The Project Gutenberg EBook of Rainbow Bridge National Monument, Utah (1951), by National Park Service This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Rainbow Bridge National Monument, Utah (1951) Author: National Park Service Release Date: June 25, 2019 [EBook #59811] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RAINBOW BRIDGE *** Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net RAINBOW BRIDGE NATIONAL MONUMENT UTAH [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR · March 3, 1849] UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Oscar L. Chapman, _Secretary_ NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Arthur E. Demaray, _Director_ RAINBOW BRIDGE NATIONAL MONUMENT _Remote in spectacular red canyon country stands majestically beautiful Rainbow Bridge, the most stupendous of its kind and one of the great wonders of the world._ The inspiration gained by a visit to Rainbow Bridge National Monument is supreme. The majestic beauty of the bridge affects people in many ways. The delicate balance, graceful sweep, symmetry, beautiful toning of color, and superb setting of this rainbow-shaped stone arch suggest Divine guidance during its creation. The aborigines must have sensed this, for they built altars here. Rainbow Bridge stands in the semidesert country of southeastern Utah. It nestles among canyons carved by streams that wind their way from the northern side of Navajo Mountain toward the Colorado River. It spans Rainbow Bridge Canyon and the tiny streamlet in its bottom. Rainbow Bridge is greater than any other known natural bridge in size, in color, and in its almost perfect symmetry. With a 278-foot span, the bridge gracefully arches to a height of 309 feet—large enough to straddle our capitol building in Washington, D. C. Thicker at the top than a three-story building (42 feet), it is wide enough (33 feet) to accommodate the average highway. Rainbow Bridge stands in one of the most remote and inaccessible areas in the United States. So rugged is the surrounding Rainbow Plateau that few of the Navajo and Paiute Indians who live nearby have ever seen the bridge. _HISTORY OF DISCOVERY_ While leading an archeological expedition through southeastern Utah and northern Arizona during the summer of 1908, Dr. Byron Cummings, then Dean of Arts and Sciences, University of Utah, became interested in rumors of a great stone arch somewhere in the vicinity of Navajo Mountain. Mr. and Mrs. John Wetherill, of Oljato, Utah, related to him rumors of the arch which were prevalent among the Indians. Mrs. Wetherill later learned from Nasja, a Paiute Indian from Paiute Canyon, that his son, Nasja-begay, had actually seen the great stone arch and could return to it. During July 1909, Dr. Cummings formulated plans to set out in search of the bridge. There were delays in obtaining the necessary guides. In the meantime, Dr. Cummings received word that W. B. Douglass, a Government surveyor, was en route to the area also to look for the arch. Subsequently, the Cummings-Douglass parties met and joined in the search for the Nonnozoshi, which was the Navajo word for the great stone arch. The journey lasted several days. The party crossed canyons and “slick rock” surfaces where the horses slipped and skidded. Frequently, it was necessary to retrace portions of the course, because forward progress was blocked by “rimrock” ledges which the horses were unable to cross. There were more canyons, some with dry, boulder-choked beds, others with water and dense brush. Across a scrub juniper (cedar) flat, and down into the last canyon they went. This was Nonnezoshi Biko, the Indian guide’s name for the canyon of the great stone arch, or Rainbow Bridge Canyon of the present. The horses, as well as the men, were fagged because of the hard trail and shortage of forage and water. The footsore procession trudged forward; and in the late afternoon of August 14, 1909, the party rounded a bend in the canyon, and Dr. Cummings became the first white man to see the largest and most beautiful of all known stone arches, Rainbow Bridge. [Illustration: _How a natural bridge is formed_] _HOW WAS IT FORMED?