The Project Gutenberg eBook of Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes, by G. D. Turnbow This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes Author: G. D. Turnbow Release Date: February 8, 2022 [eBook #67359] Language: English Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Chris Jordan and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images from the Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition and History, Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University) *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES *** =UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS= COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES _By_ G. D. TURNBOW [Illustration: Proper method of packing cartoned butter in 60-pound boxes] BULLETIN No. 369 August, 1923 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY 1923 COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES BY G. D. TURNBOW Butter boxes used in shipping and storing butter in California, are usually made of spruce which is largely shipped in from other states particularly from Washington and Oregon. With the recent war, however, there came an acute shortage of spruce on the Pacific Coast with a corresponding increase in price. The commercial manufacturers did some work in an attempt to find a substitute for spruce, but the trade did not readily accept a change. There was a demand from both the lumber and the butter interests for investigation to find a suitable substitute for spruce. The production of spruce is somewhat limited in California, but there is an abundance of white fir and a limited amount of cottonwood available. However, the creamerymen have not used white fir and cottonwood to any extent for butter containers, on account of the belief that these materials would impart a wood flavor to the butter. Inasmuch as nearly all of the butter made in this State is shipped or stored in wooden containers, the use of white fir or cottonwood, would mean first, a material saving to the butter manufacturers in marketing expense, and second, an opportunity for the lumber interests to use a large amount of raw material already available in California, which heretofore had been of little commercial value or use. BUTTER ABSORBS ODOR The volatile fats in butter have the property of absorbing odors, which often results in an undesirable flavor. Great care then must be exercised in keeping butter from coming in contact with materials that will impart a foreign flavor. Butter need be exposed to foreign odors only a short length of time before the flavor is permanently affected. Experiments[A] were conducted, therefore, to determine whether white fir or cottonwood would impart a flavor to the butter and also to determine the possibility of storing butter in cubes and marketing it in 60-pound cases when these woods were used. [A] This experiment was suggested by Mr. M. B. Pratt, Deputy State Forester. Through his coöperation, all box material was furnished by the Swayne Lumber Company of Oroville and the Capitol Box Factory of Sacramento. CUBE BUTTER IN COLD STORAGE The butter for cold storage was packed in white fir, cottonwood, and spruce containers holding ten pounds each. Both seasoned and unseasoned woods were used in each of the three methods of packing. [Illustration: Fig. 1.—Butter packed in cubes paraffined and parchment lined.] The first set packed with butter were plain unseasoned boxes of each of the woods. The second set had the inner surface paraffined before packing. The method of paraffining was to invert the box over a steam jet and steam thoroughly. This served a double purpose in that it opened the pores of the wood and allowed the paraffin to penetrate, and the heated surface of the wood kept the paraffin in a liquid condition so that it could be put on in a thinner coat than if the paraffin had been applied to a cold surface. After the boxes had been allowed to drain, the inside was then painted with paraffin at 240° F. This method gave a complete covering to the wood, a result which is not always obtained by some of the commercial paraffin atomizers. The third set was paraffined as above and, in addition, lined with good parchment paper so that no butter could come in contact with either wood or paraffin (fig. 1). Twenty-three 10-pound boxes were packed in the three ways. They were filled with the butter from one churning which scored 92½ after being chilled for 24 hours at 50° F. and were shipped immediately after the first scoring to a cold storage plant in San Francisco and stored at a temperature of 12° F. The butter was scored monthly for six months. The summary of the scoring is given in table 1. TABLE 1 Influence of Various Woods on Cube Butter in Storage[B] [B] This scoring was done by T. J. Harris, San Francisco Dairy Produce Exchange, S. L. Denning, Oakland, and G. D. Turnbow, College of Agriculture, University of California. ========================================================================= Average score No. Kind of butter in of of How First Lowest Average of same kind sample wood treated score score all scores of box ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 White Fir Unseasoned 92.5 89 90.857 No Paraffin