his fainting burden to the by-standers, and the
people all stand hushed for a moment, as they always do at such times,
and then the air is rent with acclamations. Tell me that that man in
going to be sent to hell, to eternal flames, who is willing to risk
his life rather than a woman and child should suffer from the fire
one moment! I despise that doctrine of hell! Any man that believes
in eternal hell is afflicted with at least two diseases; petrifaction
of the heart and putrefaction of the brain." (Ingersoll's "Ghosts.")




The Church Opposed to Progress.

"The church has opposed every reform and until quite recently, almost
every useful invention. In the England of Elizabeth it was declared
from the pulpit that the introduction of forks would demoralize the
people and provoke the divine wrath." ("Martyrdom of Man," p. 38.)

In the year 1444 Caxton published the first book ever printed in
England. In 1474 the then bishop of London, in a convocation of his
clergy, said, "If we do not destroy this dangerous invention it will
one day destroy us." That bishop was a prophet.

Hume says: "It was remarkable that no physician in Europe, who had
reached the age of forty years, ever to the end of his life adopted
Harvey's doctrine of the circulation of the blood, and that his
practice in London diminished extremely, from the reproach drawn on
him by that great and signal discovery. So slow is the progress in
every science even when not opposed by factitious and superstitious
prejudices." (Hume's "History of England.")

When Buffon had published Natural History, in which was included his
"Theory of the Earth," he was officially informed by the faculty of
theology in Paris that several of his propositions were "reprehensible
and contrary to the creed of the church."

And when Columbus asserted the rotundity of the earth, he was ridiculed
by the clergy, who maintained that "everything would roll off on the
other side and be consumed in the fires of hell, if the world should
turn over."

Benjamin Franklin's experiments with the lightning, were condemned,
as he was only invoking upon himself the wrath of an angry God.

Professor Morse was freely ridiculed by the clergy for his attempt
to construct a telegraph.

Roger Bacon, who invented spectacles and improved the telescope,
was accused of having "sold himself to the devil."

It is scarcely necessary to recall the persecutions of Copernicus,
Bruno, and Galileo on account of their discoveries in astronomy.

At Eaton, in Shelly's time, "Chemistry was a forbidden thing."

We read in the life of Locke that "there was a meeting of the heads of
the houses of Oxford, where it was proposed to censure and discourage
the reading of this essay (On the Human Understanding) and after
various debates, it was concluded that without any public censure
each head of a house should endeavor to prevent its being read in
his own college." (Spencer's "Social Statics," p. 375.)

"With respect to the last, the grandest of all human undertakings
(that is the circumnavigation of the earth) it is to be remembered
that Catholicism had irrevocably committed itself to the dogma of a
flat earth, with the sky as a floor of heaven, and hell in the under
world." (Draper's "Conflict," p. 294.)

The clergy for years have ridiculed Darwinism, and scouted the
philosophy of evolution, even after the best minds of Europe had
accepted it. But after all their ridicule of Darwinism, when Darwin
had passed away the great heart of England did not fail to show the
esteem in which the people at large held him, but lovingly laid his
remains to rest in Westminster abbey with the dust of her noblest dead.

It is in the very nature of Christianity to persecute. It cannot
live on terms of equality with anything on earth. It must rule. It
must be supreme, and all institutions and all individuals must
obey its mandates. It has in all of its vocabulary no such word as
liberty. Every knee must bow to it, every tongue confess its authority,
and every pocket--pay it tithes. And so gigantic has been its power
that obedience in every age has been almost universal. Millions
have professed to obey the despot who have had no idea of what
they were professing, and hence had not so much even an a dream of
liberty. Poor man has been trampled in the dust, and sometimes used
as food for cannon, to satisfy the ambition of pope or king, and when
not serviceable in that way, he was forced to worship God and serve
the priests.

"Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers." (Rom. 13 :
1.) That is, the higher powers are the priests. The commandments of
these higher powers are expressed in such words as "submit," "obey,"
"serve," "pay tithes," "believe,"--and to heed them is to lose the
higher opportunities of manhood.







PROTESTANT PERSECUTIONS.

William Cobbett on the English Church.--A Letter to Lord Tenderten,
Lord Chief Justice of England, April 6, 1829.

"My Lord: I have read the report of your lordship's speech made on
the 4th inst. on the second reading of the Catholic bill; and there
is one passage of it on which I think it my duty thus publicly to
remark. The passage to which I allude relates to the character of
the law established church, and also to the probable fate that will,
in consequence of this bill, attend her in Ireland.

"First, then, my lord, let us take your proposition 'that there
in no church so tolerant as this.' I am sure your lordship has
never read her history; I am sure you have not. If you had you
never would have uttered these words. Not being content to deal in
general terms, I will not say she has been, and was from the outset,
the most intolerant church that the world ever saw; that she started
at first armed with halters, ripping-knives, axes, and racks; that
her footsteps were marked with blood, while her back bent under the
plunder of her innumerable innocent victims; and that for refinement
in cruelty and extent of rapacity she never had an equal, whether
corporate or sole. I will not thus speak of her in general terms,
but I will lay before your lordship some historical facts, to make
good that contradiction which I have given to your words. I assert
that this law-church is the most intolerant church I ever read or
heard of; and this assertion I now proceed to make good.

"This church began to exist in 1547, and in the reign of Edward
VI. Until now the religion of the country had been for several
years, under the tyrant Henry VIII., a sort of mongrel; but now it
became wholly Protestant by law. The Articles of Religion and the
Common Prayer-book were now drawn up, and were established by acts of
Parliament. The Catholic altars were pulled down in all the churches;
the priests, on pain of ouster and fine, were compelled to teach the
new religion, that is to say, to be apostates; and the people who had
been born and bred Catholics were not only punished if they heard mass,
but were also punished if they did not go to hear the new parsons;
that is to say, if they refused to become apostates. The people,
smarting under this tyranny, rose in insurrection in several parts,
and, indeed, all over the country. They complained that they had been
robbed of their religion, and of the relief to the poor which the old
church gave; and they demanded that the mass and the monasteries should
be restored, and that the priests should not be allowed to marry. And
how were they answered? The bullet and bayonet at the hands of German
troops slaughtered a part, caused another part to be imprisoned and
flogged, and the remainder to submit, outwardly, at least, to the
law-church. And now mark this tolerant and merciful church. Many of the
old monastics and priests, who had been expelled from their convents
and livings, were compelled to beg their bread about the country, and
thus found subsistence among the pious Catholics. This was an eye-sore
to the law-church, who deemed the very existence of these men, who
refused to apostatize, a libel on her. Therefore, in company, actually
in company with the law that founded the new church came forth a law
to punish beggars, by burning them in the face with a red-hot iron
and by making them slaves for two years, with power in their masters
to make them wear an iron collar. Your lordship must have read this
act of Parliament, passed in the first year of the first Protestant
reign, and coming forth in company with the Common Prayer-book. This
was tolerant work, to be sure; and fine proof we have here of this
church being 'favorable to civil and religious liberty.' Not content
with stripping these faithful Catholic priests of their livings;
not content with turning them out upon the wide world; this tolerant
church must cause them to perish with hunger or be branded slaves.

"Such was the tolerant spirit of this church when she was young. As
to her burnings under Cranmer (who made the prayer book), they
are hardly worthy of particular notice, when we have before us the
sweeping cruelties of this first Protestant reign, during which,
short as it was, the people of England suffered so much that the
suffering actually thinned their numbers; it was a people partly
destroyed, and that, too, in the space of about six years; and this
is acknowledged even in acts of Parliament of that day. But this
law-church was established in reality during the reign of Elizabeth,
which lasted forty-five years; that is, from 1558 to 1603; and though
this church has always kept up its character, even to the present day,
its deeds during this long reign are the most remarkable.

"Elizabeth established what she called 'a court of high commission'
consisting chiefly of bishops of your lordship's 'most tolerant
church,' in order to punish all who did not conform to her religious
creed, she being 'the head of the church.' This commission was
empowered to have control over the 'opinions' of all men, and to
punish all men according to their 'discretion, short of death.' They
had power to extort evidence by prison or the rack. They had power
to compel a man (on oath) to 'reveal his thoughts,' and to 'accuse
his friend, brother, parent, wife, or child;' and this, too, on
'pain of death.' These monsters, in order to 'discover priests,'
and to crush the old religion, 'fined, imprisoned, racked,' and
did such things as would have made Nero shudder to think of. They
sent hundreds to the rack in order to get from them confessions,
'on which confession many of them were put to death.'

"I have not room to make even an enumeration of the deeds of religious
persecution during this long and 'tolerant' reign; but I will state
a few of them:

1. It was death to make a new Catholic priest within the kingdom.

2. It was death for a Catholic priest to come into the kingdom
from abroad.

3. It was death to harbor a Catholic priest coming from abroad.

4. It was death to confess to such a priest.

5. It was death for any priest to say mass.

6. It was death for any one to hear mass.

7. It was death to deny, or not to swear, if called on, that this
woman was the head of the church of Christ.

8. It was an offense (punishable by heavy fine) not to go to the
Protestant church. This fine was L20 a lunar month, or L250 a year,
and of our present money L3,250 a year. Thousands upon thousands
refused to go to the law-church; and thus the head of the church sacked
thousands upon thousands of estates! The poor conscientious Catholics
who refused to go to the 'most tolerant church,' and who had no money
to pay fines, were crammed into the jails until the counties petitioned
to be relieved from keeping them. They were then discharged, being
first publicly whipped, and having their ears bored with a red-hot
iron. But this very great 'toleration' not answering the purpose,
an act was passed to banish for life all these non-goers to church,
if they were not worth twenty pounds, and, in case of return they
were to be punished with death.

"I am, my lord, not making loose assertions here; I am all along
stating from acts of Parliament, and the above form a small sample of
the whole; and this your lordship must know well. I am not declaiming,
but relating undeniable facts; with facts of the same character, with
a bare list, made in the above manner, I could fill a considerable
volume. The names of the persons put to death merely for being
Catholics, during this long and dreary reign, would, especially if
we were to include Ireland, form a list ten times as long as that of
our army and navy, both taken together. The usual mode of inflicting
death was to hang the victim for a short time, just to benumb his or
her faculties, then cut down and instantly rip open the belly, and
tear out the heart, and hold it up, fling the bowels into the fire,
then chop off the head, and cut the body into quarters, then boil
the head and quarters, and then hang them up at the gates of cities,
or other conspicuous places. This was done, including Ireland, to
many hundreds of persons, merely for adhering to the church in which
they had been born and bred. There were one hundred and eighty-seven
ripped up and boiled in England in the years from 1577 to 1603;
that is to say, in the last twenty-six years of Elizabeth's reign;
and these might all have been spared if they would have agreed to go
to church and hear the Common Prayer! All, or nearly all of them were
racked before they were put to death; and the cruelties in prison,
and the manner of execution, were the most horrible that can be
conceived. They were flung into dungeons, kept in their filth, and
fed on bullock's liver, boiled and unwashed tripe, and such things
as dogs are fed on. Edwards Genings, a priest, detected in saying
mass in Holborn, was after sentence of death offered his pardon if he
would go to church; but having refused to do this, and having at the
place of execution boldly said that he would die a thousand deaths
rather than acknowledge the Queen to be the spiritual head of the
church, Topliffe, the attorney-general, ordered the rope to be cut
the moment the victim was turned off, 'so that' (says this historian)
'the priest being little or nothing stunned, stood on his feet casting
his eyes toward heaven, till the hangman tripped up his heels, and
flung him on the block, where he was ripped up and quartered.' He was
so much alive even after the boweling that he cried with a loud voice,
'Oh! it smarts!' And then he exclaimed, 'Sancte Gregorie, ora pro me,'
while the hangman having sworn a most wicked oath cried, 'Zounds! his
heart is in my hand, and yet Gregory is in his mouth!'"--Wm. Cobbett.

"For centuries the Irish were killed like game. We know not a few
good Englishmen who would be convulsed with the story of the murder
of Smith or Jones, but whom the killing of an O'Tool or O'Dacherty,
or any 'O'' or 'Mac' would not move in the least. That be it
remembered in 1825. The collection of tithes alone cost a million
lives. Henry VIII. aggravated all the outrages ever committed,
and was determined the faith of the Irish should undergo a radical
Protestant conversion. Raleigh butchered Limerick garrison in cold
blood after Lord Grey had selected seven hundred to be hanged. James
I. confiscated one-tenth of all the land in Ireland and destroyed
thousands of lives for religion's sake. Protestant rectors kept private
prisons for confining all who dissented from their faith. Dr. Leland,
a Protestant clergyman, wrote that the favorite object of the English
Parliament was the total extermination of all the Catholics in Ireland.

"Cromwell began by massacreing for three days the garrison of Drogheda
after quarter had been promised. Whole towns were put up and sold. The
Catholics were banished from three-fourths of Ireland and confined
to Connaught, and after a certain day every one found outside were
shot or hung. Fleetwood, the reverend, said the Lord will appear in
this work. On every wolf's scalp and priest's head a premium of L5
was offered! Young girls and boys were gathered up by the thousands
and carried to the West Indies. So by 1652 was once populous Ireland
so devastated that an occupied house was a curiosity and commented
on. Says one writer, S. W. Petry, 'There perished in 1641 over
six hundred thousand lives whose blood somebody must atone to God
for.'" (Newspaper article.)