_ Geologists tell us that, at the time of the formation of the rocks from which Rainbow Bridge was later carved, the physical environment of that vicinity may not have differed greatly from much of the present Southwest. Broad valleys surrounded by highlands were present. Run-off from rainfall in the highlands brought great quantities of gravel, sand, and mud, which were spread as horizontal sheets over the floors of the valleys. Locally there were shallow lakes. Mud and sand were deposited in the lakes, and evaporation of the water produced limy and gypsum-filled muds. These sediments were compressed by being deeply buried to form the layers belonging to the Kayenta formation, part of which is the thin-bedded stratum exposed in the canyon beneath Rainbow Bridge. Following this period of deposition, there was a changed environment during which sand accumulated until it was several hundred feet in thickness. It was deposited in curved cross-bedded layers in dunes, later to be blown away and redeposited again and again. This produced a complex system of cross-bedding throughout the entire formation. In time, a blanket of other rock materials was deposited by wind and water over the shifting sand. Percolating water, with lime and gypsum in solution, aided in making the material firm and hard to form what has been named the Navajo sandstone. Then followed a general uplift of the entire region. Drainage courses traversed the newly formed rocks and the principal streams carved broad valleys with sweeping curves or meanders. The wind and other forces of weather chiseled away at the rocks to form “slick rock” surfaces and the dome-shaped hills called whalebacks and baldheads. A large mass of molten rock pushed outward from the interior, arching the earth’s crust to form Navajo Mountain. This local uplift caused small streams to furrow canyons across the soft cross-bedded Navajo sandstone. It also caused the large streams to deepen their channels; those with broad valleys, through necessity, followed the former meandering course. This frequently gave rise to blocks of solid rock, called “fins” and “necks,” standing between entrenched meanders. It was one of these “necks” from which Rainbow Bridge was formed. When the “neck” was once formed, running water laden with cobbles and sand scoured at the sides. Frost action and expansion and contraction, due to temperature changes, loosened great slabs of rock as well as particles. Gravity helped to remove them. Eventually, an opening was worn through the “neck.” This gave the stream a direct course through the “neck” rather than around it. Continuing erosion enlarged the opening and deepened the gorge. Thus, the canyon spanned by Rainbow Bridge came into being. Mother Nature used the less severe forces of weathering for shaping and polishing the outline of Rainbow Bridge. For example, when moisture freezes within a crevice it exerts pressure on the surface of a rock and causes the outer portion to shell off, forming a relatively smooth surface. The Navajo sandstone is particularly subject to this type of weathering. It is porous and the curved layers of the cross-beds are held together with weak, natural cement that is easily removed by percolating water. Dissolving of the cementing materials and prying action by frost are the chief agents for carving the rock. The cross-bedding is important in controlling the shape. Thus, the combination of several factors, over a long period of time, developed for us the arch as we now see it. In the words of J. B. Priestly “How do we know that the Rainbow Bridge is not itself a kind of symphony, no more to be completely explained by geology than Beethoven is by acoustics?” [Illustration: RAINBOW BRIDGE TRAIL FROM RAINBOW LODGE, ARIZONA, TO RAINBOW BRIDGE NATIONAL MONUMENT, UTAH] Horse and Foot Trail RAINBOW BRIDGE NATIONAL MONUMENT EL. 3880′ Echo Spring Camp EL. 3860′ RAINBOW BRIDGE CANYON EL. 3840′ REDBUD PASS SPRING EL. 4280′ CLIFF CANYON EL. 6480′ EL. 6600′ Rainbow Lodge EL. 6280′ November 1950 RB-N.M. 7001 Vertical Cliff Salmon pink is the predominant color of the sandstone from which the arch is carved. This color is modified by streaks of red extending down the sides of the structure. These stains are due to iron oxide, or hematite, which is soluble in water. As rain fell on the upper part of the arch, it dissolved some of the hematite and as the water moved down the sides it dried, leaving streaks of variegated colors—mostly reds and browns. The coloring becomes brilliant in the light of the late afternoon sun. This is probably the basis for the Indian legends that the arch is a rainbow changed to stone. [Illustration: _The trail descends 2,000 feet into Cliff Canyon_] _OTHER INTERESTING FEATURES_ Water dripping into the pools