No Parchment 2 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 86 89.214 No Paraffin No Parchment 3 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 88 90.785 No Paraffin No Parchment 4 Spruce Seasoned 92.5 89 90.642 Paraffin No Parchment 6 White Fir Seasoned 92.5 90 90.857 Paraffin No Parchment 7 Cottonwood Seasoned 92.5 87 89.571 Paraffin No Parchment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 88 89.857 Paraffin No Parchment 8 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 90 90.928 Paraffin No Parchment 9 White Fir Unseasoned 92.5 89 90.571 Paraffin No Parchment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 91.0 91.714 Paraffin Parchment 11 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 89.0 90.571 91.142 Paraffin Parchment 18 Cottonwood Unseasoned 92.5 89.0 91.142 Paraffin Parchment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 90.5 91.5 Paraffin Parchment 13 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 91.0 91.571 91.333 Paraffin Parchment 14 Spruce Unseasoned 92.5 90.0 90.928 Paraffin Parchment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 White Fir Unseasoned 92.5 89.0 90.928 Paraffin Parchment 16 White Fir Unseasoned 92.5 90.0 91.285 91.107 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 White Fir Seasoned 92.5 89.0 90.857 91.142 Paraffin Parchment 20 White Fir Seasoned 92.5 90.5 91.428 Paraffin Parchment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19 Cottonwood Seasoned 92.5 90.5 91.571 Paraffin Parchment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21 Spruce Seasoned 92.5 90.0 91.214 Paraffin Parchment 22 Spruce Seasoned 92.5 90.0 91.571 91.523 Paraffin Parchment 23 Spruce Seasoned 92.5 91.0 91.785 Paraffin Parchment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- SIXTY-POUND BOXES PACKED FOR MARKET The butter for market was cut into two-pound squares, wrapped and packed in 60-pound containers, made of white fir, cottonwood and spruce (figs. 2, 3 and 4). The butter was stored in a cold room, the temperature of which ranged from 48° to 50° F. It was held in storage twenty-eight days, which is within two days of the maximum time butter may be held and still sold as fresh butter. Butter held over thirty days must be labeled “storage butter.” The butter was scored four times during the storage period. The butter used was all from the same churning which scored 93 after being chilled for twenty-four hours at 50° F. Table 2 gives a summary of the scores showing the effect upon butter in containers with varying treatments. When paraffined, the inside of the boxes was painted with the paraffin at 240° F. TABLE 2 Influence of Various Woods on Butter Packed in 60-Lb. Boxes[C] [C] Butter scored by J. C. Marquardt and G. D. Turnbow of the College of Agriculture, University of California. ========================================================================= Average No. of Highest Lowest of all sample Kind of wood How treated score score scores ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 White Fir Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, Cartons Box Lined with Wrapping Paper 3 Cottonwood Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, Cartons Box Lined with Wrapping Paper 7 Spruce Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, Cartons Box Lined with Wrapping Paper ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1-a White Fir Unseasoned, Not Paraffined — — — Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons Box Lined with Parchment 3-a Cottonwood Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons Box Lined with Parchment 7-a Spruce Unseasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons Box Lined with Parchment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 White Fir Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, Cartons Box Lined with Wrapping Paper 9 Cottonwood Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, Cartons Box Lined with Wrapping Paper 8 Spruce Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, Cartons Box Lined with Wrapping Paper ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-a White Fir Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons Box Lined with Parchment 9-a Cottonwood Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 90 91.175 Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons Box Lined with Parchment 8-a Spruce Seasoned, Not Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons Box Lined with Parchment ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Cottonwood Seasoned, Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, Cartons Box Lined with Wrapping Paper 5 White Fir Seasoned, Box Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, Cartons Box Lined with Wrapping Paper 6 Spruce Seasoned, Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, Cartons Box Lined with Wrapping Paper ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-a Cottonwood Seasoned, Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons Box Lined with Parchment 5-a White Fir Seasoned, Paraffined 93 92.75 92.562 Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons Box Lined with Parchment 6-a Spruce Seasoned, Paraffined 93 93 93 Parchment Wrapped, No Cartons Box Lined with Parchment NAILING OF BOXES Five-penny cement-coated nails were used in making the boxes. Practically no splitting was caused by the nails in unseasoned white fir, spruce, or cottonwood. There was very little splitting in seasoned cottonwood. The nails, however, caused a slight splitting in the seasoned spruce and quite a noticeable splitting in the white fir, but not enough in either to cause an appreciable loss. [Illustration: Fig. 2.