"The sword of the church was unsheathed and the world was at the mercy
of ignorant and infuriated priests, whose eyes feasted on the agonies
they inflicted. Acting as they believed, or pretended to believe,
under the command of God; stimulated by the hope of infinite reward
in another world--hating heretics with every drop of their bestial
blood; savage beyond description; merciless beyond conception--these
infamous priests in a kind of frenzied joy, leaped upon the helpless
victims of their rage. They crushed their bones in iron boots; tore
their quivering flesh with iron hooks and pincers; cut off their
lips and eyelids; pulled out their nails, and into the bleeding
quick thrust needles; tore out their tongues; extinguished their
eyes; stretched them upon racks; flayed them alive; crucified them
with their heads downward; exposed them to wild beasts; burned them
at the stake; mocked their cries and groans; ravished their wives;
robbed their children, and then prayed God to finish the holy work
in hell. Millions upon millions were sacrificed upon the altars of
bigotry. The Catholic burned the Lutheran, the Lutheran burned the
Catholic, the Episcopalian tortured the Presbyterian, the Presbyterian
tortured the Episcopalian. Every denomination killed all it could of
every other, and each Christian felt in duty bound to exterminate every
other Christian who denied the smallest fraction of his creed.... They
have imprisoned and murdered each other, and the wives and children
of each other. In the name of God every possible crime has been
committed, every conceivable outrage has been perpetrated. Brave men,
tender and loving women, beautiful girls, and prattling babes have
been exterminated in the name of Jesus Christ. For more than fifty
generations the church has carried the black flag. Her vengeance has
been measured only by her power. During all these years of infamy
no heretic has ever been forgiven. With the heart of a fiend she has
hated; with the clutch of avarice she has grasped; with the jaws of
a dragon she has devoured; pitiless as famine; merciless as fire;
with conscience of a serpent; such is the history of the church of
God." (Ingersoll's "Heretics and Heresies.")







THE PURITANS INTOLERANT.

Capital Laws of Connecticut, Established by the General Court,
December 1, 1642.

1. If any man after legal conviction shall have or worship any other
God but the Lord God, he shall be put to death. (Deut. 13 : 6; 17 :
2, 3, and Ex. 22 : 20.)

2. If any man or woman be a witch (that is, hath or consulteth with a
familiar spirit) they shall be put to death. (Ex. 20 : 18; Lev. 20 :
27; Deut. 18 : 10, 11.)

3. If any person shall blaspheme the name of God, the Father, Son
or Holy Ghost, with direct, express, presumptuous, or high-handed
blasphemy, or shall curse God in the like manner, he shall be put to
death. (Lev. 24 : 15, 16.)

4. If any person shall commit any wilful murder, which is manslaughter
committed upon malice, hatred, or cruelty, not in a man's necessary
and just defense nor by mere casualty against his will, he shall be
put to death. (Ex. 21 : 12, 13, 14; Numb. 35 : 30, 31.)

5. If any person shall slay another through guile, either by poisoning,
or other such devilish practice, he shall be put to death. (Ex.
21 : 14.)

6. If any man or woman shall lie with a beast or brute creature, by
carnal copulation, they shall surely be put to death, and the beast
shall be slain and buried. (Lev. 20 : 15, 16.)

7. If any man lie with mankind as he lieth with a woman, both of
them have committed abomination, they both shall surely be put to
death. (Lev. 20 : 13.)

8. If any person committeth adultery with a married or espoused wife,
the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death. (Lev.
20 : 10; 18 : 20; Deut. 22 : 23, 24.)

9. If any man shall forcibly and without consent ravish a maid or
woman, that is lawfully married or contracted, he shall be put to
death. (Deut. 22 : 25.)

10. If any man shall steal a man or mankind, he shall be put to
death. (Ex. 21 : 16.)

11. If any man rise up by false witnesses, wittingly and of purpose
to take away any man's life he shall be put to death. (Deut. 19 :
16, 18, 19.)

12. If any man shall conspire or attempt any invasion, insurrection,
or rebellion against the commonwealth, he shall be put to death.

"All these are copied from the capital laws of Massachusetts,
established (with her Body of Liberties) December, 1641,--except
the ninth (against rape of a married or betrothed woman), which was
enacted by Massachusetts in June, 1642. One of the Massachusetts laws
punished manslaughter with death, was not adopted by Connecticut,
and only the first clause of the Massachusetts law against conspiracy,
rebellion, etc. was taken." ("Blue Laws, True and False," by Trumbull.)

"December 1642, two additional capital laws were added to the statute
of Connecticut." (Ibid. p. 59.)

13. If any child or children about 16 years old and of sufficient
understanding, shall curse or smite their natural father or mother, he,
or they shall be put to death, unless it can be sufficiently testified
that the parents have been unchristianly negligent in the education
of such children or so provoke them by extreme and cruel correction
that they have been forced thereunto, to preserve themselves from
death or maiming. (Ex. 21 : 17, 15; Lev. 20 : 9.)

14. If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son of sufficient years
and understanding, namely, 16 years of age, which will not obey the
voice of his father or mother, and that when they have chastened him,
will not hearken to them, then may his father and mother, being his
natural parents, lay hold on him, and bring him to the magistrates
assembled in court and testify unto them that their son is stubborn and
rebellious and will not obey their voice and chastisement, but lives in
sundry notorious crimes, such a son shall be put to death. (Deut. 21 :
20, 21.)

"Persuade men that when ascribing to the Deity justice and mercy,
they are speaking of qualities generally distinct from those which
exist among mankind--qualities which we are altogether unable to
conceive, and which may be compatible with acts which men would term
grossly unjust and unmerciful; tell them that guilt may be entirely
unconnected with a personal act that millions of infants may be
called into existence for a moment to be precipitated into a place of
torment, that vast nations may live and die, and then be rased again
to endure never-ending punishment, because they did not believe in a
religion of which they never heard, or because a crime was committed
thousands of years before they were in existence; convince them that
all this is part of a transcendentally perfect and righteous scheme,
and there is no imaginable abyss to which such a doctrine would not
lead." (Lecky's "Rationalism in Europe," vol. 1, p. 384.)

Lecky proceeds to show that men who believe in salvation by the
church will always persecute dissenters, and all history attests the
truth of his remarks. Catholics persecuted Protestants; Protestants
persecuted Puritans; and Puritans, in there turn, persecuted other
dissenters. Nor did the work stop here; though limited in their power,
yet these dissenters even to-day find ways by which they can persecute
dissenters from them without resort to physical means. There was not,
two centuries ago, a single sect that did not uphold persecution.




Galileo.

"For sixteen years the church had rest. But in 1632 Galileo ventured
on the publication of his work entitled 'The System of the World,'
its object being the vindication of the Copernican doctrine. He was
again summoned before the Inquisition at Rome, accused of having
asserted that the earth moves around the sun. He was declared to have
brought upon himself the penalty of heresy. On his knees with his
hand on the Bible, he was compelled to abjure, and curse the doctrine
of the movement of the earth. What a spectacle! This venerable man,
the most illustrious of his age, forced by the threat of death to
deny facts which his judges as well as himself knew to be true! He
was then committed to prison, treated with remorseless severity
during the remaining ten years of his life, and he was denied burial
in consecrated ground. Must not that be false which requires for
its support so much imposture, so much barbarity? The opinions thus
defended by the Inquisition are now objects of derision to the whole
civilized world." (Draper's "Conflict Between Religion and Science.")




Bruno.

"On the 17th of February, 1600, a vast concourse of people was
assembled in the largest open space in Rome, gathered together by
the irresistible sympathy which men always feel, with the terrible
and tragic in human existence. In the center stood a huge pile of
faggots, from out its logs and branches rose a stake, crowding around
the pile were eager and expectant faces, men of various ages and of
various characters, but all for one moment united in a common feeling
of malignant triumph, religion was about to be avenged; a heretic
was coming to expiate on that spot the crime of open defiance to
the dogmas proclaimed by the church--the crime of teaching that the
earth moved, and that there was an infinity of worlds. The stake is
erected for the 'maintenance and defense of the holy church, and the
rights and liberties of the same.' Whom does the crowd await? Giordano
Bruno--the poet, philosopher, and heretic--the teacher of Galileo's
heresy--the friend of Sir Philip Sidney, and the open antagonist
of Aristotle. A hush comes over the crowd. The procession solemnly
advances, the soldiers peremptorily clearing the way for it. His face
is placid though pale. They offer him the crucifix; he turns his head;
he refuses to kiss it! 'The heretic!' They show him the image of him
who died upon the cross for the sake of the living truth--he refuses
the symbol! A yell bursts from the multitude.

"They chain him to the stake. He remains silent. Will he not pray
for mercy? Will he not recant? Now the last hour has arrived--will
he die in his obstinacy, when a little hypocrisy would save him from
so much agony? It is even so; he is stubborn and unalterable. They
light the faggots; the branches crackle; the flame ascends; the victim
writhes--and now we see him no more. The smoke envelopes him; but not a
prayer, not a plaint, not a single cry escapes him. In a little while
the wind has scattered the ashes of Giordano Bruno." (G. H. Lewes's
"History of Philosophy.")

"What a contrast between this scene of manly honor, of unshaken
firmness, of inflexible adherence to the truth, and that other
scene which took place more than fifteen centuries previously by the
fireside in the hall of Caiaphas the high priest, when the cock crew,
and 'the Lord turned and looked upon Peter.' (Luke 22 : 61.) And yet
it is upon Peter that the church has grounded her right to act as
she did to Bruno.

"But perhaps the day is approaching when posterity will offer an
expiation for this great ecclesiastical crime, and a statue of
Bruno be unveiled under the dome of St. Peter's at Rome." (Draper's
"Conflict Between Religion and Science.")

"A divine revelation must necessarily be intolerant of contradiction;
it must repudiate all improvement in itself, and view with disdain
that arising from the progressive intellectual development of
man." (Draper's "Conflict Between Religion and Science.")




Torture.

"The system (of mediaeval tortures) was matured under the mediaeval habit
of thought, it was adopted by the inquisitors, and it received its
finishing touches from their ingenuity. In every prison the crucifix
and the rack stood side by side, and in almost every country the
abolition of torture was at last effected by a movement which the
church opposed, and by men whom she cursed." (Lecky's "Rationalism
in Europe," vol. 1, p. 333.)

"But the most powerful consideration with a truly benevolent man,
if he be a Christian, for the extirpation of heresy by force, is the
belief that its unfortunate victims will suffer unending torments in
hell. Not for a few days, not for a few years must they suffer, but
forever. Under the burden of such an awful thought can the sincere,
kind-hearted Christian fold his arms and look calmly upon the efforts
of men who are spreading unbelief or heresy in every direction,
who are not only going to hell themselves, but are taking with them
thousands of their fellow men. Is it not natural that the sincere
Christian, having the power, should suppress such opinions? that if
necessary he should resort to coercive measures? that if new heresies
are constantly springing up he should punish some of the offenders
with severity, and thereby endeavor to deter others from leaving
the true faith? Under the influence of such a faith, must not the
desire for the suppression of the heresy be a measure of the desire
for the suppression of the most injurious and dangerous errors? and
will not the zeal to destroy them be in proportion to the love of
truth and regard for the welfare of humanity? Will not, therefore,
the most sincere, earnest, and devoted Christians, in an age of
unquestioning faith, be the most active and zealous persecutors? On a
priori grounds we cannot help arriving at such a conclusion, and the
facts of history attest the correctness of the conclusion thus arrived
at from a consideration of the natural effects of the doctrine that
certain opinions involve merit and others guilt.

"It has been shown by Llorente that the men who founded the Inquisition
were men whose characters were free from the stains of vice, and
who were actuated in their cruel work of torturing and burning men,
by the most philanthropic motives. Many of the worst persecutors,
Catholic and Protestant alike, as Mr. Buckle has mentioned, have been
among the most conscientious of men and women. Their cruelty was the
result of their faith. What, they argued, are the fleeting pains of
a few thousand men compared with the eternal agony of the thousands
and tens of thousands they will, unless checked, lead to hell. Thus
argued the Christians when they first obtained power and used it
in killing Pagans; thus argued the Catholics of the Middle Ages;
thus argued the Protestants of Geneva; thus argued the advocates
of Episcopacy, the defenders of the Kirk of Scotland, and the pious
Puritans of New England. In proportion as men believe that correct
theological beliefs involve merit and are essential to salvation,
and that theological errors involve guilt and are punished with
torments in hell, and have power, they must be persecutors. Such
has been the case in the past. It was only when rationalism, acting
in opposition to the church, rendered persecution impossible, that
theologians discovered that the punishment of men was at variance
with their religion. 'With the merits of this pleasing though tardy
conversion,' says Lecky, 'I am not now concerned; but few persons,
I think, can follow the history of Christian persecution without a
feeling of extreme astonishment that some modern writer, not content
with maintaining that the doctrine of exclusive salvation ought not
to have produced persecution, have ventured, in defiance of unanimous
testimony of theologians of so many centuries, to dispute the plain
historical fact that it did produce it.'" ("History of Morals,"
vol. 1, p. 422.)