near the bottom of Rainbow Bridge Canyon is from rain water that has seeped down through the Navajo sandstone. When the water reaches impervious rock layers in the underlying Kayenta, it is concentrated, but eventually it seeps out along the walls of the canyon, forming springs. Plants grow in profusion nearby. Maidenhair fern and wild orchids are nestled in the shade. In addition, there are Indian paintbrush, loco, lupines, daisies, asters, yucca, sunflowers, evening-primroses, columbine, scarlet-bugler, and mariposa-lily. _ESTABLISHMENT AND REGULATIONS_ Rainbow Bridge was proclaimed a national monument on May 30, 1910, by President Taft. One hundred-sixty acres were placed under the protection of the National Park Service. The monument is a sanctuary for all wildlife, and hunting is prohibited. No plant life, other natural features, or Indian artifacts may be gathered, cut, destroyed, or removed from the monument. Visitors to the area are particularly advised that the defacing of native sandstone with names or dates is vandalism and that vandals will be prosecuted. _HOW TO REACH RAINBOW BRIDGE_ The bridge may be approached from three directions: 1. From U. S. No. 89 to Tuba City, Tonalea, and then Rainbow Lodge, where mules are available for the 14-mile trail trip. 2. From Mexican Hat by boat down the San Juan and Colorado Rivers to Forbidden Canyon and 6 miles on foot to the bridge. 3. From Lees Ferry 68 miles upstream by boat to Forbidden Canyon and 6 miles on foot to the bridge. Reservations for the boat trips should be made well in advance by addressing J. Frank Wright, Mexican Hat Expedition, Blanding, Utah, or Art Green, Soap Creek, Ariz., via Cameron, Ariz. _FACILITIES_ Meals, lodging, guide service, and mules are available at Rainbow Lodge from April 1 to November 15. Campers in the area should provide themselves with gasoline, oil stoves, or charcoal briquets. Firewood is not available, and the cutting of trees, dead or alive, is prohibited. A small spring under the bridge provides water for campers. _ADMINISTRATION_ Rainbow Bridge National Monument is a part of the National Park System administered by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. There is no resident personnel at Rainbow Bridge. For information relating to the monument write the Superintendent, Navajo National Monument, Tonalea, Ariz., who is in direct charge of the area. [Illustration: RAINBOW BRIDGE NATIONAL MONUMENT AND VICINITY] RAINBOW BRIDGE NATIONAL MONUMENT FORBIDDEN CANYON PIUTE CANYON Navajo Mountain Elev. 10,416′ RAINBOW LODGE Dunn Piute NAVAJO NATIONAL MONUMENT HEADQUARTERS AREA INSCRIPTION HOUSE RUIN INSCRIPTION HOUSE BETATAKIN RUIN KEET SEEL RUIN MARSH PASS _State Highway_ 47 Mexican Hat Kayenta To Bluff 20 Miles _U. S._ 89 The Gap Marble Canyon Cameron To Grand Canyon National Park North Rim 85 Miles To Flagstaff 51 Miles _State Highway_ 64 To Grand Canyon National Park South Rim 57 Miles To Chinle 20 Miles (Approx.) To Two Guns 75 Miles (U.S. 66) To Holbrook 80 Miles To Shiprock 105 Miles COLORADO RIVER Navajo Creek NAVAJO CANYON NAVAJO BRIDGE 467 FEET ABOVE COLORADO RIVER GLEN CANYON Lees Ferry LITTLE COLORADO CANYON San Juan River MONUMENT VALLEY Tyende Mesa Agathia Peak 6,825 Chaistla Butte Comb Ridge HOPI INDIAN RESERVATION NAVAJO INDIAN RESERVATION ECHO CLIFFS Dinnehotso Rock Point Kaibito Mormon Ridge Shonto Spring Wildcat Peak Rough Rock Tonalea (Red Lake) Tuba City Zillesa Mesa Moenkopi Plateau November 1950 RB-N.M. 7000 Many of the roads in these reservations are not always passable. Inquiry should be made before attempting a trip. U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1951—O-939554 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C.—Price $3.75 per 100 Transcriber’s Notes —This eBook is based on a U.S. government publication which is public domain in the United States. —Corrected a few palpable typos. —Within the map, transcribed labels, and added italicized text where needed to define the context. —In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Rainbow Bridge National Monument, Utah (1951), by National Park Service *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RAINBOW BRIDGE *** ***** This file should be named 59811-0.txt or 59811-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/8/1/59811/ Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact For additional contact information: Dr. Gregory B. Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.