The Project Gutenberg EBook of Lost Mine Trail, by Anonymous This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Lost Mine Trail Big Bend National Park, Texas Author: Anonymous Release Date: June 12, 2019 [EBook #59740] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOST MINE TRAIL *** Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net [Illustration: (_The cover photograph of this booklet is furnished through the courtesy of Peter Koch._)] LOST MINE TRAIL BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK TEXAS PRICE 10 CENTS IF YOU TAKE THIS BOOKLET HOME LEGEND OF THE LOST MINE _Of the many romantic legends which abound throughout the West, few match the Lost Mine story from which the peak takes its name. Is it true? Did the mine exist? Or was it a campfire fabrication handed down from generation to generation?_ Early Spanish explorers of the Southwest, in their fervent search for gold and other riches, discovered and developed many mines, some yielding silver and gold. According to legend, a rich ore body was discovered on the highest point of Lost Mine Peak. Life-term prisoners were forced to work the mine. These men were blindfolded on several occasions in their march from the Presidio in San Vicente, Mexico, to prevent them from learning its location. The ruins of this presidio may still be observed some 20 miles southwest of this peak across the Rio Grande in Mexico. A story relates how the fierce Comanche Indians, who resented the Spaniards' invasion of their homeland and hunting grounds, attacked and killed them to the last man. The last act, so goes the story, was to seal the mine entrance to prevent further exploitation. Legend states that if a person stands in the chapel door of San Vicente's Mission on Easter morn, he can watch the sun's first rays strike Lost Mine Peak at the exact mine entrance. [Illustration: _Lost Mine Peak in the Chisos Mountains_ (Photo by 111th Photo Sec., Texas Nat'l Guard)] LOST MINE TRAIL This is your guidebook for using the trail which starts at this registration desk. For about one mile of this walk the interesting plants, unusual geological features and other things of interest are explained. _Each object of special interest is marked by a numbered stake._ Refer to the corresponding number in this booklet, and you will find the name of the plant or feature and a description. The information recorded here is necessarily brief, but the rangers will be glad to answer your questions and give additional information. 1. Evergreen Sumac (_Rhus virens_). This sumac is commonly found in Green Gulch and through the Chisos Mountains. It bears attractive clusters of small white flowers followed by red berries which are seen in the late autumn and winter. 2. Alligator Juniper (_Juniperus deppeana_). Observe alligator skin-like bark of the tree which easily identifies this evergreen and gives it its name. Under favorable conditions the species attains an age in excess of 500 years. 3. Mexican Pinyon (_Pinus cembroides_), is the only species of pine found along this trail. Pinyon is the name given by the early Spanish explorers and was described by Cabeza de Vaca in 1536. The seeds are used by Indians for food and in recent years the nuts of a close relative, _Pinus edulis_, have become an article of commerce. 4. Gray Oak (_Quercus grisea_). There are several species of oak on this trail, but this particular one is easily recognized by the blue-gray color of its leaves. 5. Emory Oak (_Quercus emoryi_). Of the several oaks in the park, this represents one of the larger evergreen groups. The acorns are edible, sweet, and are important as food for birds and small mammals. Notice the glossy hollylike leaves. 6. Graves Oak (_Quercus gravesi_). Here is another of the oaks with typical notched or toothed leaf margins. The lovely fall colors of the Chisos Mountains (pronounced CHEE-sose) are principally due to the abundance of these trees whose leaves takes on the rusts and reds of autumn. 7. Picture! From this point on the trail there is an excellent view of Green Gulch. The high point on the left (north) of the gulch is Pulliam Peak, 6,921 feet high. The faraway hills are the Rosillos Mountains, so named because of their roan coloring. [Illustration: _Agave_] 8. Agave (_Agave scabra_). There are many different species of agaves (often called century plants) in the Southwest, several occurring in Big Bend. Plants of this group furnish many important products in Mexico, and were utilized by Indians in various ways. Among the products are fiber, food, drink (mescal), soap and medicine. Agaves are grown commercially in more than 40 countries. These plants store up food in the root and leaf systems for many years, finally send up one fast-growing flower stalk, mature their seeds, and then die. The bloom stalk grows almost 10 inches a day and represents the largest bloom of any North American plant. 