"But independently of the influence of the Old Testament teachings,
the Christian system makes persecution inevitable in proportion as
the system is believed. Intolerance and persecution are a natural
result of the doctrine that certain religious opinions involve moral
guilt. The Bible declares, 'He that believeth and is baptized shall be
saved; he that believeth not shall be damned.' This makes unbelief and
heresy a crime, and unbelievers and heretics criminals. It makes it the
religious duty of Christians to legislate for the extirpation of the
former and the punishment of the latter. Can men treat with charity
and kindness those with whom they believe God is displeased--those
who are spreading doctrines that are regarded as plainly an offense
to God? Is it not the wish of God that unbelief and heresy should be
destroyed, and, as an obedient subject, is it not natural that the
Christian should, as far as possible, carry out the wishes of the
God he worships?"




The New Testament Teaches Intolerance.

"'He that believeth not shall be damned.' (Mark 16 : 16.) St. Paul
exclaims (Galatians 1), 'If any man preach any other gospel unto
you than that ye have received, let him be accursed.' He also says
(1 Tim. 6), 'If any man teach otherwise, and consent not to the
wholesome words, even the words of our Lord Jesus Christ ... he is
proud, knowing nothing ... from such withdraw thyself.' 'Of whom (1
Tim. 1) is Hymenaeus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan,
that they may learn not to blaspheme.' In these passages persecution
and punishment are clearly taught for disbelief. And that such teaching
has had an immoral tendency the excommunications, the imprisonments,
and sacrifice of the lives of heretics in connection with the history
of Christianity abundantly prove."--B. F. Underwood.

"Are men restrained by superstition? Are men restrained by what you
call religion? I used to think they were not; now I admit they are. No
man has ever been restrained from the commission of a real crime,
but from an artificial one he has. There was a man who committed
murder. They got the evidence, but he confessed that he did it. 'What
did you do it for?' 'Money.' 'Did you get any money?' 'Yes.' 'How
much?' 'Fifteen cents.' 'What kind of a man was he?' 'A laboring
man I killed.' 'What did you do with the money?' 'I bought liquor
with it.' 'Did he have anything else?' 'I think he had some meat
and bread.' 'What did you do with that?' 'I ate the bread and threw
away the meat; it was Friday.' So you see it will restrain in some
things."--Ingersoll.




The Inquisition in Spain, 1568.

"Upon the 16th of February, 1568, a sentence of the Holy Office
condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands to death as
heretics. From this universal doom, only a few persons, especially
named, were excepted. A proclamation of the king, dated ten days
later, confirmed this decree of the Inquisition, and ordered it to
be carried into instant execution, without regard to age, sex or
condition. This is probably the most concise death-warrant that was
ever framed. Three millions of people, men, women, and children,
were sentenced to the scaffold in three lines." (John L. Motley,
"The Rise of the Dutch Republic," vol. 2, p. 158.)




The Inquisition.

"In 1208. Innocent III. established the Inquisition. In 1209 De
Montfort began the massacre of the Albigenses. In 1215 the Fourth
Council of the Lateran enjoined all rulers, 'as they desired to be
esteemed faithful, to swear a public oath that they would labor
earnestly and to the full extent of their power, to exterminate
from their dominions all those who were branded as heretics by the
church.'" (Lecky's "Rationalism in Europe," vol. 1, p. 38.)

"Llorente, who had free access to the archives of the Spanish
Inquisition, assures us that by that tribunal alone more than 31,000
persons were burnt, and more than 290,000 condemned to punishment
less severe than death. The number of those put to death for their
religion in the Netherlands alone, in the reign of Charles V. has
been estimated by a very high authority at 50,000, and at least half
as many perished under his son. (Ibid. pp., 40, 41.)




The Church Opposed to Liberty.

"How has the church in every age, when in authority, defended
itself? Always by a statute against blasphemy, against argument,
against free speech. And there never was such a statute that did
not stain the book that it was in and that did not certify to the
savagery of the men who passed it. Never. By making a statute and by
defining blasphemy, the church sought to prevent discussion--sought
to prevent argument, sought to prevent a man from giving his honest
opinion. Certainly a tenet, a dogma, a doctrine, is safe when hedged
about by a statute that prevents your speaking against it. In the
silence of slavery it exists. It lives because lips are locked. It
lives because men are slaves." (Ingersoll, "The Reynolds Blasphemy
Trial.")

"So I say if you believe the Bible say so; if you do not believe it say
so. And here is the vital mistake, I might almost say, in Protestantism
itself. The Protestants when they fought the Catholics, said: 'Read
the Bible for yourselves--stop taking it from your priests--read the
sacred volume with your own eyes. It is a revelation from God to his
children, and you are the children,' and then they said: 'If after
you read it you do not believe it, and you say anything against it,
we will put you in jail, and God will put you in hell.' That is a fine
position to get a man in. It is like a man who invited his neighbor
to come and look at his pictures, saying: 'They are the finest in the
place, and I want your candid opinion. A man who looked at them the
other day said they were daubs, and I kicked him down stairs--now I
want your candid judgment.'" (Ibid.)




The Bible Opposed to Liberty.

To-day we say that every man has a right to worship God or not, to
worship him as he pleases. Is it the doctrine of the Bible? Let us see:

"If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter,
or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul,
entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which
thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;

"Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh
unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even
unto the other end of the earth;

"Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall
thine eye pity him; neither shalt thou conceal him;

"But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him
to put him to death, and afterward the hand of all the people.

"And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath
sought to thrust thee away from the Lord thy God, which brought thee
out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage." (Deut. 13 : 6.)

And do you know according to that, if your wife--your wife that you
love as your own soul--if you had lived in Palestine, and your wife had
said to you, "Let us worship a sun whose golden beams clothe the world
in glory; let us worship the sun; let us bow to that great luminary;
I love the sun because it gave me your face; because it gave me the
features of my babe; let us worship the sun,"--it was then your duty
to lay your hands upon her, your eye must not pity her, but it was
your duty to cast the first stone against that tender and loving
breast. I hate such doctrine! I hate such books! I hate gods that
will write such books! I tell you that it is infamous.

"If there be found among you, within any of thy gates which the Lord
thy God giveth thee, man or woman, that hath wrought wickedness in
the sight of the Lord thy God, in transgressing his covenant,

"And hath gone and served other gods, and worshiped them, either the
sun, moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;

"And it be told thee, and thou hast heard of it, and inquired
diligently, and, behold, it be true, and the thing certain, that such
abomination is wrought in Israel;

"Then shalt thou bring forth that man, or that woman, which have
committed that wicked thing, unto thy gates even that man or that
woman, and shalt stone them with stones, till they die." (Deut. 17 :
2-5.)--Ingersoll.







SECULARISM.


"Secularism has no mysteries, no mummeries, no priests, no ceremonies,
no falsehoods, no miracles and no persecutions.

"It is a protest against theological oppression, against ecclesiastical
tyranny, against being the serf, subject or slave of any phantom,
or the priest of any phantom. It is a protest against wasting this
life for the sake of one we know not of. It proposes to let the gods
take care of themselves.

"It means the destruction of the business of those who trade in
fear. It proposes to give serenity and content to the human soul. It
will put out the fires of eternal pain. It is striving to do away with
violence and vice, with ignorance, poverty, and disease. It lives for
the ever present to-day, and the ever coming to-morrow. It does not
believe in praying and receiving, but in earning and deserving. It
regards work as worship, labor as prayer, and wisdom as the savior
of mankind."--Robert G. Ingersoll.




Popular Questions and Objections.

1. It is objected that Freethought is destructive, not constructive.

(a) It is destructive of error, crime, cruelty, superstition and all
kinds of wrong and oppression.

(b) It is constructive in its defense and support of the rights of man,
woman, and child.

(c) It is constructive in seeking to establish the highest form of
morality, that is, rational morality.

(d) It is constructive, because it inspires man with a thirst for
knowledge, and puts him in sympathy with science.

(e) It is positive and reconstructive in inspiring man with moral
courage.

"What will you give us in place of religion?"

(a) We would put in place of religion, liberty, morality, honesty,
courage, knowledge, and manliness.

(b) We do not wish to take away the Golden Rule; but we insist that it
is not a Christian precept. It was in the world long before Jesus,
before Moses, and before Abraham. Long before the pyramids were
built mothers called their children to their knees and said to them,
"Children be good to each other to-day." This is the Golden Rule. We
see then that it is of human origin, and not a part of Christianity,
as Christianity is founded upon the supernatural. It is the old,
old way that religions have of borrowing human virtues and ascribing
them to the gods.

(c) We do not teach men to despise charity, but to so improve human
conditions that charity and charitable institutions shall not be
needed.

(d) "What will you give us in place of the Bible?"

We do not propose to take it away. We only ask people to read it as
they do other books--accepting the good and rejecting the bad.

"What are we to have in place of the consolation of the gospel?"

The gospel means glad tidings. What are the glad tidings?

1. That man is totally depraved and polluted. Good news!

2. That he deserves eternal torment. Glad tidings!

3. And that nine tenths of the human race will get their deserts. "Many
are called, but few are chosen." Glorious news!

4. That hell is in view,--near at hand. Delightful tidings!

5. That the reprobate cannot escape. Glorious gospel!

6. That God hates the most of the race and has from eternity doomed
them to eternal woe.

And all this is the gospel of glad tidings!

Suppose we expose the delusion of eternal torments, what does man want
in its place? Does he need a smaller hell to taper off on, before
he can give up hell altogether? What does any one want in place of
infant damnation? And so also with witchcraft, polygamy, slavery,
and many other wrongs--must we have something to take their place? I
heard of a kid gloved dude, who put his finger into a bucket of water,
and after taking it out looked for the hole in the water. As well might
the poor fellow sick in the hospital ask the doctor, who promises to
cure him of the small pox, what he will give him in its stead. Does
he want the itch or measles in place of the small pox?

"How does the Freethinker come to know so much more than millions
of good and great men who for eighteen centuries have believed in
Christianity?"

(a) Here we have the old question of majorities.

Millions of good and great men once firmly believed in witchcraft.

Luther said: "I would have no compassion on these witches, I would
burn them all."

John Wesley said: "Giving up witchcraft is giving up the Bible."

Sir Matthew Hale believed in witchcraft.

(b) The good and great men of many ages believed in hell--that is,
for somebody else. Practically hell is now in the lower case, if not
entirely closed up for repairs.

(c) Millions of good and wise men for many centuries believed that
this earth was flat, and that the sun went daily round it. And these
good and wise people burned all those who did not agree with them.

(d) Millions of the best of earth at one time believed that it was
right and proper to hang a man for stealing a sheep.

(e) At one time almost every body believed that it was well-pleasing
to God, for Christians to torture and murder heretics.

(f) Millions of the wisest and best men have at different times
believed that the world was speedily coming to an end.

(g) The great men of the past professed to believe in Christianity
because they were compelled to do so through fear of persecution,
torture, and death. Millions of prominent men in society to-day,
have to pretend to believe in the doctrines of the church in order
to be respectable.

(h) In every country under the sun people believe in their own
religion.--The good and great Mohammedans, believe in Islamism. The
good and great Buddhists believe in Buddhism, and the good and great
Brahmins, believe in Brahminism.

(i) The wise men of to-day in Europe and America do not believe in
Christianity. The men of science do not attempt to prove the claims
of Christianity.

It is claimed that Infidelity is demoralizing in its tendency.

(a) With such lives before us as those of Paine, Ingersoll, Palmer,
Bennett, Wright, Seaver, and many others this charge proves to be
groundless.

(b) Liberal principles are not degrading. Truth, liberty, and justice
cannot demoralize, but blind faith does.

"Infidels always repent on their death bed."

(a) Paine did not. Bennett did not. Dr. T. Brown did not. Courtlandt
Palmer, Horace Seaver, Elizur Wright, did not--and millions of other
good men have died tranquilly without any belief whatever in another
world.

"Can Infidelity save the world?"

One thing is certain, namely, that Christianity cannot do it, as it
has been trying to do so for eighteen centuries.

There is no such thing as salvation possible.

The world can be improved most rapidly by allowing everyone to
mind his own business--by giving man his natural and equal rights,
by inspiring him with liberty, for nothing so fully prepares people
for liberty as liberty itself.

"What has Freethought done for the world?"

(a) What has Christianity done for the world? Why it has built schools,
churches, and charitable institutions.

(b) It is true that Christianity instituted schools, colleges,
and universities; but not for the purpose of educating the people
in truth, but in only such knowledge as would not conflict with its
own superstitions. Christian schools have been for ages at war with
science and liberty.

(c) It is true that the church builds asylums for the poor--but it is
the church that is in a large degree responsible for the impoverished
condition of the people. And the very money that builds the almshouse
was begged from the poor, by the church. The church has nothing of
itself to give except preaching. When the church builds an institution
it first becomes a beggar.

(d) The church builds insane asylums. And the church has filled them
with her own people. There are more people made crazy and insane by
religious excitements than by any other one thing.

"What have Infidels given for education, charity, and science?"