—Typical 60-pound white fir boxes showing general run of this wood.] CONCLUSIONS Cube Butter in Cold Storage _Boxes paraffined and parchment lined._—White fir and cottonwood can be used in place of spruce for storing butter in cubes, when properly seasoned, paraffined, and parchment lined. Cottonwood is equal to spruce as a butter container. Butter stored in cottonwood boxes for six months had an average score of 0.048 of a point above spruce treated in the same manner. [Illustration: Fig. 3.—Method of lining 60-pound boxes with paper.] [Illustration: Fig. 4.—Parchment wrapped butter in parchment lined box.] White fir may be used very successfully. It scored during the six months’ storage only an average of 0.381 of a point below spruce. In the final scoring, after six months’ storage, none of the cubes packed in seasoned, paraffined and parchment lined containers received a cut directly due to wood flavor. Green or unseasoned white fir, cottonwood or spruce, may impart a slight wood flavor to the butter when packed in cubes, even though they are paraffined and parchment lined. The butter stored in unseasoned cubes scored an average of 0.218 of a point below the butter stored in seasoned boxes with the same treatment. While the average difference was very small, in some cases there was a decided wood flavor which was pronounced enough to affect materially the flavor of the butter. _Boxes paraffined but not parchment lined._—Unseasoned boxes of white fir, cottonwood and spruce, paraffined but not parchment lined are not entirely satisfactory for storing butter. The butter so stored was criticized in practically all cases for wood flavor. Butter stored in white fir boxes scored 0.358 of a point lower than that in spruce boxes, while butter in cottonwood boxes scored 1.071 lower than that in spruce. Storing butter in cubes without parchment lining or in cubes carelessly lined with parchment will cause objectionable flavors regardless of the wood. _Boxes neither paraffined nor parchment lined._—Butter allowed to come in direct contact with any of the three untreated woods will always take up wood flavor. The injury to the flavor is about equal from all three woods. Sixty-Pound Boxes Packed for Market White fir is as good as spruce for 60-pound boxes when seasoned and parchment lined, the butter being wrapped in parchment only. Cottonwood is not quite as satisfactory as either spruce or white fir, there being some criticism on the flavor of the butter. Butter can be shipped in seasoned white fir or cottonwood boxes, lined with ordinary wrapping paper, if the butter is parchment wrapped and cartoned. There is no advantage in using parchment paper to line the box. Since there was practically no trouble experienced in the unparaffined boxes, there is no advantage in paraffining the inside of the box. Since the completion of the investigational work, approximately 40,000 white fir boxes have been used with entire satisfaction for shipping butter at the University Farm. STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BULLETINS No. 253. Irrigation and Soil Conditions in the Sierra Nevada Foothills, California. 261. Melaxuma of the Walnut, “Juglans regia.” 262. Citrus Diseases of Florida and Cuba Compared with those of California. 263. Size Grades for Ripe Olives. 268. Growing and Grafting Olive Seedlings. 270. A Comparison of Annual Cropping, Biennial Cropping, and Green Manures on the Yield of Wheat. 273. Preliminary Report on Kearney Vineyard Experimental Drain. 275. The Cultivation of Belladonna in California. 276. The Pomegranate. 277. Sudan Grass. 278. Grain Sorghums. 279. Irrigation of Rice in California. 280. Irrigation of Alfalfa in the Sacramento Valley. 283. The Olive Insects of California. 285. The Milk Goat in California. 286. Commercial Fertilizers. 287. Vinegar from Waste Fruits. 294. Bean Culture in California. 298. Seedless Raisin Grapes. 304. A Study of the Effects of Freezes on Citrus in California. 308. I. Fumigation with Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid. II. Physical and Chemical Properties of Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid. 312. Mariout Barley. 317. Selections of Stocks in Citrus Propagation. 319. Caprifigs and Caprification. 321. Commercial Production of Grape Syrup. 324. Storage of Perishable Fruit at Freezing Temperatures. 325. Rice Irrigation Measurements and Experiments in Sacramento Valley, 1914-1919. 328. Prune Growing in California. 331. Phylloxera-Resistant Stocks. 334. Preliminary Volume Tables for Second-Growth Redwoods. 335. Cocoanut Meal as a Feed for Dairy Cows and Other Livestock. 336. The Preparation of Nicotine Dust as an Insecticide. 337. Some Factors of Dehydrater Efficiency. 339. The Relative Cost of Making Logs from Small and Large Timber. 