9. Texas Madrone (_Arbutus texana_). This beautiful tree has thin, peeling bark. Its red berries, which mature in November, are highly favored by deer which often rise up on their hind legs to reach them. The name "Naked Indian" is sometimes applied because the twigs and branches are the copper color of the Indian torso. A close relative of this madrone is found along the west coast. Most of the madrones along this trail were killed by drouth. This one is sprouting from the old base. There are a number of fine living madrones along the road in upper Green Gulch. A fine angle view of Casa Grande is obtainable here. This large single mass of volcanic rock (rhyolite) is 7,300 feet high. 10. Skunkbush Sumac, or Squawbush (_Rhus trilobata_). Although this sumac belongs to the same family as the obnoxious poison ivy, it has none of the latter's irritating qualities. Leaves turn brilliant shades of red and orange in the autumn. 11. Basketgrass (_Nolina erumpens_). Although referred to as a grass, this plant belong to the lily family. The narrow, fibrous grasslike leaves often attain a length of 5 feet, making them excellent material for native basketry. The compact clusters of small pinkish-white flowers rarely rise above the rank mass of foliage. 12. Geological Explanation. This rock is called conglomerate, because it is formed from many kinds of rocks from many places. Note the rounded shapes of the individual stones, caused by wearing away of the sharp corners and edges when they were being transported by streams millions of years ago. Later these materials were deposited in beds and under the terrific pressure of overlying masses of sediments were compacted with mineral cementing materials to form the solid mass which you see here. 13. Drooping Juniper (_Juniperus flaccida_). Appearing to be slightly wilted, the drooping aspects of this graceful evergreen suggests grief. Botanists claim that Big Bend National Park is the only area in the United States in which it is found. [Illustration: _Drooping Juniper_] CACTUS GARDEN 14. Lechuguilla (_Agave lechuguilla_) (pronounced lay-choo-GHEE-yuh) is a small species of agave whose leaf crown somewhat resembles a bunch of green bananas, and does not belong to the cactus family. The plant is so well protected by its spine-tipped leaves that even hungry goats refrain from eating it. The fibers within the fleshy leaves are used extensively in northern Mexico for making brushes, matting, coarse twine and rope. The short stem is used as a substitute for soap. 15. Claretcup Echinocereus (_Echinocereus triglochidiatus_). This is one of the commonest and most spectacular of our hedgehog cactuses. Occasionally, plants will have as many as 50 salmon-colored blossoms open at the same time. [Illustration: _Desert vegetation and Chisos Mountains as seen from the east._] 16. Engelmann Pricklypear (_Opuntia engelmanni_) is one of the desert's most useful plants. Its fruits may be eaten raw and delicious jams and jellies may be made from them. When young and tender, the young joints are called "nopalitas" (no-pahl-EE-tahs), and are cooked and eaten. Ranchmen burn off the spines to supply hungry cattle with food when the range is poor. In the lower elevations of the park a lovely purple-colored species is found, known as purple-tinge cactus. 17. Strawberry Cactus (_Echinocereus stramineus_) has one of the desert's tastiest fruits. When ripe, the fruit resembles a strawberry in texture and is delicious served with cream. The blossom is a deep red and is one of the park's gems of floral beauty. Large numbers of these dome-shaped plant mounds may be observed along the highways throughout the park. 18. Brownpitaya (_Echinocereus chloranthus_) is one of the so-called rainbow cactus group. Notice the banded color separation of the short needles. The small brown flowers grow around the plant in large numbers during the bloom period. Another variety, which grows at low elevations in the park, has yellow-orange blossoms reaching a diameter of 4 inches. 19. Mountain-Mahogany (_Cercocarpus eximius_). The wood is extremely hard, so brittle that it may be broken very easily. Deer browse on the leaves, and, outside the park, cattle and sheep feed upon it. 20. Lichen. Raise your eyes to the exposed barren escarpments of Casa Grande and other rock outcroppings. Here you observe greens, blacks, and other colors. Much of this color may be attributed to the lichens (LYK-ehnz) encrusting the bare rock surfaces. The small colorful organisms are the first visible signs of life to gain a foothold on rocks. Without true roots, this little "mutual" obtains moisture from the atmosphere. A lichen is actually a fungus and an alga living together in mutual dependence (one provides board and the other room for both). As a product of their life processes, carbonic acid is formed. This slowly disintegrates the rock, helping to form soil, thus aiding in the production of suitable living conditions for higher types of plants. 21. Ash (_Fraxinus_ sp.). Ash has long been identified as a very useful wood; even the early Indians utilized it for paddles, bows, arrows, etc. The winged seed resembles a small canoe paddle. 