We will give the names of six noted Freethinkers, and could give
more, but give these six to begin with: Stephen Girard, Robert Owen,
James Lick, William Maclure, John Rodman, and Peter Brigham. These
gentleman who were all Infidels, gave at least fifteen millions of
dollars for education, science, and charity. The vast sum given by
Stephen Girard for a secular education of orphan children has been
stolen by Christians and put to another use.




Orthodoxy and Liberalism Compared.

1. Orthodoxy has a creed, but Liberalism has none. A creed is something
you do not understand, but it is nevertheless necessary for you to
profess that you believe it--and the more unreasonable and impossible
this something is the greater merit you have in saying you believe it.

2. Orthodoxy has a Bible. Liberalism accepts all bibles and books
for what they are worth.

3. Orthodoxy has a savior--Liberalism seeks to make all men saviors.

It should not be forgotten that the orthodox savior has failed after
trying for eighteen centuries. He even fails to save his own professed
people and to make them any better than other folks.

4. Orthodoxy has a prospective heaven. Liberalism takes no stock in
harps and crowns in the sky country--and is not terrorized by smoke
from the sulphur lake.

5. Orthodoxy insists that the most imperative duty is to believe, while
Liberalism teaches that man should think, question, and investigate,
and always be governed by reason.

The one preaches "he that hath ears to hear, let him hear (us the
preachers);" the other teaches that "he who has brains to think,
let him think."

6. Orthodoxy commands you to obey. Liberalism inspires you to defy
despotism and to love liberty.

7. Orthodoxy tells you that there is merit in believing. Liberalism
shows you that there is no merit in belief.

8. Orthodoxy maintains that belief is subject to one's will. Liberalism
proves that intelligent belief depends upon evidence, and that
religious beliefs are inherited.

9. Orthodoxy hinges most of its teachings upon the traditions of
the past, the mysteries of the present and the hopes of an imaginary
future.

Liberalism admits of no postponement. "One world at a time," and now
is the time.

10. Orthodoxy is opposed to the teachings of science. See the lives
of Galileo, Bruno, Copernicus.

11. Orthodoxy persecutes her own followers; for example: Dr. Thomas,
Professor Swing, Professor William Robertson Smith of Aberdeen
College, Scotland, Professor Winchell of Vanderbilt University,
Professor Blauvelt, Professor John Miller of Princeton, New Jersey,
and hosts of others.

12. Orthodoxy seeks to guide men by authority, mottoes, and
texts. Liberalism inspires man to govern and guide himself through
the exercise of his own reason.

13. Orthodoxy teaches that the innocent must suffer that the guilty
may escape. Liberalism teaches that justice should be meted out to
all. The great scheme of salvation failed because it was a "scheme." It
is now pretty well known as a "bankrupt scheme."

14. "The Bible has stood the attack of Infidelity during eighteen
centuries." Ignorance has stood the attack of knowledge for a much
longer time, and yet ignorance has not so very materially suffered--it
is still ignorance.

Vice has stood the attacks of virtue ever since the world
began. Superstition has been besieged by science for many centuries,
and yet superstition seems hale and hearty and bids fair to have a long
life. Is it true that those who believe in the Bible are willing to
have it tested by reason, justice, or humanity? It is not true that
it has stood the test of science. Christians are not willing to have
the Bible tested.

"The Infidel rejects the religion of his mother." Not always; but
even suppose it were true, did not Jesus reject the religion of his
mother? Did not Paul, Peter, Luther, Wesley--did they not all reject
the religion of their mothers?

Does not preaching consist in asking people to reject the religion
of their mothers and to come over to the preacher's religion?

"Freethinkers are ruthless, and do not care how much they hurt our
feelings. They speak coarsely upon sacred subjects." Yes; but do not
Christians hurt our feelings? They send us to hell, and then put on
a look of injured innocence if we do not sweetly return them "thanks."

It is often charged that Freethinkers do not believe anything. While
it is true that we are not strong in any form of religious beliefs,
yet it is true that we have most positive and decided convictions in
regard to this world. We advocate freedom, truth, justice, equity,
and every known human virtue. These all have an existence, we believe
in all these present existing virtues. We believe in the realities,
but the saint believes in the unrealities. He relishes as the meat
and drink of his soul, such airy nothings as: dreams, visions,
trances, inspirations, revelations, mysteries, miracles, witches,
evil spirits, demons, devils, angels, immaculate conception, raising
of the dead, drinking poison with impunity, omens, signs, sorcery,
magic, resurrection, and ascension.

"We are fools for Christ's sake," says the apostle, and in the language
of the Quaker, we must say, we have not the heart to contradict him.

It is objected that "Freethought has no moral standard."--Yes it
has--it has Reason the only true lamp to man's path. "But Reason is
fallible, you can not always trust it." You cannot always trust the
reason of him who is not well developed mentally and well informed. But
the Bible is fallible, and always fallible, and you can trust it in
but very few places except where it presents truth; and this moral
truth is older than it. So we could get along without the Bible, but
we could hardly get along without Reason, although some people try to.

"There is no agreement among Freethinkers." That is their
glory. Freethought has no procrustean bed upon which it may bring all
of its constituency to one and the same size. The glory of Freethought
is that it inspires man to become free and possess his liberty against
all invaders. To be free is to be a man, and not to be free is to be
a slave.

Is there, let me ask, anything like agreement among the creeds? Have
the Bible expounders always seen eye to eye? Do the biblical critics
all harmonize? Where, I would like to know, can you find more
disagreement than in the Christian church?




Infidelity.

"Infidelity is honest. When it reaches the confines of reason, it says:
I know no further.

"Infidelity does not palm its guess upon the ignorant as a
demonstration. Infidelity proves nothing by slander--establishes
nothing by abuse.

"Infidelity has nothing to hide. It has no 'holy of holies,' except
the abode of truth. It has no curtain that the hand of investigation
has not the right to draw aside. It lives in the cloudless light,
in the very noon of human eyes.

"Infidelity has no bible to be blasphemed. It does not cringe before
an angry god.

"Infidelity says to every man: Investigate for yourself. There is no
punishment for unbelief.

"Infidelity asks for no protection from legislatures. It wants no
man fined because he contradicts its doctrines.

"Infidelity relies simply upon evidence--not evidence of the dead,
but of the living.

"Infidelity has no infallible pope. It relies only on infallible
fact. It has no priest except the interpreter of nature. The universe
is its church. Its bible is everything that is true. It implores
every man to verify every word for himself, and it implores him to
say if he does not believe it, that he does not.

"Infidelity does not fear contradiction. It is not afraid of
being laughed at. It invites the scrutiny of all doubters, of all
unbelievers. It does not rely upon awe, but upon reason. It says to
the whole world: It is dangerous not to think. It is dangerous not
to be honest. It is dangerous not to investigate. It is dangerous
not to follow where reason leads.

"Infidelity requires every man to judge for himself. Infidelity
preserves the manhood of man." (Ingersoll's "Interviews," p. 165.)

Por.--Why, man, what's the matter? Don't tear your hair.

Sir Hugh.--I have been beaten in a discussion, overwhelmed and
humiliated.

Por.--Why didn't you call your adversary a fool?

Sir Hugh.--My God! I forgot it!




The Objects of Orthodoxy and Liberalism.

Liberalism, like all reform movements, is poorly understood by all
the masses. The more ignorant of the clergy know nothing of its real
objects, and the few who do understand it dare not tell the truth,
therefore we can not refer to its real objects too often. In this
article we propose to place side by side the principle objects of
Orthodoxy and Liberalism without comment so that our readers will be
able to study them in contrast and see which is the more reasonable.

Orthodoxy seeks first and above all to glorify God; Liberalism seeks
first and above all to glorify man.

Orthodoxy seeks to save men from hell; Liberalism seeks to save them
from vice, ignorance, and superstition.

Orthodoxy teaches men how to die; Liberalism teaches them how to live.

Orthodoxy says believe and be saved; Liberalism says behave and
be saved.

Orthodoxy promises happiness to the elect in another world; Liberalism
seeks to make all happy in this one.

Orthodoxy encourages men to seek for mansions in the skies; Liberalism
encourages them to secure homes on earth.

Orthodoxy teaches men to rely on God and pray; Liberalism teaches
them to rely on themselves and work.

Orthodoxy teaches self-abnegation; Liberalism teaches self-respect.

Orthodoxy tells you what the Bible means; Liberalism takes it for
granted the Bible means what it says.

Orthodoxy says salvation is by faith only; Liberalism says it is by
honesty, education, and industry.

Orthodoxy offers a substitute for the sins of such as believe;
Liberalism expects every man to answer for his own acts. (Independent
Pulpit.)







CHRISTIANITY AND MATERIALISM COMPARED.


Christianity Teaches:               Materialism Teaches:

1. The existence of a God           1. The self-existence, the
infinite in presence, yet a         eternity, and the sufficiency of
personal being; infinite in         nature, and the universality and
knowledge, yet a being who          invariableness of natural law.
cogitates, contrives, plans, and
designs, like man; infinite in      2. That in the history of this
power, yet the author of a world    world there has been an evolution
full of imperfections; infinite     from the simple to the complex,
in goodness (as well as power),     from the special to the general,
yet permits martyrs to expire       from the homogeneous to the
amid flames, and patriots and       heterogeneous.
philanthropists to languish in
dungeons; unchangeable, yet at a    3. That good and evil are relative
certain time after a                terms. All morality is founded on
beginningless state of inaction,    utility and evolved by the wants
aroused from his idleness and       and necessities of human existence.
made a universe out of nothing;     Honesty is right, not because a God
is not the cause of evil, yet the   has so declared, but because man's
creator of everything and           security, safety, and happiness are
everybody save himself; is free     promoted by it.
from infirmities, yet is pleased
with some things and displeased     4. That man's condition, although
with others; is without body,       imperfect, is improvable by his own
parts, or passions, and yet is of   unaided efforts.
the masculine gender.
                                    5. That man should look to himself
2. The original perfection of       and not to a spectacle of suffering
everything.                         and death of eighteen hundred years
                                    ago, for improvement and elevation.
3. The existence of a devil--a
creature made by God, and the       6. That belief and unbelief are
author of evil that will exist      involuntary and without moral merit
forever.                            or demerit.

4. That man is a "fallen            7. That instead of worshiping God,
creature," and unable to improve    we should direct all our efforts to
by his own unassisted efforts.      improve ourselves, letting "gods
                                    attend on things for gods to know."
5. That man can be "saved" only
through the blood and merits of     8. That man, wherever he may exist,
Christ.                             it is rational to believe, will be
                                    fitted to his condition. An
6. That belief in the Christian     unbroken everlasting sleep, which
system involves moral merit;        probably awaits us all, affords no
disbelief, sin.                     ground for fear. And how infinitely
                                    preferable to a future state of
7. That it is man's duty to         punishment in which the majority of
worship God by prayer and praise.   our race will be forever miserable!

8. That a comparatively small       9. That the teachings of reason and
portion of mankind in the future    the lessons of experience are the
will be happy; the greater          only revelations man has received.
portion will be in torment
eternally.                          10. That the Bible should be tested
                                    by the same rules of historical and
9. That man has received a book     modern criticism that are applied
revelation, of which, however,      to other ancient documents.
but a comparatively small part of
the race has ever obtained          11. That the barbarous acts of the
information.                        Israelites, like those of other
                                    ancient nations, were the result of
10. That reason should be           their undeveloped, and uncivilized
subordinated to the teachings of    condition.
the Bible.
                                    12. That the universe is full of
11. That the acts of the Jews,      mysteries, above our comprehension,
such as are practiced now by        but none contrary to our reason.
barbarians only, were commanded
by God, and were, therefore,        13. That the difference of opinion
right.                              among Liberals is consistent with
                                    their common position that man has
12. That there are mysteries        no infallible standard. That the
contrary to experience and          enlightened reason of man is the
reason, which must nevertheless     highest and best standard he
be believed.                        possesses.

13. Although God has given man a    14. That woman is man's equal and
revelation, there is great          natural companion--exists for him
uncertainty as to what he meant     only in the sense in which he
to say on several subjects of       exists for her.
great importance.
                                    15. That slavery, polygamy, and
14. That woman is man's inferior    despotism are evils whenever and
and subordinate, was made for his   wherever they exist.
gratification and convenience,
while man was made for himself      16. That man should attend to the
and the glory of God.               affairs of this world, and,
                                    contrary to the notion of Jesus,
15. That God has approved and       should take "thought for the
sanctioned polygamy, slavery, and   morrow."
despotism.
                                    17. That evil is due to natural
16. That man should take no         causes. Man can gradually remove
thought for the morrow. He should   the evils that afflict him by
pattern after the lilies of the     becoming acquainted with his
field.                              nature, relations, and
                                    surroundings.
17. That man's ills and
sufferings are ascribable largely   18. Jesus was probably a reformer,
to the immediate agency of a        a "come-outer," an "Infidel" of his
personal, malicious Devil--a        time. We can esteem him as a
being of extended presence, of      benefactor without worshiping him
almost infinite knowledge, of       as a God.
great strategy, and immense
power.                              19. The present is better than the
                                    past, and the golden age of the
18. That Jesus was God Almighty     world is in the future.
incased in human flesh.

19. That the golden age of the
earth was in the past.
                                                       B. F. Underwood.