341. Studies on Irrigation of Citrus Groves. 343. Cheese Pests and Their Control. 344. Cold Storage as an Aid to the Marketing of Plums. 347. The Control of Red Spiders in Deciduous Orchards. 348. Pruning Young Olive Trees. 349. A Study of Sidedraft and Tractor Hitches. 350. Agriculture in Cut-over Redwood Lands. 351. California State Dairy Cow Competition. 352. Further Experiments in Plum Pollination. 353. Bovine Infectious Abortion. 354. Results of Rice Experiments in 1922. 355. The Peach Twig Borer. 357. A Self-mixing Dusting Machine for Applying Dry Insecticides and Fungicides. 358. Black Measles, Water Berries, and Related Vine Troubles. 359. Fruit Beverage Investigations. 360. Gum Diseases of Citrus Trees in California. 361. Preliminary Volume Tables for Second Growth Redwood. 362. Dust and the Tractor Engine. 363. The Pruning of Citrus Trees in California. 364. Fungicidal Dusts for the Control of Bunt. 365. Avocado Culture in California. CIRCULARS No. 70. Observations on the Status of Corn Growing in California. 82. The Common Ground Squirrel of California. 87. Alfalfa. 111. The Use of Lime and Gypsum on California Soils. 113. Correspondence Courses in Agriculture. 117. The Selection and Cost of a Small Pumping Plant. 127. House Fumigation. 136. _Melilotus indica_ as a Green-Manure Crop for California. 144. Oidium or Powdery Mildew of the Vine. 151. Feeding and Management of Hogs. 152. Some Observations on the Bulk Handling of Grain in California. 153. Announcement of the California State Dairy Cow Competition, 1916-18. 154. Irrigation Practice in Growing Small Fruit in California. 155. Bovine Tuberculosis. 157. Control of the Pear Scab. 159. Agriculture in the Imperial Valley. 160. Lettuce Growing in California. 161. Potatoes in California. 164. Small Fruit Culture in California. 165. Fundamentals of Sugar Beet Culture under California Conditions. 166. The County Farm Bureau. 167. Feeding Stuffs of Minor Importance. 170. Fertilizing California Soils for the 1918 Crop. 172. Wheat Culture. 173. The Construction of the Wood-Hoop Silo. 174. Farm Drainage Methods. 175. Progress Report on the Marketing and Distribution of Milk. 178. The Packing of Apples in California. 179. Factors of Importance in Producing Milk of Low Bacterial Count. 182. Extending the Area of Irrigated Wheat in California for 1918. 184. A Flock of Sheep on the Farm. 188. Lambing Sheds. 190. Agriculture Clubs in California. 193. A Study of Farm Labor in California. 198. Syrup from Sweet Sorghum. 199. Onion Growing in California. 201. Helpful Hints to Hog Raisers. 202. County Organizations for Rural Fire Control. 203. Peat as a Manure Substitute. 205. Blackleg. 206. Jack Cheese. 208. Summary of the Annual Reports of the Farm Advisors of California. 209. The Function of the Farm Bureau. 210. Suggestions to the Settler in California. 212. Salvaging Rain-Damaged Prunes. 214. Seed Treatment for the Prevention of Cereal Smuts. 215. Feeding Dairy Cows in California. 217. Methods for Marketing Vegetables in California. 218. Advanced Registry Testing of Dairy Cows. 219. The Present Status of Alkali. 224. Control of the Brown Apricot Scale and the Italian Pear Scale on Deciduous Fruit Trees. 228. Vineyard Irrigation in Arid Climates. 230. Testing Milk, Cream, and Skim Milk for Butterfat. 232. Harvesting and Handling California Cherries for Eastern Shipment. 233. Artificial Incubation. 234. Winter Injury to Young Walnut Trees during 1921-22. 235. Soil Analysis and Soil and Plant Interrelations. 236. The Common Hawks and Owls of California from the Standpoint of the Rancher. 237. Directions for the Tanning and Dressing of Furs. 238. The Apricot in California. 239. Harvesting and Handling Apricots and Plums for Eastern Shipment. 240. Harvesting and Handling Pears for Eastern Shipment. 241. Harvesting and Handling Peaches for Eastern Shipment. 242. Poultry Feeding. 244. Central Wire Bracing for Fruit Trees. 245. Vine Pruning Systems. 247. Colonization and Rural Development. 248. Some Common Errors in Vine Pruning and Their Remedies. 249. Replacing Missing Vines. 250. Measurement of Irrigation Water on the Farm. 251. Recommendations Concerning the Common Diseases and Parasites of Poultry in California. 252. Supports for Vines. 253. Vineyard Plans. 254. The Use of Artificial Light to Increase Winter Egg Production. 255. Leguminous Plants as Organic Fertilizer in California Agriculture. 256. The Control of Wild Morning Glory. 257. The Small-Seeded Horse Bean. 258. Thinning Deciduous Fruits. 259. Pear By-products. 260. A Selected List of References Relating to Irrigation in California. 261. Sewing Grain Sacks. 263. Tomato Production in California. Transcriber’s notes: In the text version, italics are represented by _underscores_, and bold text by =equals= symbols. The bulletins and circulars sections have been expanded from 2 columns in small font to a single column to allow them to be more easily read. The single occurrence of paraffine has been changed to paraffin for consistency with general use in the text. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPARISON OF WOODS FOR BUTTER BOXES *** Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that: * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.