22. One-Seed Juniper (_Juniperus monosperma_). There are four junipers found in the park. (You have already seen two of the others along this trail.) This one is so named because it has but one seed in each berry. Junipers (often miscalled cedars) are distinguished from other cone-bearers by the seeds being enclosed in a berry instead of a cone. The wood is resistant to decay and used much for posts. Of course, in a National Park, trees are preserved for their scenic and watershed protection value and are not harvested for commercial purposes. 23. Another picture just ahead--Striking view of Juniper Canyon. _Help Protect the Park from FIRE Please Smoke Only in Designated Areas_ ORIENTATION POINT As an inducement for hikers desiring to continue farther along this trail, an orientation table has been constructed about 1½ miles beyond this point. The table points out the major landscape features together with their elevations. From the same general area, a spectacular view of the rugged Big Bend country may be enjoyed. GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Millions of years ago, the ocean which extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Circle covered this part of west Texas. Muds, sands, and gravels were deposited in the bottom of that ocean. In these sands and gravels were preserved the remains of fish, shellfish, and various other forms of sea life. Tremendous pressures within the globe's interior caused the earth's surface to rise in this region and the waters to recede. Much of the area became swampy, forming suitable habitat for the giant dinosaurs. Peat beds were compressed to form coal deposits. The remains of these coal beds as well as of petrified trees and dinosaur bones may be seen in the rock exposed in various parts of the park. At a still later date there were more extensive earth movements which caused great breaks to occur in the earth's surface. [Illustration: _Sierra del Carmen in Mexico_] Generally speaking, the geologic structure in the Big Bend area is a "sunken block" that might be compared to cutting through the elevated landscape twice. One cut is along the Sierra del Carmen mountains on the east, and the other at Santa Elena Canyon on the west. The area between the two cuts has sunk an average of several thousand feet. The central part of this block has been arched upward forming the Mariscal, Chisos, and Christmas Mountains. Part of this uplift was caused by volcanic activity. Large masses of molten rock pushed toward the earth's surface and arched and deformed the overlying sedimentary layers that had long before been deposited on the floor of the ocean. The Chisos Mountains were formed by this volcanic pressure. As you look south or north, you see an extensive plain that is underlain very largely by sedimentary rock layers. The isolated peaks for the most part were caused by hot lava that pushed up from below, then cooled to make the present highlands. This is also true of the Chisos Mountains which are a much larger mass. Cooling of these melted rocks caused fracture joints, or shrinkage cracks, and weathering along these breaks caused the columns, spires, buttresses, and pinnacles that you see in all directions near you. Forces of erosion have done most of the carving, forming the various rugged features near at hand. The geological history is very complex and cannot be even summarized in a few paragraphs. Park Rangers can give you additional information regarding the geological history, or explain the origin of features you may wish to know more about. WHAT TO DO IN BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK Approximate Round Trip Time 1. HIKING TRIPS A. Lost Mine Trail 3 hours B. Juniper Flats 2 hours C. Window Trail 3½ hours D. South Rim Loop Trail 10 hours 2. HORSEBACK TRAIL TRIPS A. Juniper Flats 2 hours B. Window Trail 3½ hours C. South Rim Loop Trail 9 hours D. Pack Trips by special arrangement. 3. AUTO TRIPS A. Santa Elena Canyon 4-6 hours 1. Visit Mouth of Canyon. 2. Castolon trading post. 3. Terlingua and Study Butte ghost mining towns (outside park) B. Boquillas Canyon 4-6 hours 1. Excellent View of Del Carmen Mountains and Mexican Village of Boquillas. 4. SUNSETS A. From the Basin through the "Window." B. Del Carmen from Vicinity of Lower Tornillo and Boquillas. C. Chisos Mountains from vicinity of Lower Tornillo and Boquillas. D. Chisos Mountains from vicinity of Santa Elena Canyon and Study Butte Area. 5. SUNRISE A. Over Casa Grande from the Basin. B. Over the Del Carmen from vicinity of Hot Springs and Boquillas. C. Over the Chisos Mountains from Santa Elena area. 6. WILDLIFE A. Over 55 mammals have been identified to date. B. Approximately 200 birds have been identified to date, including the rare Colima warbler and Aplomado falcon. Fifty-four reptiles, which include 4 species of turtles, 22 species of lizards, and 28 species of snakes. 7. WILDFLOWERS, TREES, AND SHRUBS (1,100 plants identified to date) A. Cactuses and other desert flowers are usually at their height of bloom from the latter part of March to the middle of April. B. Semi-desert shrubs--mostly July, August, and early September, depending upon rain. C. Autumn foliage coloring--late November and first half of December. 