"Safest to Believe."

It has often been argued that credulity is safer than skepticism--that
"it is safest to believe;" inasmuch as if a man believes in heaven and
hell, and there be no such places, he is, if no gainer, at least no
loser; whereas the Infidel may lose, and cannot gain. Upon the same
principle, it were safest to believe all the religions of the world
at once--Christian, Mohammedan, Jewish, Hindoo, Confucian, and all
the rest; because it is but insuring the matter by halves to trust
to one only. If Allah be not the only God and Mahomet be an imposter,
there is no harm done and nothing lost; and if there be not a paradise
in another world, there has been a pleasant dream of anticipated joys
in this.

Let us ask, is the balance of profit and loss fairly struck? Are the
chances all in favor of the believer and all against the skeptic? Is
there nothing to be thrown into the opposite scale? Surely much. If
religion be a fallacy, it is a fallacy pregnant with mischief. It
excites the fears without foundation; it fosters feelings of
separation between the believer and the unbeliever; it consumes
valuable time that can never be recalled, and valuable talents that
ought to be better employed; it draws money from our pockets to
support a delusion; it teaches the elect to look upon their fellow
men as heathen and castaways, living in sin here, and doomed to
perdition hereafter; it awakens harassing doubts, gloomy despondency,
and fitful melancholy; it turns our thoughts from the things of the
world, where alone true knowledge is found; it speaks of temporal
miseries and temporal pleasures as less than nothing and vanity,
and thus fosters indifference to the causes of the weal and woe of
mankind; worse than all, it chains us down to an antiquated orthodoxy,
and forbids the free discussion of those very subjects which it most
concerns us to investigate. If religion be a fallacy, its votaries are
slaves. Whereupon, then, rests the assertion, that if the believer does
not gain, he cannot lose? Is it nothing to lose time and talents, to
waste our labor on that which is not bread, and our money upon that
which profiteth not? Is it nothing to feel that the human beings
that surround us are children of the devil and heirs of hell? Is
it nothing to think that we may perhaps look across the great gulf
and see some one we have loved on earth tormented in a fiery lake;
and hear him ask us to dip a finger in water that it may cool his
parched tongue? Is it no loss to live in disquiet by day, and in
fear by night; to pass through dark seasons of doubt and temptation,
and to be conscious that we are but as strangers and pilgrims here,
toiling through a weary valley of cares and sorrows? Is it no loss to
hold back when truth oversteps the line of orthodoxy, and when there
ought to be free discussion, to shrink before we know not what? Is
all this no loss? Or, is it not rather the loss of all that a free
and rational being most values?

Those engaged in the trade of religion, imagine themselves to have a
mighty advantage against Infidels upon the strength of the old, worn
out argument that whether the Christian religion be true or false
there can be no harm in believing; and that belief is, at any rate,
the safer side. Now to say nothing of this old popish argument, which a
sensible man must see is the very essence of popery, and would oblige
us to believe all the absurdities and nonsense in the world: inasmuch
as if there be no harm in believing, and there be some harm and danger
in not believing, the more we believe, the better; and all the argument
for any religion whatever would be, that it should frighten us out of
our wits; the more terrible, the more true; and it would be our duty
to become the converts of that religion, whatever it might be, whose
priests could swear the loudest, and damn and curse the fiercest. This
is a wolfish argument in sheep's clothing. (Truth Seeker tract.)




The "Safe Side."

"Ours is the safe side," says the Christian; "for if Infidelity be
true then both Infidel and Christian have the same destiny, namely
to die and end all, but if Christianity be true what will become
of the Infidel?" In reply to this we say, that although at death
both believer and unbeliever fall asleep side by side upon the
bosom of mother earth, yet it does not make yours the safe side;
because if Christianity be true then the most of the human race
go into eternal torment. Orthodoxy has always taught that "many
are called but few are chosen." Now if nine tenths of the race are
going to suffer endless pain I do not see how those who are going to
constitute a large part of that number and are to be eternally lost,
can call it the "safe side." For it should not be forgotten that
the vast majority of those who are going to suffer the wrath of God,
are professed Christians. "Many will say unto me in that day, Lord,
Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name done many
wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them--I never knew you,
depart from me ye that work iniquity." (Mat. 7 : 22, 23.)

No, no, it will not do to trust that side as the "safe side" where
"many are called but few are chosen."

We need something safer than that.

Again, we do not see how it can be the "safe side," to despise this
life, in hopes of another that we know nothing of. If Infidelity be
true, all Christians are superstitious idolaters. If Infidelity be
true, Christians are deceived and are corrupting the minds of millions
of children with superstition which will render them bigoted, cruel,
and unhappy. And this is about the size of it. How, then, can it be
the safe side. The safe side is always to be fair and honorable. It
is safe always to examine both sides. It is safe to be on the alert
for more truth. It is safe to accept the truth even when it cuts away
old prejudices and old beliefs. It is safe not to be a sectarian. It
is not safe to be a partizan, but it is safe to be free, courageous,
and honest in all things. It is not safe for you to cling to myths,
fables, and superstitions, and to leave them as a blighting inheritance
to your children.




Popular Objections to Infidelity Answered, Showing Some Mistakes
of Christians.

1. That we are negative, only.--We deny what we deem to be false,
we affirm what we believe to be true, Christians do the same;
only much that they affirm, we deny, and much that they deny,
we affirm. Negation is necessary and healthful. No affirmation is
possible that does not presuppose a negation. Negation is but the
assailing side of affirmation. We deny the fables of mythology;
we affirm the demonstrable truths of science.

2. That we have no incentive to good deeds.--If the Christian acts
as he believes, he does good to escape hell and gain heaven--he
respects the rights of others through fear of punishment and hope of
reward. Hence it is that he cannot understand how the man who rejects
his creed can be a good man. We do right because all the experience of
the race has shown that what we call "right" is conducive to happiness;
because the line of right action is the line of least resistance;
because we believe in the principle of reciprocity, and because every
act of every individual becomes a part of the inheritance of the race,
and thus as we are, so shall be our children. If we are intemperate,
diseased, and criminal, our children shall suffer in consequence
thereof. What higher or stronger incentive to right action can
be offered?

3. That we are unhappy.--Why should we be more unhappy than the
Christian? Why should we not be more happy? We live in the same world;
we believe in making the most of its opportunities for obtaining
happiness, while he (theoretically, at least,) believes that earthly
joy depreciates heavenly bliss; we are cursed by no fear of an angry
God, by no dreams of an endless hell and of a revengeful devil; the
Christian no more than the Infidel, is exempt from accident, sickness
and death, and the agony of parting with loved ones is his no less
than ours. He accepts Revelation and Creation, and hence believes
that we belong to a falling race; we accept Science and Evolution,
and hence believe that we belong to a rising race. Which is the most
rational and hope inspiring belief?

4. That it is "safest to believe."--If this proves anything it proves
too much. If our future (if we have one) can be rendered more secure
by pretending to believe when we do not, then the Protestant should
accept Catholicism, and the Catholic, Protestantism, while the members
of every sect should believe all that is taught by all other sectarists
and Christians of every school should believe all that is contained
in the sacred books of other religions.

5. That we hurt the feelings of those who cherish the old faith.--Why
should the Christian complain that we disturb settled convictions and
cut loose the anchored bark of faith? Has not Christianity ever been
a missionary religion? It seeks to disturb the religion of the whole
world. Christians attack all religions other than their own--our
offence is that we include Christianity in the category of false
faiths. (Lucifer.)




"All Owing to the Bible."

"It is a very common argument with Christians, that only those nations
which have had the Bible are refined, civilized and learned. The
following is the boastful manner in which Christians set forth the
claims of their religion: "Take a map of the world, draw a line around
those countries that have enjoyed the highest degree of refinement,
and you will encircle just those nations that have received the Bible
as their authority in religion." In refutation of this assumption
Horace Seaver writes: "From this language the plain inference is,
that those nations have been indebted to the influence of the Bible
for the positions to which they have attained. Let us follow out a
little this line of argument and see where it will lead.

"The ancient Egyptians stood as far in advance of their contemporaries
as do the nations of Christendom at the present day, as the remains of
their cities and temples fully attest. And if the argument is good,
they were indebted for that superiority to their worship of cats,
crocodiles, and onions!

"The ancient Greek might have exclaimed, as he beheld the proud
position to which Greece attained--'See what we owe to a belief in our
glorious mythology; we have reached the highest point of enlightenment
the world has ever witnessed; we stand unequaled in power, wealth,
the cultivation of the arts, and all that makes a nation refined,
polished, and great!'

"How immeasurably would his faith in the elevating tendency of his
religion have been increased could he have looked with prophetic eye
into the distant ages of the future, and beheld the enlightened and
Christianized nations of the nineteenth century adopting the remains
of Grecian architecture, sculpture, painting, oratory, music and
literature as their models! Pagan Rome, too, once mistress of the
world and arbitress of nations--the home of philosophers and sages--the
land in which the title 'I am a Roman citizen,' was the proudest that
mortal could wear--Rome, by the above Christian argument, should have
ascribed all her honor, praise, and glory to her mythology.

"The Turk and the Saracen, likewise, have had their day of power and
renown. Bagdad was the seat of science and learning at a time when
the nations of Europe were sunk in darkness and superstition. The
Turk and Saracen should have pointed to the Koran as the source of
their refinement.

"Thus we see that the Christian argument we are noticing, if it
proves anything, it proves too much. If the nations of Christendom
are indebted to the Bible for their enlightenment, likewise were
the Egyptians indebted to their cat and crocodile and onion worship,
the Greeks and Romans to their mythology and the Turks and Saracens
to their Koran."--Seaver.

The following is from William Denton's "Common Sense Thoughts on
the Bible:"

"'But it is well known, that in those countries where the Bible is
read, studied, and believed in, there is more knowledge and greater
freedom, more virtue and happiness, than in any other countries.'"

"If true, and if all this was the result of reading and believing the
Bible, it would not prove the Bible to be divine. A book may be useful,
though merely human. But where is the proof that we owe our virtue,
liberty, and enlightenment to the Bible? The Abyssinians have had the
Bible in their possession twice as long as the Anglo-Saxons, and yet
they are a race of barbarians still. What did the Bible accomplish for
the people of Syria, and Asia Minor, who were first blessed with it? So
little, that the Koran superseded it; the Mohammedans being superior
in almost every respect, to the Christians whom they conquered and
converted. The Greeks and Romans were as far in advance of surrounding
nations as we are or profess to be. Was it the Bible that elevated
and made them and made their unsurpassed poets, painters, sculptors,
and orators? Their priests, doubtless, attributed their superiority
to the superior religion they possessed. So Bible believers oppose
science and reform to the last; but when they triumph in spite of
their opposition, they are the first to shout glory to the Bible for
what it has accomplished."--Denton.

"I had a conversation with a gentleman once--and these gentlemen are
always mistaking something that goes along with a thing for the cause
of the thing--and he stated to me that his particular religion was
the cause of all advancement. I said to him, 'No, sir; the causes of
all advancement in my judgment, are plug hats and suspenders.' And
I said to him, 'You go to Turkey, where they are semi-barbarians,
and you won't find a pair of suspenders or a plug hat in all that
country; you go to Russia, and you will find now and then a pair of
suspenders at Moscow or St. Petersburg; but you go on down until you
strike Austria, and black hats begin; then you go to Paris, Berlin, and
New York, and you will find everybody wears suspenders and everybody
wears black hats. Wherever you find education and music, there you
will find black hats and suspenders.' He said that any man who said
to him that plug hats and suspenders had done more for mankind than
the Bible and religion he would not talk to." (Ingersoll's "Ghosts.")







THE BIBLE ON TEMPERANCE.

    Passages Commending or Enjoining the Use of Wine or Strong
    Drink, or Both, or including a Plentiful supply of Wine among
    the Blessings to be Bestowed upon Favored individuals or tribes,
    etc.; or including the Deprivation of it among the Punishments
    inflicted upon the Disobedient.


"Jacob, blessing Judah, said: (Gen. 49 : 11, 12): 'Binding his foal
unto the vine, and his ass's colt unto the choice vine; he washed
his garments in wine, and his clothes in the blood of grapes. His
eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk.'

"Doesn't look as though Yahweh, the 'God of Jacob,' thought wine a
very bad article.

"Num. 6 : 20: 'After that the Nazarite may drink wine.'

"In Deut. 7 : 13, God, through Moses, said to his chosen people:
'And he will love thee, and bless thee, and multiply thee; and he
will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land,
thy corn, and thy wine, and thine oil,' etc., etc.

"Just think of it, Woman's Christian Temperance Union people, God has
solemnly promised to bless his faithful children with an especially
large vintage, a better vintage than that of their unbelieving
neighbors! Rather rough on the heretic French and the Infidel Germans!

"Deut. 11 : 14: 'That I will give you the rain of your land in his
due season, the first rain and the latter rain, that thou mayest
gather in thy corn, and thy wine, and thy oil.'

"Yahweh is determined that the supply of wine shall not fall short.

"Deut. 14 : 26: 'And thou shalt bestow that money for whatsoever
thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for
strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth; and thou shalt
eat there before the Lord thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou and
thine household.'

"Rev. Mr. Stevenson to the box! Repeat your testimony, please. 'I said
that, The education of the children of the republic in temperance
principles logically involves the maintenance in those schools of
the Bible as the great text book in morals.'

"Deut. 15 : 14: 'Thou shalt furnish him liberally out of thy flock,
and out of thy floor, and out of thy wine-press of that wherewith
the Lord thy God hath blessed thee thou shalt give unto him.'

"This is said regarding the manumitted Hebrew slave. And so it
is a blessing for God to give the fruit of the wine-press to his
children? And we are to emulate him?

"It seems that God punishes his people by blasting their vineyards,
and thus cutting short their supply of wine, as below:

"Deut. 28 : 39: 'Thou shalt plant vineyards, and dress them, but thou
shalt neither drink of the wine, nor gather the grapes, for the worms
shall eat them.'

"Verse 51 of the same chapter tells the people that their cattle
and wine and oil shall be taken from them if they disobey God's
commands. This is the famous 'cursing chapter' of the Bible, and is
just the reading calculated to make a man believe that God was the
first pope of Rome.

"Deuteronomy is a very good book for the Woman's Christian Temperance
Union, and I suggest that it hold a special meeting to pray for the
evidently 'rum'-loving god who wrote it. There is much other matter
in it that helps to make it an admirable work for use in the schools.

"Judges 9 : 13: 'And the vine said unto them, Should I leave my wine,
which cheereth God and man, and go to be promoted over the trees?'

"Ah! so it appears that God, the 'original prohibitionist,' according
to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union drinks wine, else how could
it cheer him?

"Second Sam. 6 : 19: 'And he dealt among all the people, even among
the whole multitude of Israel, as well to the women as men, to every
one a cake of bread, and a good piece of flesh, and a flagon of wine.'

"Query: What would the Christian temperance ladies have done with that
wine had they been present when David, the man after God's own heart,
dealt it out to all, men as well as women?

"Second Sam. 16 : 2: 'And Ziba said, The asses be for the king's
household to ride on; and the bread and summer fruit for the young men
to eat; and the wine that such as faint in the wilderness may drink.'

"In Kansas and Iowa many get 'faint in the wilderness,' judging by
the business of the drugstores. No doubt they have all seen this
prescription given by God.

"Second Chron. 2 : 10: 'And behold, I will give to thy servants,
the hewers that cut timber, twenty thousand measures of beaten wheat,
and twenty thousand measures of barley, and twenty thousand baths of
wine, and twenty thousand baths of oil.'

"The article which Solomon, 'the wisest of all men,' gave to the
servants of the king of Tyre in one-fourth payment for their labor
in preparing the temple which he built to the Lord, was probably
especially blessed by the Lord for that use, and so rendered
non-intoxicating, else we must conclude that he pays those who build
houses for him in what friend St. John would call 'liquid damnation.'

"And inasmuch as Solomon was the wisest of all men (or God made a
mistake when he so said), and the temple was for the said God, I am
justified in concluding that this God regards wine as a legal tender,
and so I put the above passage in this category as one in which God
has sanctified the use of wine.

"Neh. 5 : 11: (To the usurers): 'Restore, I pray you, to them, even
this day, their lands, their vineyards, their olive yards, and their
houses, also the hundredth part of the money, and of the corn, the
wine, and the oil, that ye exact of them.'

"Neh. 10 : 39: 'For the children of Israel and the children of Levi
shall bring the offering of the corn, of the new wine, and the oil
... and we will not forsake the house of our God.'

"Wine, old or 'new,' seems to have been always acceptable to 'our God,'
whether tendered as a holy offering or otherwise.

"'The Lord' makes wine, according to the Psalmist:

"Psalm 104 : 15: 'And wine that maketh glad the heart of man, and oil
to make his face to shine, and bread which strengtheneth man's heart.'

"If 'the Lord' lived in Iowa, Lozier and Foster would have him arrested
for violation of the new iron-clad prohibitory law.

"Prov. 3 : 10: 'So shall thy barns be filled with plenty, and thy
presses shall burst out with new wine.'

"Prov. 31 : 6, 7: 'Give strong drink unto him that is ready to perish,
and wine unto those that be of heavy heart. Let him drink and forget
his poverty and remember his misery no more.'

"In these two verses, the author of Proverbs has more than nullified
all the good things he said in his earlier chapters, and which I have
quoted in List A. I am quite sure that where they have prevented the
drinking of one glass of wine or strong drink, these passages have
led to the drinking of one thousand. And this is a mild statement of
the case.

"Eccl. 9 : 7: 'Go thy way, eat thy bread with joy, and drink thy wine
with a merry heart; for God now accepteth thy works.'

"Song of Sol. 1 : 2: 'Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth;
for thy love is better than wine.'

"From this we gather that, next to love wine is the best thing
in the world. This is the opinion of most bacchanalian experts,
I believe. Solomon seems to have had much experience.

"Song of Sol. 5 : 1: 'I have drunk my wine with my milk; eat, O
friends; drink, yea, drink abundantly, O believers.'

"Is this the earliest mention of milk punch?

"Song of Sol. 8 : 2: 'I would cause thee to drink of spiced wine of
the juice of my pomegranate.' Metaphorical, undoubtedly.

"Isa. 1 : 22: 'Thy silver is become dross, thy wine mixed with water.'

"Have your wine full strength, as much as you would have your silver
unalloyed, is the admonition of God's prophet.

"Isa. 24 : 7: 'The new wine mourneth, the vine languisheth; all the
merry-hearted do sigh.'

"One more in the long list of passages wherein it is said that God
punished his chosen people by cutting off their vintage. What God
regards as a real deprivation to lose must be good to have and to keep,
in his opinion, whatever the Woman's Christian Temperance Union people
may think about it. Verse 9 says: 'They shall not drink wine with a
song; strong drink shall be bitter to them that drink it.' Verse 11:
'There is a crying for wine in the streets; all joy is darkened;
the mirth of the land is gone.'

"God thus punished them by taking away their wine, on the same
principle that he punishes us by killing our children, as Christians
say that he does. Will they contend that children are inherently an
evil? They must if they follow the same line of reasoning that they
do in interpreting these texts.

"Isa. 27 : 2, 3: 'In that day sing ye unto her, a vineyard of red
wine. I the Lord do keep it; I will water it every moment; lest any
hurt it, I will keep it night and day.'

"Figurative, doubtless! So is the next, but all the influence of these
passages is on the side of intemperance, necessarily, for the simple
reason that the great mass of the people will take them literally,
and for the further reason that the constant association of wine
with 'good news' and symbols of religion familiarize the mind with
it and serve to give it something of a sacred character. This last
mentioned fact helps to explain why the church so long opposed the
modern temperance movement. But here is the passage above indicated,
Isa. 55 : 1: 'Ho, everyone that thirsteth, come ye to the waters,
and he that hath no money; come ye, buy and eat: yea, come buy wine
and milk without money and without price.'

"Isa. 62 : 8: 'The Lord hath sworn by his right hand, and by the arm
of his strength, Surely I will no more give thy corn to be meat for
thine enemies; and the sons of the stranger shall not drink thy wine,
for the which thou hast labored.'

"Rev. Stevenson should suggest to the Lord that, whereas wine is an
evil thing, and the Bible a 'great text book of morals,' and the
palladium of temperance, essential in the proper training of our
children, therefore, he, the Lord, should have clearly shown that he
meant that the enemies of his chosen people should take from them
their wine that through such deprivation they should be better and
happier. But, no! he ranks wine with corn, and registers a mighty
oath that the people shall have them both.

"Isa. 65 : 8: 'Thus saith the Lord, As the new wine is found in the
cluster, and one saith, Destroy it not, for a blessing is in it,
so I will do for my servants' sake, that I may not destroy them all.'

"Jer. 31 : 12: 'Therefore they shall come and sing in the height of
Zion, and shall flow together to the goodness of the Lord, for wheat,
and for wine, and for oil,' etc.

"Jer. 40 : 10: 'But ye, gather ye wine, and summer fruits, and oil, and
put them in your vessels, and dwell in the cities that ye have taken.'

"Probably 'wine' here means grapes, though it is used in the same
construction as 'oil.'

"Jer. 48 : 33: 'And joy and gladness is taken from the plentiful field,
and from the land of Moab, and I have caused wine to fail from the
wine presses.'

"Dan. 1 : 5: 'And the king appointed them a daily provision of the
king's meat, and of the wine which he drank, so nourishing them three
years, that at the end thereof they might stand before the king.'

"Here God intends, plainly, to convey the impression that wine is
nourishing! The only way in which the Christian temperance people
can relieve him from the imputation of teaching lessons so opposite
to theirs is to enter the plea that he did not inspire the writer!

"Hos. 2 : 8, 9: 'For she did not know that I gave her corn, and wine,
and oil, and multiplied her silver and gold which they prepared
for Baal. Therefore I will return and take away my corn in the time
thereof, and my wine in the season thereof, and will recover my wool
and my flax given to cover her nakedness.'

"Of course, if these passages and very many of like import, are any
argument against wine, they are of equal weight in the scale against
corn, wool, and many other useful and necessary articles. The authors
of such verses, wherever found, unquestionably looked upon wine as
one of God's good gifts to his children, but which he was compelled
to sometimes deprive them of because of their disobedience.

"Hos. 9 : 2: 'The floor and the wine-press shall not feed them,
and the new wine shall fail in her.'

"That is, Israel shall be punished for her transgressions by the
destruction of the fertility of the soil.

"Evidently the perfume of wine was pleasing unto the Lord, for he
says, in promising his blessing to the repentant people (Hos. 14 :
7): 'They shall revive as the corn, and grow as the wine; the scent
thereof shall be as the wine of Lebanon.'

"Joel 1 : 5: 'Awake, ye drunkards, and howl, all ye drinkers of wine.'

"This, taken by itself, would be an unqualified condemnation of
intoxicants, but such was not the prophet's meaning. The verse
concludes: 'Because of the new wine, for it is cut off from your
mouths.'

"In the vision of the prophet he sees the great evils that have
come upon his country; the palmer-worm, and the locust, and the
canker-worm have destroyed the crops. 'The meat-offering and the
drink-offering is cut off from the house of the Lord, ... the corn
is wasted, the oil languisheth,' etc. While in the verse quoted the
drinkers are mildly requested to howl, in verse thirteen we have,
'Gird yourselves and lament, ye priests; howl ye ministers of the
altar.' No temperance admonition or lesson here, that is plain.

"Joel 3 : 18: 'And it shall come to pass in that day that the mountains
shall drop down new wine, and the hills shall flow with milk, and
all the rivers of Judah shall flow with water,' etc.

"Thus, again, among the great blessings to be bestowed upon the
faithful is wine in abundance. One of the facts that strikes me
most forcibly, in making such an examination as this, is the almost
universal favor with which the Hebrew prophets looked upon wine
and wine-drinking; and in prophesying the evils to come upon their
people because of their disobedience to God or their oppression of
their fellows, they rarely fail to include the cutting off of the
wine supply. This they evidently regarded as one of the greatest of
calamities. Our Christian temperance friends would gladly, so they
say, visit wholesale destruction upon the vineyards and barley fields,
and they seem almost to seek to convey the impression that God made a
mistake when he created grapes and barley. This proves how honest they
are when they say that the Bible is a temperance book. In Amos 5 : 11,
we have another example of the above-mentioned fact in the utterances
of the prophet. Denouncing the people for their injustice, he says:
'Ye have planted pleasant vineyards, but ye shall not drink wine of
them.' In the preceding sentence he had said: 'Ye have built houses of
hewn stone, but ye shall not dwell in them.' Houses were good, wine was
good; but because of their sins they should be deprived of both. There
is here no argument either direct or implied in behalf of abstinence.

"Amos 9 : 14: 'And I will bring again the captivity of my people
of Israel, and they shall build the waste cities and inhabit them;
and they shall plant vineyards and drink the wine thereof; they shall
also make gardens and eat the fruit of them.'

"It does not seem that even Mr. Stevenson would venture to claim this
verse as a Bible argument for temperance. They shall drink the wine!

"Micah. 6 : 15: 'Thou shalt sow, but thou shalt not reap; thou shalt
tread the olives, but thou shalt not anoint thee with oil; and sweet
wine, but shalt not drink wine.'

"How can apparently honorable men claim that God, as revealed in the
Bible, disapproves of the use of intoxicants when he is continually
telling his chosen people that he will punish them by destroying
their corn, and their wine, and their oil; evidently taking particular
pains to impress upon them the fact that they (wine, corn, and oil)
are equally good and useful?

"Zeph. 1 : 13: 'They shall also build houses, but not inhabit them;
and they shall plant vineyards, but not drink the wine thereof.'

"The same old story:

"In chapter 1, verse 11, Haggai calls for a drouth upon the land to
punish the people, and he includes, as usual, the corn, and the oil,
and the new wine among the things to be destroyed.

"Zech. 9 : 17: 'For how great is his goodness, and how great is
his beauty; corn shall make the young men cheerful, and new wine
the maids.'

"Rather a singular apportionment of his bounty, unless 'corn' means
something stronger than wine.