8. GEOLOGY A. The oldest rocks (Persimmon Gap) are comparable in age and structure to those found in the Appalachian Mountains. B. The Lowland area is underlain by rock with fossil content, comparable to the Gulf Coast and Great Plains areas. C. Chisos Mountain volcanic area is comparable in age and structure to the great volcanic activity period of the Northwest. [Illustration: _Santa Elena Canyon_] [Illustration: _Mariscal Canyon_ (Photo by 111th Photo Sec., Texas Nat'l Guard)] Big Bend is one of the newest of the great, scenic National Parks, having been established June 12, 1944. A unit of the National Park System, it is administered by the National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior. MISSION 66 MISSION 66 is a 10 year development program, now in progress, to enable the National Park Service to help you enjoy and understand the Parks and Monuments, and at the same time, preserve their scenic and scientific values for your children and for future generations. CONSERVATION--YOU CAN HELP If you are interested in the work of the National Park Service and in the cause of conservation in general, you can give active expression of this interest, and lend support by alining yourself with one of the numerous conservation organizations which act as spokesmen for those who wish our scenic heritage to be kept unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. This booklet is published in cooperation with the National Park Service by the SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION Box 1562-P, Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona _which is a non-profit distributing organization pledged to aid in the preservation and interpretation of southwestern features of outstanding national interest._ The Association lists for sale many interesting and authentic publications for adults and children, and color slides on Southwestern subjects. These make fine gifts for birthdays, parties, and special occasions, and many prove to be of value to children in their school work and hobbies. For the complete sales list of more than 100 publications and 1700 color slides on Southwestern Indians, geology, ruins, plants, animals, history, etc., you can obtain one by mail by writing to the above address. * * * * * * * * ALSO AVAILABLE are the following booklets of information on Big Bend National Park: "A GUIDE FOR THE BIG BEND," by Maxwell and Koch may be purchased from National Park Concessions or Big Bend Natural History Association $1.00 "BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK," by Ray Scott, may be purchased from National Park Concessions, Inc., Big Bend National Park, Texas $ .50 "PLANTS OF BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK," by McDougall and Sperry may be purchased from Big Bend Natural History Association or National Park Concessions, Big Bend National Park $1.00 The following may also be purchased in the park: "ANIMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS," Olin and Cannon. Handsome illustrations, full description and life habits of the 42 most interesting and common mammals, members of the strange animal population of the lower desert country of the Southwest below the 4,500 foot elevation. 112 pp., 60 illus., color cover, paper $1.00 "FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS," by Natt N. Dodge and Jeanne R. Janish. In 100 beautifully drawn plates are illustrations of 145 of the most interesting and spectacular plants of the deserts of the Southwest, with descriptive text. 112 pp., color paper cover. May be purchased from Southwestern Monuments Association, Box 1562, Globe, Arizona $1.00 "FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS," by Pauline M. Patraw and Jeanne R. Janish. A companion volume to the Deserts flower book, but depicting and describing more than 150 common and interesting plants of the higher plateau country of the Southwest. 112 pp., color paper cover. May be purchased from the Southwestern Monuments Association, Box 1562, Globe, Arizona $1.00 "FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS," Arnberger and Janish. Descriptions and illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains and other Southwestern ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp., color cover, paper. May be purchased from the Southwestern Monuments Association, Box 1562, Globe, Arizona $1.00 [Illustration: SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION] SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION Box 1562-P--Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona Transcriber's Notes --Silently corrected a few typos. --Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication. --In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Lost Mine Trail, by Anonymous *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LOST MINE TRAIL *** ***** This file should be named 59740-8.txt or 59740-8.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/7/4/59740/ Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.