"Matt. 11 : 19: 'The Son of man came eating and drinking, and they say,
Behold, a man is gluttonous, and a wine-bibber, a friend of publicans
and sinners. But wisdom is justified of her children.' But are these
her children who claim Jesus as very God and yet fly directly in the
face of his precepts and practice? Or is it moral uprightness instead
of wisdom that they lack?

"In Mat. 21 : 33 to 41, and Mark 12 : 1 to 9, Jesus gives us the
parable of the vineyard and the husbandman, and in it all there is
no hint that there was anything wrong in the business of winemaking.

"The thought that we find expressed in Mat. 11 : 19, is given again
in Luke 7 : 33-4-5, where we read: 'For John the Baptist came neither
eating bread nor drinking wine; and ye say, He hath a devil. The Son
of man is come eating and drinking, and ye say, Behold a gluttonous
man, and a wine-bibber, a friend of publicans and sinners! But wisdom
is justified of all her children.'

"Whoever uttered these words, man or god; whoever wrote them,
John or some one else one hundred or more years later, there can
be no disputing regarding the lesson which is taught. It is that
each individual is to determine for himself or herself in all
things pertaining to personal conduct and habits. 'Let every man
be fully persuaded in his own mind' is the central idea of the
various renderings. There is no rebuke, expressed or implied,
of intemperance; there is nothing that can be tortured into a
condemnation of wine-drinking or into an approval of the principle of
total abstinence, or that of prohibition. Here was his opportunity to
condemn the drinking of wine, to speak for that which is now called
temperance; but from his lips fell no words of warning; to those
gathered about him he said nothing in favor of the great reform which
Christians of to-day, falsely assuming to speak in his name, declare
finds its sanction and inspiration, its bulwark and tower of defense,
in the Bible.

"It seems that the good Samaritan (Luke 10 : 34) had with him a supply
of wine with which he dressed the wounds of the stranger.

"John 2 : 3-11: 'And when they wanted wine, the mother of Jesus saith
unto him, They have no wine. Jesus saith unto her, Woman, what have
I to do with thee? Mine hour is not yet come. His mother saith unto
the servants, Whatsoever he saith unto you, do it. And there were set
there six water pots of stone, after the manner of the purifying of
the Jews, containing two or three firkins apiece. Jesus saith unto
them, Fill the water-pots with water. And they filled them up to
the brim. And he saith unto them, Draw out now, and bear unto the
governor of the feast. And they bare it. When the ruler of the feast
had tasted the water that was made wine, and knew not whence it was
(but the servants which drew the water knew), the governor of the
feast called the bridegroom, and saith unto him, Every man at the
beginning doth set forth good wine; and when men have well drunk,
then that which is worse; but thou hast kept the good wine until
now. This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Galilee, and
manifested forth his glory; and his disciples believed on him.'

"John 4 : 46: 'So Jesus came again into Cana of Galilee, where he
made the water wine.'

"The first miracle which Jesus performed was to convert six pots
of water into wine! And this feat convinced his disciples of his
supernatural origin and powers! And he did this to manifest forth
his glory! Either this is true or the Bible is false. Whether true or
not, it has been a most powerful argument against abstinence; it has
resulted directly in making drunkards, as it has indirectly in making
hypocrites and Jesuitical sophists. I of course mean by this last
sentence that the seeming necessity to prove the Bible a temperance
work has made any number of Christian apologists resort to all kinds
of specious arguments and make any number of false claims in order to
make good their assertions. The assumption that this wine was not of
an intoxicating nature is purely gratuitous. There is not even the
ghost of a fact to be found in support of it. Hundreds of passages,
which I have quoted under their appropriate heads, prove beyond a
doubt that the wine so often mentioned in the Bible was intoxicating;
the words of the governor prove that this miraculously produced portion
of it certainly was of the very best, for it is against all reason to
suppose that men accustomed to the taste and effects of wine would
pronounce simple grape-juice to be better than all that had already
been served to them at the feast; and, finally, the declaration that
this act of Jesus was a miracle and that it made his disciples to
'believe on him,' gives the last stroke to the already nearly dead
'non-intoxicating' theory.

"Col. 2 : 16: 'Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or
in respect of a holy day, or of the new moon, or of the Sabbath days.'

"In other words, judge for yourselves in all these matters, submit
to no dictation from without. How does that strike you, Messrs. Bible
Prohibitionists?

"1 Tim. 5 : 23: 'Drink no longer water, but use a little wine for
thy stomach's sake and thine often infirmities.'

"It is probable that this short verse has led to the consumption of
more wine and caused more intemperance than any other equal number
of words in any language or contained in any book. It has had more
potent effect upon the mind of the Christian believer than have
twenty passages which have in a hesitating, half-hearted, uncertain
way caution against the use of much wine.

"Comparing this class of passages with those grouped under 'A,'
we find that the Bible pleas for temperance are out voted more than
five to one by those in favor of the use of intoxicants. The record
is an astonishingly bad one for the Bible as a total abstinence and
Prohibition work, and should put to the blush all of its worshipers and
apologists who have been so foolish or unscrupulous as to claim that
it is indispensable to the temperance cause and in the education of our
children. Both claims are absurd." (E. C. Walker's "Bible Temperance.")




The Inconsistency of Agnosticism.

    "It seems to me as irrational to say there is no God as to say
    there is a God."--Editor Twentieth Century.


"But pray, why? Does not that proposition tacitly concede that it is
irrational to say there is a God? If so, how can it be irrational
to deny an irrational proposition or absurdity? Are not the two
propositions antithetical? If so, one or the other is, of necessity,
false. Conceding then, as he does, the absurdity of the God idea, why
will Mr. Pentecost persist, inconsistently, in maintaining that there
is no difference between the rationality of Theism and Materialism,
with its incidental Atheism?

"Will he kindly tell us the difference in degree of rationality
between the position that there is a personal Devil and that there is
a God? Are not both notions of the same origin and equally absurd? Are
not both transmitted to us from the dark ages, from the same book, and
must not both stand or fall together? Yet Mr. Pentecost would not, from
pure deference and respect for our poor, non-evolved pious friends,
assume an Agnostic's attitude and concede that 'it is as irrational
to say there is no Devil as to say there is a Devil.' Of course
not. He simply denies the existence of His Satanic Majesty without
equivocation, and the proof of his existence not being forthcoming
his denial is equivalent to proof that such a being does not exist.

"In law and equity the affirmative is obliged to prove its case. If
then a proposition is self-evidently absurd, unnatural and absolutely
impossible, why concede to those affirming, without a shadow of proof,
that their belief is equally rational with our unbelief, that 'it
may be so,' 'I don't know,' etc.

"Having discarded as authoritative ancient traditions, there is
absolutely no logic, no reason, no science, no analogy that will
sustain or demonstrate the existence of a God. And in view of this fact
a simple denial is all-sufficient to prove the negative. As the plea of
the prisoner at the bar of 'not guilty' is equivalent to proof of his
innocence and bound to be respected by court and juror, unless, indeed,
the affirmative, beyond a shadow of a doubt, establishes his guilt, so
the Atheist's fearless denial, nowadays, must demand profound respect,
and is equivalent to proof, unless, indeed, the Church brings proof,
outside of a discarded Bible, of the truth of its basic idea.

"Now, though unnecessary to prove a negative, and the God-idea not
having been established by history, revelation, science, or reason,
yet alleged arguments being continually advanced in the vain endeavor
to resuscitate a vanishing religion, a few propositions are here
advanced which prove there is no God.

"There is a universe. This proves there is no God.

"The universe is infinite. This excludes anything else of like
character--two infinities being an absurdity.

"The universe (nature) is here and there and everywhere. This proves
that God cannot be here and there and everywhere.

"Two bodies cannot occupy the same space at the same time. Matter
(implying energy and force) monopolizing every point of space,
nothing else can occupy it in addition.

"The universe exists now. Something cannot come from nothing, therefore
the universe has always existed.

"Being eternal and infinite, this excludes anything anterior, exterior,
or superior to it.

"Is God in the universe or the universe in God? If there is a God,
either of these propositions must be true, yet both are glaringly
absurd.

"Can an engineer drive a locomotive and be a locomotive at the same
time? If not, how can a God manipulate an infinite universe and be
infinite 'Himself?'

"Yet the universe, outside of a God, is an absolute reality, as much
so as a locomotive is a reality outside of the engineer. The world
is a reality, our planets, the sun, all the countless millions of
stars within reach of our telescopes and the infinitude of stars and
systems beyond the reach of our strongest lenses, which science infers
to exist, all these are a reality and all these, yes, every object of
knowledge is a reality, and all these are not God! How then, in the
name of reason I ask, can a God, of whom we know absolutely nothing,
be infinite, when an infinite number of material objects--not God--fill
all space?

"But does the universe exist in God? If we but imagine for a moment
the aspect of the universe to resemble a huge machine of infinite
proportions, eternally active in all its vast proportions, the idea
of the universe existing within a God will appear equally childish
and simple.

"All phenomena are the results of energy co-existent and inseparable
from matter. All cosmic motion, change, and life may be traced to
this physical and chemical energy pervading all nature--never to a God.

"Mind--the so-called infinite as well as finite--implies limit,
localization, conditions, etc. This fact tends to prove that while God,
perchance, might concentrate his mind on the world or some particular
sect or individual, considering their exhortations, the rest of the
world and the universe for the time being would be Godless!

"From a late scientific authority I quote in proof: 'It is impossible
for a person's mind to be in two places at the same time.' Noted
chess players may play twenty games simultaneously, but it is done
by speedy transfer of thoughts from one game to another and not by
considering two moves at once.

"Thus 'Omniscience' is impossible.

"Again; mind implies limit and necessitates organism, brain,
nervous force, etc. This again makes impossible a God. Let the Church
demonstrate how a God without a brain can be a God and all it implies,
or how a God with a brain can be infinite, and I will kneel down and
worship with them.

"Is this dogmatism? The 'dogmatism of the Infidel' we hear so
much about? If it is, then asserting that twice two is four is
dogmatism. Then we state all the facts of mathematics, all the truths
of history is dogmatism. We simply confine ourselves to fact, to
knowledge and demonstrated truth. There we stop and refuse to accept
the crude notions transmitted from our ignorant ancestors, which, it is
dogmatically asserted, are true in spite of our knowledge and reason.

"I protest against being accused of dogmatism, I studiously endeavor
to be fair and make no pretensions to scholarship and learning. But I
emphatically protest against the dogmatism of others who, assuming a
superior air of knowledge assert notions contrary to fact. Supposing
some one should affirm that twice two is five, would it be dogmatism,
to deny the proposition, and would thinking minds be justified to
assume the attitude of Agnostics and concede that while in their
opinion twice two is four, yet twice two may be five, 'I don't know,'
'one proposition is as irrational as the other,' etc.?

"We know a universe exists. Existing now proves it is eternal. This
simple fact absolutely makes impossible, yes, needless, a God.

"I simply assert that twice two is four and cannot possibly be
five. That the universe filling all space nothing else can fill it in
addition. If this be dogmatism all knowledge is a farce."--Wettstein.




God Responsible for the Ills Man Suffers.

"If God foreknew whatever was to come to pass, he must have been
perfectly well aware that his whole creation, including the scheme of
redemption, would be the most stupendous failure imaginable,--as it
certainly has been if the Christian religion be true. For what rational
or humane man would raise a family of children, if he knew beforehand
that they would all be vagabonds and criminals, ending their days in
prison or on the scaffold? What prudent farmer would intentionally
sow wheat on land certain to produce a bad crop? What sensible
business man would knowingly embark in an enterprise sure to prove
disastrous, and to involve himself and his family in irretrievable
ruin? And yet such conduct on the part of men would be far less
irrational and criminal than that of which the Creator is guilty,
if the doctrine of his foreknowledge and omnipotence be true. For,
according to this doctrine, he alone is responsible for whatever
has occurred and will occur, and for all the suffering in the world,
since he had full power to prevent it but did not, and does not; and
the conclusion to be drawn from this fact is, that he intended all
things to be just as they have been in the past, are now and are to
be in the future. For, if he possessed absolute power, he might have
placed man under entirely different circumstances, and surrounded
him by influences which would have led him into the path of perfect
rectitude, but did not choose to do so; and we fail to understand
how man can be justly held responsible either for his own creation,
for the nature with which he is endowed, or for the environment which
determines his conduct." (J. W. Stillman's "God and the Universe.")




The Idea of God Must Go.

"I think it is not a good thing for people to believe in God. I think
it is a bad thing for them to do so. I think the belief in God is one
of the things that is helping very strongly to keep knaves in power and
honest people in weakness; it is one of the things that is preventing
the people from thinking for themselves and helping themselves. The
human mind will never be perfectly free, and peasants and mechanics
and day laborers will never be perfectly fairly treated in this world,
until the church is utterly destroyed. I do not want to see the church
reformed. I want to see her utterly destroyed, because as long as she
exists the ruling classes in society will always have in her a faithful
ally to help them carry on their infernal schemes of pillage. I do not
want people to have a better idea of God or an idea of a better God. I
want the idea of God entirely rooted out of the mind, because I know
that as long as any idea of God remains in the mind, the priest and
the politician will have something to work upon, and this world will
never be free and happy until the priest and the politician are gone.

"One man will tell you that God is a Roman Catholic, another that
he is a Presbyterian, another that he is a Baptist, and so on. One
man will say that he is a Republican, another that he is a single
taxer, another that he is a Socialist, and so on. What we must come
to see is, that nothing is done in human society that is not done by
men. Poverty must be destroyed, not because it is God's will that it
should be, but because it is best for the human race that it should
be. And general wealth must be achieved, not because it is God's
will that it should be, but because it is best for the human race
that it should be. Beware of those men who tell you what is or what
is not the will of God. In every case you will find a person who is
intellectually asleep, or half asleep, or mentally dishonest, or else
you will find--and this is more likely--a priest or a politician,
a person who wants to get you to not think about what he is teaching
you. We have been dragged through enough mire and blood and darkness
doing things according to the will of God. It is now time we began
to think things out for ourselves."--Pentecost.



"Mr. Barnum said that Christians had a different way of thinking
about God now from that of fifty years ago. 'When I first heard
of the doctrine of the Universalists,' said he, 'I felt so utterly
astonished that I thought I'd drop dead in my boots. The orthodox
faith painted God as so revengeful a being that you could hardly
distinguish the difference between God and the Devil. If I had almighty
power and could take a pebble and give it life, knowing beforehand
that fifty-nine seconds out of every sixty would be extreme misery,
I would be a monster. Yet this is how God was described, and people
talk about loving such a being.'" (Newspaper clipping.)




Atheism.

1. Something (substance) must have always been, or anything could
not now be.

2. Then this something was eternal, and hence self-existent.

3. Since self-existent and eternal, it must have been infinite,
and hence was everything existing everywhere.

4. Therefore, all that is, has always been; that is, everything has
eternally existed everywhere.

But will you say that this something, this self-existent, eternal
everything, is God? Very well. Then nothing but God could be. Then
he must be the all of everything existing everywhere. Then where
is your universe? You see you cannot have a universe if you have
a God. We have the universe; hence you cannot have a God. "But he
created the universe," you say. Very well; from what did he create
it? Nothing? Omnipresent God alone extending on, and on, and forever
on through all the everywheres, cramming all the immensities full of
his essential self. He could not have created the universe beyond
himself, since there was no beyond. There could have been no place
in which to put it outside of himself when created, since there was
no outside. If created, it must have been from his own essence; and
then it would not have been a creation of anything, but a changing of
himself into something different; and that was not possible, since
he was self-existent, and must necessarily exist the same forever,
since he was eternal, and must exist unchangeable. So the universe
could not have been made from nothing, since all the spaces everywhere
were crammed completely full of everything, and hence there was no
unoccupied premises where the raw material could have been stored
away. It could not have been created from God-substance, since that
already was; it could not have been formed from God's pre-existing
self, since that would have been to change the eternally unchangeable
into something else--to annihilate himself as God by working himself
over into the universe. You see that there can be but one Eternal
All. You cannot have both--a God and the universe. And since we have
the universe, that is, everything eternally existing everywhere,
we need no God, there is no room for a God, and there has never been
anything for a God to do. Therefore, there is no God.

As an infinite God must necessarily fill the entirety of space,
there could be no room for aught else. God and man could not live
together in the same universe. God would necessarily be everything;
then the universe must be nothing. But we have the universe, and that
is everything; therefore God is nothing--existing nowhere. A mote that
is, is better than a God that is not. If we part with God and obtain
a universe, we make a magnificent exchange. The issue has always
been God versus matter. When people come to understand that matter
has always been, that it eternally had the start of everything else,
and hence needed no creation, it will be seen that there never has
been any necessity for a God, and as the universe is ever governed by
law, there is nothing for a God to do. Men must believe in matter,
because it is everything, and does everything. Something is always
better than nothing. If God is not matter he is not anything; and the
idea of God is destined to become obsolete, and gradually pass into
utter forgetfulness. The God-idea has been the center and foundation of
all the superstitions of the world. When men have learned to dispense
with it, their emancipation will be great indeed.--Sam Preston.




Jehovah a Failure.

1. He was unsuccessful in creation. He made Adam and Eve and the
serpent; but all his plans were frustrated in a short time; and
"it repented the Lord that he had made man."

2. In repeopling the world from Noah's family he decidedly failed
again. How easy it would have been after drowning the whole world,
to create a new man and woman of perfect character, and omit the
Devil business.

3. In attempting to save the world through Jesus Christ he made
another failure. It is not in the nature of things for this world to be
saved. "To be saved" means too much, and it means too little. Man can
not be saved entirely from his weakness, ignorance, and selfishness;
and hence can never be perfect. Man can be made morally better,
intellectually wiser, physically healthier, individually and socially
happier; but his betterment cannot be achieved through preaching,
Bible-reading, praying and other religious exercises. It must come
through liberty. He must have equal rights with his fellow men. He must
have justice established between man and man. The toiler must get the
fruits of his toil. A good home has a more sacred influence over the
hearts of men to make them kind and good, than all the preaching in
the world. With a home of his own man has a little heaven of his own,
and a truer and better love of his neighbor.

"The character of a god is the character of the people who have made
him. When therefore I expose the crimes of Jehovah, I expose the
defective morality of Israel; and when I criticise the God of modern
Europe, I criticise the defective intellects of Europeans. The reader
must endeavor to bear this in mind; for though he may think that his
idea of the Creator is actually the Creator, that belief is not shared
by me." (Winwood Reade, "Martyrdom of Man.")







ATONEMENT.

Atonement for Sin, an Immoral Doctrine.

1. The doctrine of the atonement is of heathen origin, and is
predicated upon the assumption that no sin can be fully expiated
without the shedding of blood. In the language of Paul, "Without
the shedding of blood there can be no remission of sin." A barbarous
and bloody doctrine truly! But this doctrine was almost universally
prevalent amongst the orientals long before Paul's time.

2. Christians predicate the dogma of atonement for sin upon the
assumption that Christ's death and sufferings were a substitute for
Adam's death, incurred by the fall. But as Adam's sentence was death,
and he suffered that penalty, this assumption cannot be true.

3. If the penalty for sin was death, as taught in Genesis 3, and
Christ suffered that penalty for man, then man should not die; but,
as he does, it makes the doctrine preposterous. It could not have
meant spiritual death, as some argue, because a part of the penalty
was that of being doomed to return to dust (Gen. 3 : 19).

4. If crucifixion was indispensably necessary as a penalty, then the
punishment should have been inflicted either upon the instigator or
perpetrator of the deed; either the serpent or Adam should have been
nailed to the cross.

5. We are told in reply, that as an infinite sin was committed, it
required an infinite sacrifice. But Adam, being a finite being, could
not commit an infinite sin; and Christ's sacrifice and sufferings
could not be infinite unless he had continued to suffer to all
eternity. Therefore the assumption is false.

6. An all-wise God would not let things get into such a condition as
to require the murder of his only son from any consideration whatever.

7. And no father, cherishing a proper regard and love for his son,
could have required him to be, or consented to have him put to death
in a cruel manner; for the claims of mercy and paternal affection
are as imperative as justice.

8. To put an intelligent and innocent being to death, for any purpose
is a violation of the moral law, and as great a sin as that for which
he died. Hecatombs of victims cannot atone for the infraction of the
moral law which is engraven upon our souls.

9. If it were necessary for Christ to be put to death, then Judas is
entitled to one half the merit of it for inaugurating the act, as it
could not have taken place without his aid; and no one who took part
in it should be censured, but praised.

10. It is evident, that, if everybody had been Quakers no atonement
would have been made, as their religion is opposed to bloodshed.

11. The atonement is either one God putting another to death or God
putting himself to death to appease his own wrath; but both assumptions
are monstrous absurdities, which no person distinguished for science
or reason can indorse.

12. Anger and murder are the two principal features in the doctrine of
the atonement; and both are repugnant to our moral sense and feelings
of refinement, and indicate a barbarous and heathen origin.

13. The atonement punishes the innocent for the guilty, which
is a twofold crime, and a reversal of the spirit of justice. If
a father should catch four of his children stealing and the fifth
one standing by and remonstrating against the act, and should seize
on the innocent one and administer a severe flagellation, he would
commit a double crime: 1st, that of punishing an innocent child;
2d, that of exonerating and encouraging the four children in the
commission of crime. The atonement involves the same principle.

14. No person with true moral manhood would consent to be be saved
on any such terms; but would prefer to suffer for his own sins,
rather than let an innocent being suffer for them. And the man who
would accept salvation upon such terms must be a sneak and a coward,
with a soul not worth saving.

15. Who that possesses any sense of justice would want to swim through
blood to get to the heavenly mansion. I want neither animals, men,
nor Gods murdered to save my soul.

16. If there is any virtue in the atonement in the way of
expiating crime, then there is now another atonement demanded by the
principles of moral justice to cancel the sin committed by the first
atonement--that of murdering an innocent being, "in whose mouth was
no guile;" and then another atonement to wipe out the sin of this
atonement, and so on. And thus it would be atonement after atonement,
murder after murder, ad infinitum. What shocking consequences and
absurdities are involved in this ancient heathen superstition!

17. It seems strange that any person can cherish the thought
for a moment that the Infinite Father would require a sacrificial
offering for the trifling act of eating a little fruit, and require
no atonement for the infinitely greater sin of murdering "his only
begotten son." Another monstrous absurdity!

18. The advocates of the atonement tell us that man stands toward
his Creator in the relation of a debtor, and the atonement cancels
the debt. To be sure! How does it do it?--Graves.







A MINORITY NOT A SECT.

"A Protestant minister of Oakland, California, in a recent address
on the public school system of the United States, expressed himself
as follows: 'In one of the schools of San Francisco Herbert Spencer's
"Data of Ethics" was introduced as a text book of morals--as palpable
a violation of the law forbidding sectarian instruction as the
introduction of the Catholic or Methodist catechism; for Hebert
Spencer belongs to a very small and narrow sect which promulgates
the creed of Agnosticism.'

"If the reverend speaker had taken the ground that the 'Data of Ethics'
was too abstruse to be placed in the hands of public school pupils we
should have felt inclined to sustain his objection. But when he says
that to introduce such a book is to give a sectarian character to the
school in which it is used, we must enter a protest. Science is never
sectarian; philosophy is never sectarian. Sectarian teaching begins
when you ask a man or a child to assume what cannot be proved, for
the sake of keeping within the dogmatic lines that fence round some
particular creed. The followers of Mr. Spencer may be in a minority,
but they are no more a sect than were the adherents of the Copernican
system of astronomy, or than are the believers in the Darwinian
theory of natural selection. Mr. Spencer makes no appeal to faith,
but finds his premises in the common experience of mankind. A pupil
who was being taught out of the 'Data of Ethics' would be quite at
liberty to dispute either the premises or the arguments of the author;
and he would not be silenced by the declaration that Mr. Spencer
is infallible. But when catechisms are taught they are taught, not
as containing matter for discussion, but as containing doctrines
that must not be disputed, on pain of more or less disagreeable
consequences. Similarly when the Bible is read in school it is read
not as a fallible record of events, or a fallible guide in morals,
but as something absolutely authoritative--the very voice of God. It
is perfectly obvious then, where sectarianism in education begins; it
begins just at the point where doctrines of any kind accepted on faith
by a portion of the community and not discussible on grounds of reason,
are made a part of public school instruction. Sectarianism comes
in whenever the teacher is obliged to say, 'Hush' to the inquiring
scholar who wants his reason satisfied before he will believe. There
is no sectarianism, on the other hand, in making use of a book which
lays no claim to any kind of privilege, and which, therefore, cannot
force the belief of anyone. The followers of Mr. Spencer do not form
a sect because they have no beliefs which they wish to exempt from
criticism or discussion, and because they hold themselves at full
liberty to pass beyond the bounds of Mr. Spencer's thought whenever
they can see their way to doing so. Mr. Spencer's 'Data of Ethics'
may not contain all the truth on the subject of morals, but the truth
which it does contain lends itself to demonstration; and no one can be
the worse for being taught demonstrable truths. Upon that foundation
he can afterward build what he likes--hay, stubble, or what not; and
after his superstructure has been tried by the fire of experience,
as it is very likely to be, he will still have something solid left
on which to rebuild in perchance wiser fashion. We do not advocate
the introduction of the 'Data of Ethics' into the public schools: but
we are convinced that it would be a very good thing for the rising
generation if some of the ideas contained in that book could be
brought home to their minds." (Popular Science Monthly, November 1889.)







NOTE

[1] Referring to the story of Moses receiving the two tables of
commandments. See page 134.






End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Handbook of Freethought, by Various

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HANDBOOK OF FREETHOUGHT ***

***** This file should be named 45414.txt or 45414.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/4/5/4/1/45414/

Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.

Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.



*** START: FULL LICENSE ***

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
  www.gutenberg.org/license.


Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works

1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.  See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.

1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.

1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that

- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."

- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
     License.  You must require such a user to return or
     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
     Project Gutenberg-tm works.

- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
     of receipt of the work.

- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.

1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.


Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org


Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at 809
North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887.  Email
contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the
Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:
     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
     Chief Executive and Director
     gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit:  www.gutenberg.org/donate


Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone.  For forty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:

     www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.